Romans 1:21

Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

because, having known God they did not glorify `Him' as God, nor gave thanks, but were made vain in their reasonings, and their unintelligent heart was darkened,

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

Διότι, γνόντες τὸν Θεόν, οὐχ ὡς Θεὸν ἐδόξασαν, ἢ εὐχαρίστησαν· ἀλλʼ ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία.

Transliteration

Dioti, gnontes the Theon, ouch hōs Theon edoxasan, ē eucharistēsan· all' emataiōthēsan en the dialogismois autōn, kai eskotisthē the asynetos autōn kardia.

Grammar Details

• *Dioti*: conjunction - because
• *gnontes*: aorist active participle, nominative, masculine, plural - having known
• *Theon*: accusative, masculine, singular - God
• *ouch*: negative particle - not
• *hōs*: adverb - as
• *edoxasan*: aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - they glorified
• *ē*: conjunction - or
• *eucharistēsan*: aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - they gave thanks
• *all'*: conjunction - but
• *emataiōthēsan*: aorist passive indicative, 3rd person plural - they became futile
• *en*: preposition + dative - in
• *dialogismois*: dative, masculine, plural - reasoning/thoughts
• *autōn*: genitive, masculine, plural, possessive pronoun - their
• *kai*: conjunction - and
• *eskotisthē*: aorist passive indicative, 3rd person singular - was darkened
• *asynetos*: nominative, feminine, singular, adjective - foolish/senseless
• *kardia*: nominative, feminine, singular - heart

Word Meanings

• *gnontes*: having known/recognized/understood
• *edoxasan*: they glorified/honored/praised
• *eucharistēsan*: they gave thanks/were grateful
• *emataiōthēsan*: they became futile/vain/empty
• *dialogismois*: reasoning/thoughts/deliberations
• *eskotisthē*: was darkened/obscured/blinded
• *asynetos*: foolish/senseless/without understanding
• *kardia*: heart/mind/inner self

Referenced Verses

• Jer 2:5 : 5 Thus said Jehovah: What -- have your fathers found in Me perversity, That they have gone far off from Me, And go after the vanity, and become vain,
• Eph 4:17-18 : 17 This, then, I say, and I testify in the Lord; ye are no more to walk, as also the other nations walk, in the vanity of their mind, 18 being darkened in the understanding, being alienated from the life of God, because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their heart,
• 2 Kgs 17:15 : 15 and reject His statutes and His covenant that He made with their fathers, and His testimonies that He testified against them, and go after the vain thing, and become vain, and after the nations that are round about them, of whom Jehovah commanded them not to do like them;
• Ps 50:23 : 23 He who is sacrificing praise honoureth Me, As to him who maketh a way, I cause him to look on the salvation of God!
• Rev 15:4 : 4 who may not fear Thee, O Lord, and glorify Thy name? because Thou alone `art' kind, because all the nations shall come and bow before Thee, because Thy righteous acts were manifested.'
• 2 Tim 3:2 : 2 for men shall be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boasters, proud, evil-speakers, to parents disobedient, unthankful, unkind,
• 1 Pet 2:9 : 9 and ye `are' a choice race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people acquired, that the excellences ye may shew forth of Him who out of darkness did call you to His wondrous light;
• Rev 14:7 : 7 saying in a great voice, `Fear ye God, and give to Him glory, because come did the hour of His judgment, and bow ye before Him who did make the heaven, and the land, and sea, and fountains of waters.'
• John 3:19 : 19 `And this is the judgment, that the light hath come to the world, and men did love the darkness rather than the light, for their works were evil;
• Rom 1:19 : 19 Because that which is known of God is manifest among them, for God did manifest `it' to them,
• Rom 1:28 : 28 And, according as they did not approve of having God in knowledge, God gave them up to a disapproved mind, to do the things not seemly;
• Rom 11:10 : 10 let their eyes be darkened -- not to behold, and their back do Thou always bow down.'
• Rom 15:9 : 9 and the nations for kindness to glorify God, according as it hath been written, `Because of this I will confess to Thee among nations, and to Thy name I will sing praise,'
• Gen 6:5 : 5 And Jehovah seeth that abundant `is' the wickedness of man in the earth, and every imagination of the thoughts of his heart only evil all the day;
• Gen 8:21 : 21 and Jehovah smelleth the sweet fragrance, and Jehovah saith unto His heart, `I continue not to disesteem any more the ground because of man, though the imagination of the heart of man `is' evil from his youth; and I continue not to smite any more all living, as I have done;
• Deut 28:29 : 29 and thou hast been gropling at noon, as the blind gropeth in darkness; and thou dost not cause thy ways to prosper; and thou hast been only oppressed and plundered all the days, and there is no saviour.
• Ps 81:12 : 12 And I send them away in the enmity of their heart, They walk in their own counsels.
• Ps 86:9 : 9 All nations that Thou hast made Come and bow themselves before Thee, O Lord, And give honour to Thy name.
• Eccl 7:29 : 29 See, this alone I have found, that God made man upright, and they -- they have sought out many devices.
• Isa 44:9-9 : 9 Framers of a graven image `are' all of them emptiness, And their desirable things do not profit, And their own witnesses they `are', They see not, nor know, that they may be ashamed. 10 Who hath formed a god, And a molten image poured out -- not profitable? 11 Lo, all his companions are ashamed, As to artizans -- they `are' of men, All of them gather together, they stand up, They fear, they are ashamed together. 12 He hath wrought iron `with' an axe, And hath wrought with coals, And with hammers doth form it, And doth work it by his powerful arm, Yea, he is hungry, and there is no power, He doth not drink water, and he is wearied. 13 He hath wrought `with' wood, He hath stretched out a rule, He doth mark it out with a line, He maketh it with carving tools, And with a compass he marketh it out, And maketh it according to the form of a man, According to the beauty of a man, To remain in the house. 14 Cutting down to himself cedars, He taketh also a cypress, and an oak, And he strengtheneth `it' for himself Among the trees of a forest, He hath planted an ash, and the shower doth nourish `it'. 15 And it hath been for man to burn, And he taketh of them, and becometh warm, Yea, he kindleth `it', and hath baked bread, Yea, he maketh a god, and boweth himself, He hath made it a graven image, And he falleth down to it. 16 Half of it he hath burnt in the fire, By `this' half of it he eateth flesh, He roasteth a roasting, and is satisfied, Yea, he is warm, and saith: `Aha, I have become warm, I have enjoyed the light. 17 And its remnant for a god he hath made -- For his graven image, He falleth down to it, and worshippeth, And prayeth unto it, and he saith, `Deliver me, for my god thou `art'.' 18 They have not known, nor do they understand, For He hath daubed their eyes from seeing, Their heart from acting wisely. 19 And none doth turn `it' back unto his heart, Nor hath knowledge nor understanding to say, `Half of it I have burned in the fire, Yea, also, I have baked bread over its coals, I roast flesh and I eat, And its remnant for an abomination I make, To the stock of a tree I fall down.' 20 Feeding on ashes, the heart is deceived, It hath turned him aside, And he delivereth not his soul, nor saith: `Is there not a lie in my right hand?'
• Isa 60:2 : 2 For, lo, the darkness doth cover the earth, And thick darkness the peoples, And on thee rise doth Jehovah, And His honour on thee is seen.
• Jer 10:3-8 : 3 For the statutes of the peoples are vanity, For a tree from a forest hath one cut, Work of the hands of an artificer, with an axe, 4 With silver and with gold they beautify it, With nails and with hammers they fix it, And it doth not stumble. 5 As a palm they `are' stiff, and they speak not, They are surely borne, for they step not, Be not afraid of them, for they do no evil, Yea, also to do good is not in them. 6 Because there is none like Thee, O Jehovah, Great `art' Thou, and great Thy name in might. 7 Who doth not fear Thee, king of the nations? For to Thee it is becoming, For among all the wise of the nations, And in all their kingdom there is none like Thee. 8 And in one they are brutish and foolish, An instruction of vanities `is' the tree itself.
• Jer 10:14-15 : 14 Brutish is every man by knowledge, Put to shame is every refiner by a graven image, For false `is' his molten image. And there is no breath in them. 15 Vanity `are' they, work of erring ones, In the time of their inspection they perish.
• Jer 16:19 : 19 O Jehovah, my strength, and my fortress, And my refuge in a day of adversity, Unto Thee nations do come from the ends of earth, And say, Only falsehood did our fathers inherit, Vanity, and none among them is profitable.
• Hos 2:8 : 8 And she knew not that I had given to her, The corn, and the new wine, and the oil. Yea, silver I did multiply to her, And the gold they prepared for Baal.
• Hab 1:15-16 : 15 Each of them with a hook he hath brought up, He doth catch it in his net, and gathereth it in his drag, Therefore he doth joy and rejoice. 16 Therefore he doth sacrifice to his net, And doth make perfume to his drag, For by them `is' his portion fertile, and his food fat.
• Luke 17:15-18 : 15 and one of them having seen that he was healed did turn back, with a loud voice glorifying God, 16 and he fell upon `his' face at his feet, giving thanks to him, and he was a Samaritan. 17 And Jesus answering said, `Were not the ten cleansed, and the nine -- where? 18 There were not found who did turn back to give glory to God, except this alien;'
• 1 Pet 1:18 : 18 having known that, not with corruptible things -- silver or gold -- were ye redeemed from your foolish behaviour delivered by fathers,
• Acts 26:18 : 18 to open their eyes, to turn `them' from darkness to light, and `from' the authority of the Adversary unto God, for their receiving forgiveness of sins, and a lot among those having been sanctified, by faith that `is' toward me.