Matthew 5:21

American Standard Version (1901)

Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

¶Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐρρέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις, Οὐ φονεύσεις· ὃς δʼ ἂν φονεύσῃ ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει:

Transliteration

Ēkousate that errethē to-the archaiois, Not phoneuseis; who d' an phoneusē enochos estai to-the krisei:

Grammar Details

• *Ēkousate*: aorist active indicative, 2nd person plural - you heard
• *errethē*: aorist passive indicative, 3rd person singular - it was said
• *archaiois*: dative masculine plural - to ancients/ancestors
• *phoneuseis*: future active indicative, 2nd person singular - you will murder
• *d'*: postpositive conjunction (contracted) - but/and
• *an*: modal particle with subjunctive - ever/possibly
• *phoneusē*: aorist active subjunctive, 3rd person singular - might murder
• *enochos*: nominative masculine singular - liable/guilty
• *estai*: future middle indicative, 3rd person singular - will be
• *krisei*: dative feminine singular - to judgment

Word Meanings

• *Ēkousate*: heard/understood/learned
• *errethē*: was said/was spoken
• *archaiois*: ancients/ancestors/those of old
• *phoneuseis*: will murder/kill
• *phoneusē*: might murder/kill
• *enochos*: liable/guilty/answerable
• *krisei*: judgment/tribunal/court

Referenced Verses

• Deut 5:17 : 17 Thou shalt not kill.
• Exod 20:13 : 13 Thou shalt not kill.
• Matt 5:27 : 27 Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt not commit adultery:
• Matt 5:33 : 33 Again, ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself, but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths:
• Matt 5:43 : 43 Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbor, and hate thine enemy:
• Num 35:30-34 : 30 Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be slain at the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person that he die. 31 Moreover ye shall take no ransom for the life of a murderer, that is guilty of death; but he shall surely be put to death. 32 And ye shall take no ransom for him that is fled to his city of refuge, that he may come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest. 33 So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are: for blood, it polluteth the land; and no expiation can be made for the land for the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it. 34 And thou shalt not defile the land which ye inhabit, in the midst of which I dwell: for I, Jehovah, dwell in the midst of the children of Israel.
• Gen 9:5-6 : 5 And surely your blood, [the blood] of your lives, will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it: and at the hand of man, even at the hand of every man's brother, will I require the life of man. 6 Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: For in the image of God made he man.
• Exod 21:12-14 : 12 He that smiteth a man, so that he dieth, shall surely be put to death. 13 And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver [him] into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. 14 And if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbor, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.
• Num 35:12 : 12 And the cities shall be unto you for refuge from the avenger, that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation for judgment.
• Num 35:16-21 : 16 But if he smote him with an instrument of iron, so that he died, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. 17 And if he smote him with a stone in the hand, whereby a man may die, and he died, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. 18 Or if he smote him with a weapon of wood in the hand, whereby a man may die, and he died, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. 19 The avenger of blood shall himself put the murderer to death: when he meeteth him, he shall put him to death. 20 And if he thrust him of hatred, or hurled at him, lying in wait, so that he died, 21 or in enmity smote him with his hand, so that he died; he that smote him shall surely be put to death; he is a murderer: the avenger of blood shall put the murderer to death, when he meeteth him.
• Matt 5:38 : 38 Ye have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth:
• Deut 21:7-9 : 7 and they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it. 8 Forgive, O Jehovah, thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and suffer not innocent blood [to remain] in the midst of thy people Israel. And the blood shall be forgiven them. 9 So shalt thou put away the innocent blood from the midst of thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the eyes of Jehovah.
• 1 Kgs 2:5-6 : 5 Moreover thou knowest also what Joab the son of Zeruiah did unto me, even what he did to the two captains of the hosts of Israel, unto Abner the son of Ner, and unto Amasa the son of Jether, whom he slew, and shed the blood of war in peace, and put the blood of war upon his girdle that was about his loins, and in his shoes that were on his feet. 6 Do therefore according to thy wisdom, and let not his hoar head go down to Sheol in peace.
• 1 Kgs 2:31-32 : 31 And the king said unto him, Do as he hath said, and fall upon him, and bury him; that thou mayest take away the blood, which Joab shed without cause, from me and from my father's house. 32 And Jehovah will return his blood upon his own head, because he fell upon two men more righteous and better than he, and slew them with the sword, and my father David knew it not, [to wit], Abner the son of Ner, captain of the host of Israel, and Amasa the son of Jether, captain of the host of Judah.
• Job 8:8-9 : 8 For inquire, I pray thee, of the former age, And apply thyself to that which their fathers have searched out: 9 (For we are but of yesterday, and know nothing, Because our days upon earth are a shadow); 10 Shall not they teach thee, and tell thee, And utter words out of their heart?
• 2 Sam 20:18 : 18 Then she spake, saying, They were wont to speak in old time, saying, They shall surely ask [counsel] at Abel: and so they ended [the matter] .
• Deut 16:18 : 18 Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which Jehovah thy God giveth thee, according to thy tribes; and they shall judge the people with righteous judgment.