{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.1", "source": "סְבָבֻ֤נִי בְכַ֙חַשׁ֙ אֶפְרַ֔יִם וּבְמִרְמָ֖ה בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וִֽיהוּדָ֗ה עֹ֥ד רָד֙ עִם־אֵ֔ל וְעִם־קְדוֹשִׁ֖ים נֶאֱמָֽן׃", "text": "*sĕbābunî* in-*kaḥaš* *ʾeprayim* *û*-in-*mirmâ* *bêt yiśrāʾēl* *vî-yĕhûdâ* yet *rād* with-*ʾēl* *vĕ*-with-*qĕdôšîm* *neʾĕmān*", "grammar": { "*sĕbābunî*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd plural with 1st singular suffix - they surround me", "*kaḥaš*": "noun, masculine singular - deceit/falsehood/lies", "*ʾeprayim*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Ephraim (tribe/kingdom)", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*mirmâ*": "noun, feminine singular - deceit/treachery", "*bêt yiśrāʾēl*": "construct phrase - house of Israel", "*vî-yĕhûdâ*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Judah", "*rād*": "verb, qal participle masculine singular - roams/wanders/rules", "*ʾēl*": "noun, masculine singular - God/divine being", "*vĕ*": "conjunction - and", "*qĕdôšîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - holy ones/saints", "*neʾĕmān*": "verb, niphal participle masculine singular - faithful/trustworthy" }, "variants": { "*sĕbābunî*": "surround me/encompass me/encircle me", "*kaḥaš*": "deceit/lying/falsehood", "*rād*": "wanders/roams/rules/dominates", "*ʾēl*": "God/divine being/power", "*qĕdôšîm*": "holy ones/saints/holy beings" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.2", "source": "אֶפְרַ֜יִם רֹעֶ֥ה ר֙וּחַ֙ וְרֹדֵ֣ף קָדִ֔ים כָּל־הַיּ֕וֹם כָּזָ֥ב וָשֹׁ֖ד יַרְבֶּ֑ה וּבְרִית֙ עִם־אַשּׁ֣וּר יִכְרֹ֔תוּ וְשֶׁ֖מֶן לְמִצְרַ֥יִם יוּבָֽל׃", "text": "*ʾeprayim* *rōʿeh* *rûaḥ* *wĕ*-*rōdēp* *qādîm* all-*ha-yôm* *kāzāb* *wā-šōd* *yarbeh* *û-bĕrît* with-*ʾaššûr* *yikrōtû* *wĕ-šemen* to-*miṣrayim* *yûbāl*", "grammar": { "*ʾeprayim*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Ephraim (tribe/kingdom)", "*rōʿeh*": "verb, qal participle masculine singular - shepherding/feeding on", "*rûaḥ*": "noun, feminine singular - wind/spirit/breath", "*wĕ*": "conjunction - and", "*rōdēp*": "verb, qal participle masculine singular - pursuing/chasing", "*qādîm*": "noun, masculine singular - east wind", "*ha-yôm*": "definite article + noun - the day", "*kāzāb*": "noun, masculine singular - lie/falsehood", "*wā-šōd*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular - and destruction/violence", "*yarbeh*": "verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - multiplies/increases", "*û-bĕrît*": "conjunction + noun, feminine singular - and covenant/treaty", "*ʾaššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*yikrōtû*": "verb, qal imperfect 3rd plural - they cut/make", "*wĕ-šemen*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular - and oil", "*miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*yûbāl*": "verb, hophal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - is carried/brought" }, "variants": { "*rōʿeh*": "shepherds/feeds on/pursues", "*rûaḥ*": "wind/spirit/breath/emptiness", "*qādîm*": "east wind/scorching wind", "*kāzāb*": "lying/falsehood/deception", "*šōd*": "destruction/violence/devastation", "*yikrōtû*": "they cut/they make/they establish" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.3", "source": "וְרִ֥יב לַֽיהוָ֖ה עִם־יְהוּדָ֑ה וְלִפְקֹ֤ד עַֽל־יַעֲקֹב֙ כִּדְרָכָ֔יו כְּמַעֲלָלָ֖יו יָשִׁ֥יב לֽוֹ׃", "text": "*wĕ-rîb* to-*YHWH* with-*yĕhûdâ* *wĕ-lipqōd* upon-*yaʿăqōb* according-to-*dĕrākāyw* according-to-*maʿălālāyw* *yāšîb* to-him", "grammar": { "*wĕ*": "conjunction - and", "*rîb*": "noun, masculine singular - dispute/controversy/lawsuit", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - the divine name", "*yĕhûdâ*": "proper noun - Judah", "*wĕ-lipqōd*": "conjunction + preposition + verb, qal infinitive construct - and to visit/punish", "*yaʿăqōb*": "proper noun - Jacob/Israel", "*dĕrākāyw*": "noun, feminine plural construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his ways", "*maʿălālāyw*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his deeds/practices", "*yāšîb*": "verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he will return/repay", "*lô*": "preposition with 3rd masculine singular suffix - to him" }, "variants": { "*rîb*": "dispute/controversy/lawsuit/contention", "*lipqōd*": "to visit/to punish/to attend to", "*dĕrākāyw*": "his ways/his paths/his conduct", "*maʿălālāyw*": "his deeds/his actions/his practices", "*yāšîb*": "he will return/he will repay/he will restore" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.4", "source": "בַּבֶּ֖טֶן עָקַ֣ב אֶת־אָחִ֑יו וּבְאוֹנ֖וֹ שָׂרָ֥ה אֶת־אֱלֹהִֽים׃", "text": "In-the-*beṭen* *ʿāqab* *ʾet*-brother-his *û-bĕ-ʾônô* *śārâ* *ʾet*-*ʾĕlōhîm*", "grammar": { "*beṭen*": "noun, feminine singular - womb", "*ʿāqab*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he grasped heel/supplanted", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾāḥîw*": "noun, masculine singular construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his brother", "*û-bĕ*": "conjunction + preposition - and in", "*ʾônô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his strength/vigor", "*śārâ*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he strove/contended/struggled", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "noun, masculine plural - God/divine being" }, "variants": { "*ʿāqab*": "grasped by the heel/supplanted/deceived", "*beṭen*": "womb/belly/inner part", "*ʾônô*": "his strength/his power/his vigor", "*śārâ*": "strove/contended/struggled/wrestled with" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.5", "source": "וַיָּ֤שַׂר אֶל־מַלְאָךְ֙ וַיֻּכָ֔ל בָּכָ֖ה וַיִּתְחַנֶּן־ל֑וֹ בֵּֽית־אֵל֙ יִמְצָאֶ֔נּוּ וְשָׁ֖ם יְדַבֵּ֥ר עִמָּֽנוּ׃", "text": "*way-yāśar* to-*malʾāk* *way-yukāl* *bākâ* *way-yitḥannen*-to-him *bêt-ʾēl* *yimṣāʾennû* *wĕ-šām* *yĕdabbēr* with-us", "grammar": { "*way-yāśar*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he strove/contended", "*malʾāk*": "noun, masculine singular - messenger/angel", "*way-yukāl*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive, passive form - and he prevailed", "*bākâ*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he wept", "*way-yitḥannen*": "conjunction + verb, hitpael imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he sought favor/pleaded", "*bêt-ʾēl*": "proper noun, construct form - Bethel/house of God", "*yimṣāʾennû*": "verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - he will find him", "*wĕ-šām*": "conjunction + adverb - and there", "*yĕdabbēr*": "verb, piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he will speak", "*ʿimmānû*": "preposition with 1st person plural suffix - with us" }, "variants": { "*yāśar*": "strove/contended/fought/struggled", "*malʾāk*": "messenger/angel/divine representative", "*yukāl*": "prevailed/overcame/was able", "*bākâ*": "wept/cried", "*yitḥannen*": "sought favor/pleaded/implored/made supplication" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.6", "source": "וַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַצְּבָא֑וֹת יְהוָ֖ה זִכְרֽוֹ׃", "text": "*wa-YHWH* *ʾĕlōhê* *ha-ṣĕbāʾôt* *YHWH* *zikrô*", "grammar": { "*wa-YHWH*": "conjunction + proper noun - and YHWH", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - God of", "*ha-ṣĕbāʾôt*": "definite article + noun, feminine plural - the hosts/armies", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - the divine name", "*zikrô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his memorial/remembrance" }, "variants": { "*ʾĕlōhê*": "God of/deity of", "*ha-ṣĕbāʾôt*": "the hosts/the armies/heavenly forces", "*zikrô*": "his memorial/his remembrance/his name" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.7", "source": "וְאַתָּ֖ה בֵּאלֹהֶ֣יךָ תָשׁ֑וּב חֶ֤סֶד וּמִשְׁפָּט֙ שְׁמֹ֔ר וְקַוֵּ֥ה אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ תָּמִֽיד׃", "text": "*wĕ-ʾattâ* by-*ʾĕlōheykā* *tāšûb* *ḥesed* *û-mišpāṭ* *šĕmōr* *wĕ-qawwēh* to-*ʾĕlōheykā* *tāmîd*", "grammar": { "*wĕ-ʾattâ*": "conjunction + pronoun, 2nd masculine singular - and you", "*ʾĕlōheykā*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your God", "*tāšûb*": "verb, qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular - you will return", "*ḥesed*": "noun, masculine singular - loyalty/kindness/faithfulness", "*û-mišpāṭ*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular - and justice/judgment", "*šĕmōr*": "verb, qal imperative masculine singular - keep/observe/preserve", "*wĕ-qawwēh*": "conjunction + verb, piel imperative masculine singular - and wait/hope", "*ʾĕlōheykā*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your God", "*tāmîd*": "adverb - continually/always" }, "variants": { "*tāšûb*": "return/turn back/repent", "*ḥesed*": "loyalty/kindness/faithfulness/covenant-love", "*mišpāṭ*": "justice/judgment/right", "*šĕmōr*": "keep/observe/preserve/guard", "*qawwēh*": "wait for/hope in/expect" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.8", "source": "כְּנַ֗עַן בְּיָד֛וֹ מֹאזְנֵ֥י מִרְמָ֖ה לַעֲשֹׁ֥ק אָהֵֽב׃", "text": "*kĕnaʿan* in-hand-his *mōʾznê* *mirmâ* to-*ʿašōq* *ʾāhēb*", "grammar": { "*kĕnaʿan*": "proper noun - Canaan/merchant", "*bĕyādô*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - in his hand", "*mōʾznê*": "noun, feminine dual construct - scales of", "*mirmâ*": "noun, feminine singular - deceit/fraud", "*laʿašōq*": "preposition + verb, qal infinitive construct - to oppress/defraud", "*ʾāhēb*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he loves" }, "variants": { "*kĕnaʿan*": "Canaan/merchant/trader", "*mōʾznê*": "scales/balances", "*mirmâ*": "deceit/fraud/falsehood", "*ʿašōq*": "oppress/defraud/exploit", "*ʾāhēb*": "loves/delights in" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.9", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֶפְרַ֔יִם אַ֣ךְ עָשַׁ֔רְתִּי מָצָ֥אתִי א֖וֹן לִ֑י כָּל־יְגִיעַ֕י לֹ֥א יִמְצְאוּ־לִ֖י עָוֺ֥ן אֲשֶׁר־חֵֽטְא׃", "text": "*way-yōʾmer* *ʾeprayim* *ʾak* *ʿāšartî* *māṣāʾtî* *ʾôn* to-me all-*yĕgîʿay* not *yimṣĕʾû*-to-me *ʿāwōn* which-*ḥēṭĕʾ*", "grammar": { "*way-yōʾmer*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he said", "*ʾeprayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim", "*ʾak*": "adverb - surely/only", "*ʿāšartî*": "verb, qal perfect 1st singular - I have become rich", "*māṣāʾtî*": "verb, qal perfect 1st singular - I have found", "*ʾôn*": "noun, masculine singular - wealth/strength/power", "*yĕgîʿay*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 1st singular suffix - my labors/toils", "*yimṣĕʾû*": "verb, qal imperfect 3rd plural - they will find", "*ʿāwōn*": "noun, masculine singular - iniquity/guilt/sin", "*ḥēṭĕʾ*": "noun, masculine singular - sin/offense" }, "variants": { "*ʿāšartî*": "I have become rich/I have gained wealth", "*ʾôn*": "wealth/strength/power/ability", "*yĕgîʿay*": "my labors/my earnings/my toil", "*ʿāwōn*": "iniquity/guilt/sin/wrongdoing", "*ḥēṭĕʾ*": "sin/offense/wrongdoing" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.10", "source": "וְאָנֹכִ֛י יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם עֹ֛ד אוֹשִֽׁיבְךָ֥ בָ‪[t]‬אֳהָלִ֖ים כִּימֵ֥י מוֹעֵֽד׃", "text": "*wĕ-ʾānōkî* *YHWH* *ʾĕlōheykā* from-*ʾereṣ* *miṣrāyim* yet *ʾôšîbĕkā* in-*ʾŏhālîm* as-*yĕmê* *môʿēd*", "grammar": { "*wĕ-ʾānōkî*": "conjunction + pronoun, 1st singular - and I", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - the divine name", "*ʾĕlōheykā*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your God", "*ʾereṣ*": "noun, feminine singular construct - land of", "*miṣrāyim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*ʾôšîbĕkā*": "verb, hiphil imperfect 1st singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will make you dwell", "*ʾŏhālîm*": "noun, masculine plural - tents", "*yĕmê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - days of", "*môʿēd*": "noun, masculine singular - appointed time/festival" }, "variants": { "*ʾānōkî*": "I (emphatic form)", "*ʾôšîbĕkā*": "I will make you dwell/I will cause you to live", "*ʾŏhālîm*": "tents/temporary dwellings", "*môʿēd*": "appointed time/festival/meeting/assembly" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.11", "source": "וְדִבַּ֙רְתִּי֙ עַל־הַנְּבִיאִ֔ים וְאָנֹכִ֖י חָז֣וֹן הִרְבֵּ֑יתִי וּבְיַ֥ד הַנְּבִיאִ֖ים אֲדַמֶּֽה׃", "text": "*wĕ-dibbarti* to-*ha-nĕbîʾîm* *wĕ-ʾānōkî* *ḥāzôn* *hirbêtî* *û-bĕyad* *ha-nĕbîʾîm* *ʾădammeh*", "grammar": { "*wĕ-dibbarti*": "conjunction + verb, piel perfect 1st singular - and I spoke", "*ha-nĕbîʾîm*": "definite article + noun, masculine plural - the prophets", "*wĕ-ʾānōkî*": "conjunction + pronoun, 1st singular - and I", "*ḥāzôn*": "noun, masculine singular - vision", "*hirbêtî*": "verb, hiphil perfect 1st singular - I multiplied/increased", "*û-bĕyad*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, feminine singular construct - and by the hand of", "*ha-nĕbîʾîm*": "definite article + noun, masculine plural - the prophets", "*ʾădammeh*": "verb, piel imperfect 1st singular - I use parables/comparisons" }, "variants": { "*dibbarti*": "I spoke/I communicated", "*ḥāzôn*": "vision/revelation/oracle", "*hirbêtî*": "I multiplied/I increased/I gave abundantly", "*ʾădammeh*": "I use parables/I speak with similes/I compare" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.12", "source": "אִם־גִּלְעָ֥ד אָ֙וֶן֙ אַךְ־שָׁ֣וְא הָי֔וּ בַּגִּלְגָּ֖ל שְׁוָרִ֣ים זִבֵּ֑חוּ גַּ֤ם מִזְבְּחוֹתָם֙ כְּגַלִּ֔ים עַ֖ל תַּלְמֵ֥י שָׂדָֽי׃", "text": "If-*gilʿād* *ʾāwen* *ʾak*-*šāwʾ* *hāyû* in-*ha-gilgāl* *šĕwārîm* *zibbēḥû* also *mizbĕḥôtām* like-*gallîm* upon *talmê* *śādāy*", "grammar": { "*gilʿād*": "proper noun - Gilead", "*ʾāwen*": "noun, masculine singular - wickedness/iniquity", "*ʾak*": "adverb - only/surely", "*šāwʾ*": "noun, masculine singular - emptiness/vanity", "*hāyû*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd plural - they were/have become", "*ha-gilgāl*": "definite article + proper noun - the Gilgal", "*šĕwārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - bulls/oxen", "*zibbēḥû*": "verb, piel perfect 3rd plural - they sacrificed", "*mizbĕḥôtām*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their altars", "*gallîm*": "noun, masculine plural - heaps/mounds", "*talmê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - furrows of", "*śādāy*": "noun, masculine singular - field" }, "variants": { "*ʾāwen*": "wickedness/iniquity/trouble", "*šāwʾ*": "emptiness/vanity/worthlessness", "*šĕwārîm*": "bulls/oxen", "*gallîm*": "heaps/mounds/stone piles", "*talmê*": "furrows/plowed rows" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.13", "source": "וַיִּבְרַ֥ח יַעֲקֹ֖ב שְׂדֵ֣ה אֲרָ֑ם וַיַּעֲבֹ֤ד יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּאִשָּׁ֔ה וּבְאִשָּׁ֖ה שָׁמָֽר׃", "text": "*way-yibraḥ* *yaʿăqōb* *śĕdēh* *ʾărām* *way-yaʿăbōd* *yiśrāʾēl* for-*ʾiššâ* *û-bĕ-ʾiššâ* *šāmār*", "grammar": { "*way-yibraḥ*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he fled", "*yaʿăqōb*": "proper noun - Jacob", "*śĕdēh*": "noun, masculine singular construct - field of", "*ʾărām*": "proper noun - Aram", "*way-yaʿăbōd*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he served", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*ʾiššâ*": "noun, feminine singular - woman/wife", "*û-bĕ*": "conjunction + preposition - and for", "*ʾiššâ*": "noun, feminine singular - woman/wife", "*šāmār*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he kept/guarded/watched" }, "variants": { "*yibraḥ*": "fled/escaped", "*śĕdēh*": "field/country/territory", "*yaʿăbōd*": "served/worked/labored", "*ʾiššâ*": "woman/wife", "*šāmār*": "kept/watched/tended/guarded" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.14", "source": "וּבְנָבִ֕יא הֶעֱלָ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִמִּצְרָ֑יִם וּבְנָבִ֖יא נִשְׁמָֽר׃", "text": "*û-bĕnābîʾ* *heʿĕlâ* *YHWH* *ʾet*-*yiśrāʾēl* from-*miṣrāyim* *û-bĕnābîʾ* *nišmār*", "grammar": { "*û-bĕnābîʾ*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, masculine singular - and by a prophet", "*heʿĕlâ*": "verb, hiphil perfect 3rd masculine singular - he brought up", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - the divine name", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*miṣrāyim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*û-bĕnābîʾ*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, masculine singular - and by a prophet", "*nišmār*": "verb, niphal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he was kept/preserved" }, "variants": { "*nābîʾ*": "prophet/spokesperson", "*heʿĕlâ*": "brought up/led up/raised", "*nišmār*": "was preserved/was guarded/was protected" } }

{ "verseID": "Hosea.12.15", "source": "הִכְעִ֥יס אֶפְרַ֖יִם תַּמְרוּרִ֑ים וְדָמָיו֙ עָלָ֣יו יִטּ֔וֹשׁ וְחֶ֨רְפָּת֔וֹ יָשִׁ֥יב ל֖וֹ אֲדֹנָֽיו׃", "text": "*hikʿîs* *ʾeprayim* *tamrûrîm* *wĕ-dāmāyw* upon-him *yiṭṭôš* *wĕ-ḥerpātô* *yāšîb* to-him *ʾădōnāyw*", "grammar": { "*hikʿîs*": "verb, hiphil perfect 3rd masculine singular - he provoked to anger", "*ʾeprayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim", "*tamrûrîm*": "noun, masculine plural - bitterly/bitterness", "*wĕ-dāmāyw*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his blood", "*yiṭṭôš*": "verb, qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he will leave/abandon", "*wĕ-ḥerpātô*": "conjunction + noun, feminine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his reproach", "*yāšîb*": "verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he will return/repay", "*ʾădōnāyw*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his Lord" }, "variants": { "*hikʿîs*": "provoked to anger/vexed/irritated", "*tamrûrîm*": "bitterly/with bitterness/most bitterly", "*dāmāyw*": "his blood/his bloodguilt/his bloodshed", "*yiṭṭôš*": "will leave/will abandon/will cast", "*ḥerpātô*": "his reproach/his disgrace/his shame", "*yāšîb*": "will return/will repay/will restore", "*ʾădōnāyw*": "his Lord/his Master" } }