{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.1", "source": "כִּֽי־תֵ֭שֵׁב לִלְח֣וֹם אֶת־מוֹשֵׁ֑ל בִּ֥ין תָּ֝בִ֗ין אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְפָנֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "When *tēšēḇ* to *liḥōm* with *mōšēl*, *bîn tāḇîn* that-which *lǝp̄āneḵā*.", "grammar": { "*tēšēḇ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you sit/are seated", "*liḥōm*": "qal infinitive construct with preposition - to eat/dine", "*mōšēl*": "qal participle masculine singular - ruler/one who rules", "*bîn tāḇîn*": "emphatic construction, qal infinitive absolute + qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - understand well/carefully consider", "*lǝp̄āneḵā*": "preposition + noun + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - before you/in front of you" }, "variants": { "*tēšēḇ*": "sit/be seated/dine", "*liḥōm*": "to eat/to dine", "*mōšēl*": "ruler/governor/one in authority", "*bîn tāḇîn*": "carefully consider/discern well/pay close attention to" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.2", "source": "וְשַׂמְתָּ֣ שַׂכִּ֣ין בְּלֹעֶ֑ךָ אִם־בַּ֖עַל נֶ֣פֶשׁ אָֽתָּה׃", "text": "And *śamtā śakkîn* in *lōʿeḵā* if *baʿal nep̄eš* you are.", "grammar": { "*śamtā*": "qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you have put/placed", "*śakkîn*": "noun, feminine singular - knife", "*lōʿeḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your throat/gullet", "*baʿal nep̄eš*": "construct phrase - master/owner of appetite/desire" }, "variants": { "*śamtā śakkîn*": "place a knife/put a knife", "*lōʿeḵā*": "your throat/your gullet", "*baʿal nep̄eš*": "one with a strong appetite/a person with desires/one who is gluttonous" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.3", "source": "אַל־תִּ֭תְאָו לְמַטְעַמּוֹתָ֑יו וְ֝ה֗וּא לֶ֣חֶם כְּזָבִֽים׃", "text": "Not *titʾāw* to *maṭʿammōṯāyw* and it *leḥem kǝzāḇîm*.", "grammar": { "*titʾāw*": "hithpael imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - desire/crave", "*maṭʿammōṯāyw*": "noun, feminine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his delicacies/dainties", "*leḥem*": "noun, masculine singular - bread/food", "*kǝzāḇîm*": "noun, masculine plural - lies/deceptions" }, "variants": { "*titʾāw*": "desire/crave/long for", "*maṭʿammōṯāyw*": "his delicacies/tasty foods/delights", "*leḥem kǝzāḇîm*": "bread of lies/deceptive food/misleading sustenance" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.4", "source": "אַל־תִּיגַ֥ע לְֽהַעֲשִׁ֑יר מִֽבִּינָתְךָ֥ חֲדָֽל׃", "text": "Not *tîḡaʿ* to *haʿăšîr*, from *bînāṯǝḵā ḥăḏāl*.", "grammar": { "*tîḡaʿ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - labor/toil/weary yourself", "*haʿăšîr*": "hiphil infinitive construct - to become rich/to gain wealth", "*bînāṯǝḵā*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your understanding/wisdom", "*ḥăḏāl*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - cease/desist/refrain" }, "variants": { "*tîḡaʿ*": "labor/toil/weary yourself/exhaust yourself", "*haʿăšîr*": "to become rich/to gain wealth", "*bînāṯǝḵā ḥăḏāl*": "cease from your understanding/desist from your wisdom/stop relying on your own insight" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.5", "source": "*התעוף **הֲתָ֤עִיף עֵינֶ֥יךָ בּ֗וֹ וְֽאֵ֫ינֶ֥נּוּ כִּ֤י עָשֹׂ֣ה יַעֲשֶׂה־לּ֣וֹ כְנָפַ֑יִם כְּ֝נֶ֗שֶׁר *ועיף **יָע֥וּף הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ פ", "text": "Will *hăṯāʿîp̄* your eyes on it but *ʾênennû*, for *ʿāśōh yaʿăśeh-lô* wings like *nešer* *yāʿûp̄* to the heavens.", "grammar": { "*hăṯāʿîp̄*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - cause to fly/glance/gaze", "*ʾênennû*": "particle of negation + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - it is not/it is gone", "*ʿāśōh yaʿăśeh-lô*": "emphatic construction, qal infinitive absolute + qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - it surely makes for itself", "*nešer*": "noun, masculine singular - eagle/vulture", "*yāʿûp̄*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - flies" }, "variants": { "*hăṯāʿîp̄*": "cause to fly/glance/gaze/set your eyes on", "*ʾênennû*": "it is not/it is gone/it has vanished", "*ʿāśōh yaʿăśeh-lô*": "it surely makes for itself/it definitely produces for itself", "*nešer*": "eagle/vulture/large bird of prey", "*yāʿûp̄*": "flies/soars/takes flight" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.6", "source": "אַל־תִּלְחַ֗ם אֶת־לֶ֭חֶם רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן וְאַל־*תתאו **תִּ֝תְאָ֗יו לְמַטְעַמֹּתָֽיו׃", "text": "Not *tilḥam* with *leḥem raʿ ʿāyin* and not *titʾāyw* to *maṭʿammōṯāyw*.", "grammar": { "*tilḥam*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - eat/dine", "*leḥem*": "noun, masculine singular - bread/food", "*raʿ ʿāyin*": "adjective + noun construct - evil of eye/one with evil eye", "*titʾāyw*": "hithpael imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - desire/crave", "*maṭʿammōṯāyw*": "noun, feminine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his delicacies/dainties" }, "variants": { "*tilḥam*": "eat/dine/partake of", "*leḥem raʿ ʿāyin*": "bread of one with evil eye/food of a stingy person/meal of a begrudging host", "*titʾāyw*": "desire/crave/long for", "*maṭʿammōṯāyw*": "his delicacies/tasty foods/delights" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.7", "source": "כִּ֤י ׀ כְּמּוֹ שָׁעַ֥ר בְּנַפְשׁ֗וֹ כֶּ֫ן־ה֥וּא אֱכֹ֣ל וּ֭שְׁתֵה יֹ֣אמַר לָ֑ךְ וְ֝לִבּ֗וֹ בַּל־עִמָּֽךְ׃", "text": "For as *šāʿar bǝnap̄šô* so is he; *ʾěḵōl ûšṯēh* he *yōʾmar* to you, but *libbô bal-ʿimmāḵ*.", "grammar": { "*šāʿar*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - estimates/calculates/thinks", "*bǝnap̄šô*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his soul/within himself", "*ʾěḵōl ûšṯēh*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - eat and drink", "*yōʾmar*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - says/will say", "*libbô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his heart", "*bal-ʿimmāḵ*": "negative particle + preposition + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - not with you" }, "variants": { "*šāʿar bǝnap̄šô*": "estimates within himself/calculates in his mind/thinks in his soul", "*ʾěḵōl ûšṯēh*": "eat and drink", "*libbô bal-ʿimmāḵ*": "his heart is not with you/his thoughts are not favorably inclined toward you" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.8", "source": "פִּֽתְּךָ־אָכַ֥לְתָּ תְקִיאֶ֑נָּה וְ֝שִׁחַ֗תָּ דְּבָרֶ֥יךָ הַנְּעִימִֽים׃", "text": "*pittǝḵā-ʾāḵaltā tǝqîʾennāh*, and *šiḥattā dǝḇāreḵā hannǝʿîmîm*.", "grammar": { "*pittǝḵā*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your morsel/piece of bread", "*ʾāḵaltā*": "qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you have eaten", "*tǝqîʾennāh*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - you will vomit it up", "*šiḥattā*": "piel perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you have wasted/ruined", "*dǝḇāreḵā*": "noun, masculine plural + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your words", "*hannǝʿîmîm*": "definite article + adjective, masculine plural - the pleasant/agreeable" }, "variants": { "*pittǝḵā-ʾāḵaltā tǝqîʾennāh*": "your morsel you have eaten, you will vomit it up", "*šiḥattā dǝḇāreḵā hannǝʿîmîm*": "you have wasted your pleasant words/ruined your agreeable speech" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.9", "source": "בְּאָזְנֵ֣י כְ֭סִיל אַל־תְּדַבֵּ֑ר כִּֽי־יָ֝ב֗וּז לְשֵׂ֣כֶל מִלֶּֽיךָ׃", "text": "In *ʾoznê ḵǝsîl* not *tǝḏabbēr*, for he *yāḇûz* to *śēḵel milleḵā*.", "grammar": { "*ʾoznê*": "noun, feminine dual construct - ears of", "*ḵǝsîl*": "noun, masculine singular - fool", "*tǝḏabbēr*": "piel imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - speak", "*yāḇûz*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - despises/scorns", "*śēḵel*": "noun, masculine singular - insight/wisdom", "*milleḵā*": "noun, feminine plural + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your words" }, "variants": { "*ʾoznê ḵǝsîl*": "ears of a fool/hearing of a stupid person", "*tǝḏabbēr*": "speak/talk", "*yāḇûz*": "despises/scorns/shows contempt for", "*śēḵel milleḵā*": "wisdom of your words/insight of your speech" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.10", "source": "אַל־תַּ֭סֵּג גְּב֣וּל עוֹלָ֑ם וּבִשְׂדֵ֥י יְ֝תוֹמִ֗ים אַל־תָּבֹֽא׃", "text": "Not *tassēḡ gǝḇûl ʿôlām*, and into *śǝḏê yǝṯômîm* not *tāḇōʾ*.", "grammar": { "*tassēḡ*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - move back/remove", "*gǝḇûl*": "noun, masculine singular - boundary/border", "*ʿôlām*": "noun, masculine singular - ancient/everlasting/old", "*śǝḏê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - fields of", "*yǝṯômîm*": "noun, masculine plural - orphans/fatherless", "*tāḇōʾ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - enter/come" }, "variants": { "*tassēḡ gǝḇûl ʿôlām*": "remove ancient boundary/move back long-established border", "*śǝḏê yǝṯômîm*": "fields of orphans/lands of the fatherless", "*tāḇōʾ*": "enter/come/go into/trespass" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.11", "source": "כִּֽי־גֹאֲלָ֥ם חָזָ֑ק הֽוּא־יָרִ֖יב אֶת־רִיבָ֣ם אִתָּֽךְ׃", "text": "For *ḡōʾălām ḥāzāq*, he *yārîḇ* their *rîḇām* with you.", "grammar": { "*ḡōʾălām*": "qal participle, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their redeemer/defender", "*ḥāzāq*": "adjective, masculine singular - strong", "*yārîḇ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - contends/disputes", "*rîḇām*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their case/dispute" }, "variants": { "*ḡōʾălām*": "their redeemer/defender/vindicator/kinsman-redeemer", "*ḥāzāq*": "strong/mighty/powerful", "*yārîḇ rîḇām*": "will plead their case/will contend their dispute/will defend their cause" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.12", "source": "הָבִ֣יאָה לַמּוּסָ֣ר לִבֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝אָזְנֶ֗ךָ לְאִמְרֵי־דָֽעַת׃", "text": "*hāḇîʾāh lammûsār libbêḵā*, and your *ʾozneḵā* to *ʾimrê-ḏāʿaṯ*.", "grammar": { "*hāḇîʾāh*": "hiphil imperative, masculine singular - bring", "*lammûsār*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine singular - to the discipline/instruction", "*libbêḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*ʾozneḵā*": "noun, feminine dual + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your ears", "*ʾimrê-ḏāʿaṯ*": "noun, masculine plural construct + noun, feminine singular - words of knowledge" }, "variants": { "*hāḇîʾāh lammûsār libbêḵā*": "bring your heart to instruction/apply your heart to discipline", "*ʾimrê-ḏāʿaṯ*": "words of knowledge/sayings of wisdom/utterances of insight" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.13", "source": "אַל־תִּמְנַ֣ע מִנַּ֣עַר מוּסָ֑ר כִּֽי־תַכֶּ֥נּוּ בַ֝שֵּׁ֗בֶט לֹ֣א יָמֽוּת׃", "text": "Not *timnaʿ* from *naʿar mûsār*, for if *ṯakkennû ḇaššēḇeṭ* not *yāmûṯ*.", "grammar": { "*timnaʿ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - withhold/hold back", "*naʿar*": "noun, masculine singular - youth/child/boy", "*mûsār*": "noun, masculine singular - discipline/instruction/correction", "*ṯakkennû*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - you strike him", "*ḇaššēḇeṭ*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine singular - with the rod", "*yāmûṯ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will die" }, "variants": { "*timnaʿ*": "withhold/hold back/keep from", "*naʿar*": "youth/child/boy/young man", "*mûsār*": "discipline/instruction/correction/chastisement", "*ṯakkennû ḇaššēḇeṭ*": "strike him with the rod/beat him with a stick" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.14", "source": "אַ֭תָּה בַּשֵּׁ֣בֶט תַּכֶּ֑נּוּ וְ֝נַפְשׁ֗וֹ מִשְּׁא֥וֹל תַּצִּֽיל׃", "text": "You *ḇaššēḇeṭ takkennû*, and his *nap̄šô* from *šǝʾôl taṣṣîl*.", "grammar": { "*ḇaššēḇeṭ*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine singular - with the rod", "*takkennû*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - you strike him", "*nap̄šô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his soul/life", "*šǝʾôl*": "noun, masculine singular - Sheol/grave/underworld", "*taṣṣîl*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you will deliver/rescue" }, "variants": { "*ḇaššēḇeṭ takkennû*": "with the rod strike him/beat him with a stick", "*nap̄šô*": "his soul/life/self", "*šǝʾôl*": "Sheol/grave/realm of the dead/underworld", "*taṣṣîl*": "deliver/rescue/save" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.15", "source": "בְּ֭נִי אִם־חָכַ֣ם לִבֶּ֑ךָ יִשְׂמַ֖ח לִבִּ֣י גַם־אָֽנִי׃", "text": "My *bǝnî* if *ḥāḵam* your *libbeḵā*, *yiśmaḥ* my *libbî* also I.", "grammar": { "*bǝnî*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st person common singular suffix - my son", "*ḥāḵam*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - is wise/has become wise", "*libbeḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*yiśmaḥ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will rejoice", "*libbî*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st person common singular suffix - my heart" }, "variants": { "*ḥāḵam libbeḵā*": "your heart is wise/your mind has wisdom", "*yiśmaḥ libbî*": "my heart will rejoice/my inner being will be glad" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.16", "source": "וְתַעְלֹ֥זְנָה כִלְיוֹתָ֑י בְּדַבֵּ֥ר שְׂ֝פָתֶ֗יךָ מֵישָׁרִֽים׃", "text": "And *ṯaʿlōznāh kilyôṯāy* when *bǝḏabbēr śǝp̄āṯeḵā mêšārîm*.", "grammar": { "*ṯaʿlōznāh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - will exult/rejoice", "*kilyôṯāy*": "noun, feminine plural + 1st person common singular suffix - my kidneys/inmost being", "*bǝḏabbēr*": "piel infinitive construct + preposition - when speak", "*śǝp̄āṯeḵā*": "noun, feminine dual + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your lips", "*mêšārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - uprightness/equity/straight things" }, "variants": { "*ṯaʿlōznāh kilyôṯāy*": "my inmost being will exult/my innermost parts will rejoice", "*śǝp̄āṯeḵā*": "your lips/speech", "*mêšārîm*": "uprightness/straight things/equity/what is right" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.17", "source": "אַל־יְקַנֵּ֣א לִ֭בְּךָ בַּֽחַטָּאִ֑ים כִּ֥י אִם־בְּיִרְאַת־יְ֝הוָ֗ה כָּל־הַיּֽוֹם׃", "text": "Not *yǝqannēʾ* your *libbǝḵā* in *ḥaṭṭāʾîm*, but rather in *yirʾaṯ-YHWH* all the day.", "grammar": { "*yǝqannēʾ*": "piel imperfect jussive, 3rd person masculine singular - let be envious/jealous", "*libbǝḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*ḥaṭṭāʾîm*": "noun, masculine plural - sinners", "*yirʾaṯ-YHWH*": "noun, feminine singular construct + divine name - fear of YHWH" }, "variants": { "*yǝqannēʾ*": "be envious/be jealous/covet", "*ḥaṭṭāʾîm*": "sinners/wrongdoers", "*yirʾaṯ-YHWH*": "fear of YHWH/reverence for the LORD/awe of the Lord" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.18", "source": "כִּ֭י אִם־יֵ֣שׁ אַחֲרִ֑ית וְ֝תִקְוָתְךָ֗ לֹ֣א תִכָּרֵֽת׃", "text": "For surely there *yēš ʾaḥărîṯ*, and your *tiqwāṯǝḵā* not *ṯikkārēṯ*.", "grammar": { "*yēš*": "particle of existence - there is/exists", "*ʾaḥărîṯ*": "noun, feminine singular - future/end/outcome", "*tiqwāṯǝḵā*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your hope/expectation", "*ṯikkārēṯ*": "niphal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - will be cut off" }, "variants": { "*yēš ʾaḥărîṯ*": "there is a future/there is an end/outcome exists", "*tiqwāṯǝḵā*": "your hope/your expectation", "*ṯikkārēṯ*": "will be cut off/will be eliminated/will fail" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.19", "source": "שְׁמַע־אַתָּ֣ה בְנִ֣י וַחֲכָ֑ם וְאַשֵּׁ֖ר בַּדֶּ֣רֶךְ לִבֶּֽךָ׃", "text": "*šǝmaʿ* you my *ḇǝnî* and *ḥăḵām*, and *ʾaššēr badderekḵ* your *libbeḵā*.", "grammar": { "*šǝmaʿ*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - hear/listen", "*ḇǝnî*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st person common singular suffix - my son", "*ḥăḵām*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - be wise", "*ʾaššēr*": "piel imperative, masculine singular - guide/direct/make straight", "*badderekḵ*": "preposition + definite article + noun, feminine singular - in the way/path", "*libbeḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart" }, "variants": { "*šǝmaʿ*": "hear/listen/obey", "*ḥăḵām*": "be wise/act wisely", "*ʾaššēr badderekḵ libbeḵā*": "direct your heart in the way/guide your mind on the right path" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.20", "source": "אַל־תְּהִ֥י בְסֹֽבְאֵי־יָ֑יִן בְּזֹלֲלֵ֖י בָשָׂ֣ר לָֽמוֹ׃", "text": "Not *tǝhî ḇǝsōḇǝʾê-yāyin*, among *ḇǝzōlălê ḇāśār lāmô*.", "grammar": { "*tǝhî*": "qal imperfect jussive, 2nd person masculine singular - be", "*ḇǝsōḇǝʾê*": "preposition + qal participle, masculine plural construct - among those who drink heavily", "*yāyin*": "noun, masculine singular - wine", "*ḇǝzōlălê*": "preposition + qal participle, masculine plural construct - among those who are gluttons of", "*ḇāśār*": "noun, masculine singular - flesh/meat", "*lāmô*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - for themselves" }, "variants": { "*ḇǝsōḇǝʾê-yāyin*": "among heavy drinkers of wine/with those who get drunk on wine", "*ḇǝzōlălê ḇāśār lāmô*": "among those who are gluttons of meat for themselves/with those who gorge on flesh" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.21", "source": "כִּי־סֹבֵ֣א וְ֭זוֹלֵל יִוָּרֵ֑שׁ וּ֝קְרָעִ֗ים תַּלְבִּ֥ישׁ נוּמָֽה׃", "text": "For *sōḇēʾ* and *zôlēl yiwwārēš*, and *qǝrāʿîm talbîš nûmāh*.", "grammar": { "*sōḇēʾ*": "qal participle, masculine singular - drunkard", "*zôlēl*": "qal participle, masculine singular - glutton", "*yiwwārēš*": "niphal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will become poor/impoverished", "*qǝrāʿîm*": "noun, masculine plural - rags/tatters", "*talbîš*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - will clothe", "*nûmāh*": "noun, feminine singular - drowsiness/slumber" }, "variants": { "*sōḇēʾ*": "drunkard/heavy drinker", "*zôlēl*": "glutton/one who gorges", "*yiwwārēš*": "will become poor/will be impoverished", "*qǝrāʿîm talbîš nûmāh*": "drowsiness will clothe in rags/slumber brings tatters" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.22", "source": "שְׁמַ֣ע לְ֭אָבִיךָ זֶ֣ה יְלָדֶ֑ךָ וְאַל־תָּ֝ב֗וּז כִּֽי־זָקְנָ֥ה אִמֶּֽךָ׃", "text": "*šǝmaʿ* to your *ʾāḇîḵā* who *yǝlāḏeḵā*, and not *tāḇûz* when has *zāqǝnāh* your *ʾimmeḵā*.", "grammar": { "*šǝmaʿ*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - listen/obey", "*ʾāḇîḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your father", "*yǝlāḏeḵā*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - begot you", "*tāḇûz*": "qal imperfect jussive, 2nd person masculine singular - despise/show contempt", "*zāqǝnāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - has grown old", "*ʾimmeḵā*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your mother" }, "variants": { "*šǝmaʿ lǝʾāḇîḵā*": "listen to your father/obey your father", "*yǝlāḏeḵā*": "begot you/gave you birth", "*tāḇûz*": "despise/show contempt for/disregard", "*zāqǝnāh*": "has grown old/aged" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.23", "source": "אֱמֶ֣ת קְ֭נֵה וְאַל־תִּמְכֹּ֑ר חָכְמָ֖ה וּמוּסָ֣ר וּבִינָֽה׃", "text": "*ʾěmeṯ qǝnēh* and not *timkōr*: *ḥoḵmāh ûmûsār ûḇînāh*.", "grammar": { "*ʾěmeṯ*": "noun, feminine singular - truth", "*qǝnēh*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - buy/acquire", "*timkōr*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - sell", "*ḥoḵmāh*": "noun, feminine singular - wisdom", "*mûsār*": "noun, masculine singular - discipline/instruction", "*ḇînāh*": "noun, feminine singular - understanding/discernment" }, "variants": { "*ʾěmeṯ qǝnēh*": "buy truth/acquire truth", "*timkōr*": "sell/trade away", "*ḥoḵmāh*": "wisdom/skill", "*mûsār*": "discipline/instruction/correction", "*ḇînāh*": "understanding/discernment/insight" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.24", "source": "*גול **גִּ֣יל *יגול **יָ֭גִיל אֲבִ֣י צַדִּ֑יק *יולד **וְיוֹלֵ֥ד חָ֝כָ֗ם *וישמח־**יִשְׂמַח־בּֽוֹ׃", "text": "*gîl yāḡîl* father of *ṣaddîq*, and one who *yôlēḏ ḥāḵām* *yiśmaḥ-bô*.", "grammar": { "*gîl yāḡîl*": "emphatic construction, qal infinitive absolute + qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - greatly rejoice", "*ṣaddîq*": "adjective, masculine singular - righteous", "*yôlēḏ*": "qal participle, masculine singular - begets/fathers", "*ḥāḵām*": "adjective, masculine singular - wise", "*yiśmaḥ-bô*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - rejoices in him" }, "variants": { "*gîl yāḡîl*": "greatly rejoices/is exceedingly glad", "*ṣaddîq*": "righteous one/just person", "*yôlēḏ ḥāḵām*": "one who begets a wise child/father of a wise son", "*yiśmaḥ-bô*": "rejoices in him/is glad because of him" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.25", "source": "יִֽשְׂמַח־אָבִ֥יךָ וְאִמֶּ֑ךָ וְ֝תָגֵ֗ל יֽוֹלַדְתֶּֽךָ׃", "text": "*yiśmaḥ* your *ʾāḇîḵā* and your *ʾimmeḵā*, and *ṯāḡēl* she who *yôlaḏteḵā*.", "grammar": { "*yiśmaḥ*": "qal imperfect jussive, 3rd person masculine singular - let rejoice", "*ʾāḇîḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your father", "*ʾimmeḵā*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your mother", "*ṯāḡēl*": "qal imperfect jussive, 3rd person feminine singular - let rejoice/be glad", "*yôlaḏteḵā*": "qal participle, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - she who bore you" }, "variants": { "*yiśmaḥ*": "let rejoice/may be glad", "*ṯāḡēl*": "let rejoice/may be glad", "*yôlaḏteḵā*": "she who bore you/your mother who gave birth to you" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.26", "source": "תְּנָֽה־בְנִ֣י לִבְּךָ֣ לִ֑י וְ֝עֵינֶ֗יךָ דְּרָכַ֥י *תרצנה **תִּצֹּֽרְנָה׃", "text": "*tǝnāh* my *ḇǝnî* your *libbǝḵā* to me, and your *ʿêneḵā* my *dǝrāḵay tiṣṣōrnāh*.", "grammar": { "*tǝnāh*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - give", "*ḇǝnî*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st person common singular suffix - my son", "*libbǝḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*ʿêneḵā*": "noun, feminine dual + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your eyes", "*dǝrāḵay*": "noun, feminine plural + 1st person common singular suffix - my ways", "*tiṣṣōrnāh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - let observe/keep" }, "variants": { "*tǝnāh*": "give/grant/present", "*libbǝḵā*": "your heart/mind/inner being", "*ʿêneḵā dǝrāḵay tiṣṣōrnāh*": "let your eyes observe my ways/may your eyes keep to my paths" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.27", "source": "כִּֽי־שׁוּחָ֣ה עֲמֻקָּ֣ה זוֹנָ֑ה וּבְאֵ֥ר צָ֝רָ֗ה נָכְרִיָּֽה׃", "text": "For a *šûḥāh ʿămûqqāh zônāh*, and a *bǝʾēr ṣārāh noḵrîyyāh*.", "grammar": { "*šûḥāh*": "noun, feminine singular - pit", "*ʿămûqqāh*": "adjective, feminine singular - deep", "*zônāh*": "qal participle, feminine singular - prostitute/harlot", "*bǝʾēr*": "noun, feminine singular - well/pit", "*ṣārāh*": "adjective, feminine singular - narrow", "*noḵrîyyāh*": "adjective, feminine singular - foreign/strange woman" }, "variants": { "*šûḥāh ʿămûqqāh*": "deep pit/deep ditch", "*zônāh*": "prostitute/harlot", "*bǝʾēr ṣārāh*": "narrow well/confined pit", "*noḵrîyyāh*": "foreign woman/strange woman/adulteress" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.28", "source": "אַף־הִ֭יא כְּחֶ֣תֶף תֶּֽאֱרֹ֑ב וּ֝בוֹגְדִ֗ים בְּאָדָ֥ם תּוֹסִֽף׃", "text": "Also she like *ḥeṯep̄ teʾěrōḇ*, and *ḇôḡǝḏîm* among *ʾāḏām tôsîp̄*.", "grammar": { "*ḥeṯep̄*": "noun, masculine singular - prey/plunder", "*teʾěrōḇ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - lies in wait/ambushes", "*ḇôḡǝḏîm*": "qal participle, masculine plural - treacherous ones/unfaithful men", "*ʾāḏām*": "noun, masculine singular - mankind/humanity", "*tôsîp̄*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - increases/adds to" }, "variants": { "*ḥeṯep̄*": "prey/plunder/robber", "*teʾěrōḇ*": "lies in wait/ambushes/lurks", "*ḇôḡǝḏîm*": "treacherous ones/unfaithful men/traitors", "*tôsîp̄*": "increases/adds to/multiplies" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.29", "source": "לְמִ֨י א֥וֹי לְמִ֪י אֲב֡וֹי לְמִ֤י *מדונים **מִדְיָנִ֨ים ׀ לְמִ֥י שִׂ֗יחַ לְ֭מִי פְּצָעִ֣ים חִנָּ֑ם לְ֝מִ֗י חַכְלִל֥וּת עֵינָֽיִם׃", "text": "To whom *ʾôy* to whom *ʾăḇôy* to whom *miḏyānîm* to whom *śîaḥ* to whom *pǝṣāʿîm ḥinnām* to whom *ḥaḵlilûṯ ʿênāyim*?", "grammar": { "*ʾôy*": "interjection - woe/sorrow", "*ʾăḇôy*": "interjection - grief/misery", "*miḏyānîm*": "noun, masculine plural - contentions/strife", "*śîaḥ*": "noun, masculine singular - complaint/babbling", "*pǝṣāʿîm*": "noun, masculine plural - wounds", "*ḥinnām*": "adverb - without cause/for nothing", "*ḥaḵlilûṯ*": "noun, feminine singular - redness/dullness", "*ʿênāyim*": "noun, feminine dual - eyes" }, "variants": { "*ʾôy*": "woe/sorrow/distress", "*ʾăḇôy*": "grief/misery/anguish", "*miḏyānîm*": "contentions/strife/quarrels", "*śîaḥ*": "complaint/babbling/muttering", "*pǝṣāʿîm ḥinnām*": "wounds without cause/injuries for nothing", "*ḥaḵlilûṯ ʿênāyim*": "redness of eyes/dullness of vision/bloodshot eyes" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.30", "source": "לַֽמְאַחֲרִ֥ים עַל־הַיָּ֑יִן לַ֝בָּאִ֗ים לַחְקֹ֥ר מִמְסָֽךְ׃", "text": "To those who *mǝʾaḥărîm* over *hayyāyin*, to those who *bāʾîm* to *laḥqōr mimǝsāḵ*.", "grammar": { "*mǝʾaḥărîm*": "piel participle, masculine plural - linger/tarry", "*hayyāyin*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the wine", "*bāʾîm*": "qal participle, masculine plural - come/go", "*laḥqōr*": "qal infinitive construct + preposition - to search out/investigate", "*mimǝsāḵ*": "noun, masculine singular - mixed wine/spiced wine" }, "variants": { "*mǝʾaḥărîm*": "linger/tarry/stay long", "*bāʾîm laḥqōr*": "come to search out/go to investigate/seek", "*mimǝsāḵ*": "mixed wine/spiced wine/blended drink" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.31", "source": "אַל־תֵּ֥רֶא יַּיִן֮ כִּ֢י יִתְאַ֫דָּ֥ם כִּֽי־יִתֵּ֣ן *בכיס **בַּכּ֣וֹס עֵינ֑וֹ יִ֝תְהַלֵּ֗ךְ בְּמֵישָׁרִֽים׃", "text": "Do not *tēreʾ yayin* when *yiṯʾaddām*, when it *yittēn bakkôs* its *ʿênô*, *yiṯhallēḵ bǝmêšārîm*.", "grammar": { "*tēreʾ*": "qal imperfect jussive, 2nd person masculine singular - look at/gaze upon", "*yayin*": "noun, masculine singular - wine", "*yiṯʾaddām*": "hithpael imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - shows itself red", "*yittēn*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - gives", "*bakkôs*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine singular - in the cup", "*ʿênô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - its eye/color", "*yiṯhallēḵ*": "hithpael imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - goes about/moves", "*bǝmêšārîm*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural - in straightness/smoothly" }, "variants": { "*tēreʾ yayin*": "look at wine/gaze upon wine", "*yiṯʾaddām*": "shows itself red/is red/sparkles", "*yittēn bakkôs ʿênô*": "gives its color in the cup/shows its gleam in the goblet", "*yiṯhallēḵ bǝmêšārîm*": "goes down smoothly/moves straight/flows evenly" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.32", "source": "אַ֭חֲרִיתוֹ כְּנָחָ֣שׁ יִשָּׁ֑ךְ וּֽכְצִפְעֹנִ֥י יַפְרִֽשׁ׃", "text": "Its *ʾaḥărîṯô* like *nāḥāš yiššāḵ*, and like *ṣip̄ʿōnî yap̄riš*.", "grammar": { "*ʾaḥărîṯô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - its end/outcome", "*nāḥāš*": "noun, masculine singular - serpent/snake", "*yiššāḵ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - bites", "*ṣip̄ʿōnî*": "noun, masculine singular - viper/adder", "*yap̄riš*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - injects/spreads" }, "variants": { "*ʾaḥărîṯô*": "its end/its outcome/its aftermath", "*nāḥāš yiššāḵ*": "serpent bites/snake strikes", "*ṣip̄ʿōnî yap̄riš*": "viper injects/adder spreads venom/poisonous snake stings" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.33", "source": "עֵ֭ינֶיךָ יִרְא֣וּ זָר֑וֹת וְ֝לִבְּךָ֗ יְדַבֵּ֥ר תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת׃", "text": "Your *ʿêneḵā yirʾû zārôṯ*, and your *libbǝḵā yǝḏabbēr tahpuḵôṯ*.", "grammar": { "*ʿêneḵā*": "noun, feminine dual + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your eyes", "*yirʾû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - will see", "*zārôṯ*": "adjective, feminine plural - strange things", "*libbǝḵā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*yǝḏabbēr*": "piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will speak/utter", "*tahpuḵôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural - perverse things/distortions" }, "variants": { "*ʿêneḵā yirʾû zārôṯ*": "your eyes will see strange things/your vision will perceive odd sights", "*libbǝḵā yǝḏabbēr tahpuḵôṯ*": "your heart will utter perverse things/your mind will speak distortions" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.34", "source": "וְ֭הָיִיתָ כְּשֹׁכֵ֣ב בְּלֶב־יָ֑ם וּ֝כְשֹׁכֵ֗ב בְּרֹ֣אשׁ חִבֵּֽל׃", "text": "And you *hāyîṯā* like one *šōḵēḇ* in *lēḇ-yām*, and like one *šōḵēḇ* in *rōʾš ḥibbēl*.", "grammar": { "*hāyîṯā*": "qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you will be", "*šōḵēḇ*": "qal participle, masculine singular - lying down", "*lēḇ-yām*": "noun, masculine singular construct + noun, masculine singular - heart of sea/midst of sea", "*rōʾš*": "noun, masculine singular construct - top of", "*ḥibbēl*": "noun, masculine singular - mast" }, "variants": { "*šōḵēḇ bǝlēḇ-yām*": "one lying in the midst of the sea/one who lies in the heart of the ocean", "*šōḵēḇ bǝrōʾš ḥibbēl*": "one lying at the top of a mast/one who sleeps on the summit of a ship's mast" } }

{ "verseID": "Proverbs.23.35", "source": "הִכּ֥וּנִי בַל־חָלִיתִי֮ הֲלָמ֗וּנִי בַּל־יָ֫דָ֥עְתִּי מָתַ֥י אָקִ֑יץ א֝וֹסִ֗יף אֲבַקְשֶׁ֥נּוּ עֽוֹד׃", "text": "\"*hikkûnî bal-ḥālîṯî*, *hălāmûnî bal-yāḏāʿtî*; when *māṯay ʾāqîṣ*? *ʾôsîp̄ ʾăḇaqšennû ʿôḏ*.\"", "grammar": { "*hikkûnî*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd person common plural + 1st person common singular suffix - they struck me", "*bal-ḥālîṯî*": "negative particle + qal perfect, 1st person common singular - I was not sick/hurt", "*hălāmûnî*": "qal perfect, 3rd person common plural + 1st person common singular suffix - they beat me", "*bal-yāḏāʿtî*": "negative particle + qal perfect, 1st person common singular - I did not know", "*māṯay*": "interrogative adverb - when", "*ʾāqîṣ*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person common singular - I will awake", "*ʾôsîp̄*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person common singular - I will add/continue", "*ʾăḇaqšennû*": "piel imperfect, 1st person common singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - I will seek it", "*ʿôḏ*": "adverb - again/still/yet" }, "variants": { "*hikkûnî bal-ḥālîṯî*": "they struck me, I was not hurt/they hit me, I felt no pain", "*hălāmûnî bal-yāḏāʿtî*": "they beat me, I did not know it/they struck me, I was unaware", "*māṯay ʾāqîṣ*": "when will I awake/when will I regain consciousness", "*ʾôsîp̄ ʾăḇaqšennû ʿôḏ*": "I will seek it again/I will continue looking for it more" } }