1 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.1", "source": "‫לַמְנַצֵּ֥חַ אַל־תַּשְׁחֵ֗ת לְדָוִ֥ד מִכְתָּֽם׃‬", "text": "To the *mənaṣṣēaḥ* *ʾal*-*tašḥēt* belonging to *dāwid*, a *miktām*", "grammar": { "*mənaṣṣēaḥ*": "preposition lamed + masculine singular participle - to/for the director/choirmaster", "*ʾal*-*tašḥēt*": "negative particle + hiphil 2ms imperfect/jussive - do not destroy", "*dāwid*": "proper name with preposition lamed - to/for/by David", "*miktām*": "masculine singular noun - inscription/poem (possibly a musical term)" }, "variants": { "*mənaṣṣēaḥ*": "director/choirmaster/one who oversees", "*ʾal*-*tašḥēt*": "do not destroy/corrupt/ruin (possibly a musical instruction or tune name)", "*miktām*": "inscription/poem/golden psalm (uncertain meaning, musical or literary designation)" } }

2 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.2", "source": "‫הַֽאֻמְנָ֗ם אֵ֣לֶם צֶ֭דֶק תְּדַבֵּר֑וּן מֵישָׁרִ֥ים תִּ֝שְׁפְּט֗וּ בְּנֵ֣י אָדָֽם׃‬", "text": "*haʾumnām* *ʾēlem* *ṣedeq* *tədabbērûn* *mêšārîm* *tišpəṭû* *bənê* *ʾādām*", "grammar": { "*haʾumnām*": "interrogative particle - indeed/truly/really", "*ʾēlem*": "masculine singular noun - silence/muteness", "*ṣedeq*": "masculine singular noun - righteousness/justice", "*tədabbērûn*": "piel 2mp imperfect - you(plural) speak", "*mêšārîm*": "masculine plural noun - uprightness/equity/straightness", "*tišpəṭû*": "qal 2mp imperfect - you(plural) judge", "*bənê*": "masculine plural construct - sons of", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun - man/mankind/humanity" }, "variants": { "*haʾumnām*": "indeed/truly/in truth", "*ʾēlem*": "silence/muteness/speechlessness (some suggest alternate reading 'gods')", "*ṣedeq*": "righteousness/justice/rightness", "*mêšārîm*": "uprightness/equity/fairness/straight things", "*ʾādām*": "man/mankind/humanity" } }

3 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.3", "source": "‫אַף־בְּלֵב֮ עוֹלֹ֢ת תִּפְעָ֫ל֥וּן בָּאָ֡רֶץ חֲמַ֥ס יְ֝דֵיכֶ֗ם תְּפַלֵּֽסֽוּן׃‬", "text": "*ʾap*-*bəlēb* *ʿôlōt* *tipʿālûn* *bāʾāreṣ* *ḥămas* *yədêkem* *təpallēsûn*", "grammar": { "*ʾap*": "particle/conjunction - also/indeed/even", "*bəlēb*": "preposition bet + masculine singular noun - in heart", "*ʿôlōt*": "feminine plural noun - iniquities/wickedness", "*tipʿālûn*": "qal 2mp imperfect + paragogic nun - you(plural) work/do/practice", "*bāʾāreṣ*": "preposition bet + definite article + feminine singular noun - in the land/earth", "*ḥămas*": "masculine singular noun - violence/wrong", "*yədêkem*": "feminine dual noun + 2mp suffix - your hands", "*təpallēsûn*": "piel 2mp imperfect + paragogic nun - you(plural) weigh out/make level" }, "variants": { "*ʾap*": "also/indeed/even/moreover", "*ʿôlōt*": "iniquities/wickedness/injustice", "*tipʿālûn*": "work/do/practice/perform", "*ḥămas*": "violence/wrong/injustice/cruelty", "*təpallēsûn*": "weigh out/balance/make level/dispense" } }

4 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.4", "source": "‫זֹ֣רוּ רְשָׁעִ֣ים מֵרָ֑חֶם תָּע֥וּ מִ֝בֶּ֗טֶן דֹּבְרֵ֥י כָזָֽב׃‬", "text": "*zōrû* *rəšāʿîm* *mērāḥem* *tāʿû* *mibbeṭen* *dōbərê* *kāzāb*", "grammar": { "*zōrû*": "qal 3cp perfect - they are estranged/alienated", "*rəšāʿîm*": "masculine plural adjective/noun - wicked ones", "*mērāḥem*": "preposition min + masculine singular noun - from womb", "*tāʿû*": "qal 3cp perfect - they go astray/wander/err", "*mibbeṭen*": "preposition min + masculine singular noun - from belly/womb", "*dōbərê*": "qal masculine plural participle construct - speakers of", "*kāzāb*": "masculine singular noun - lie/falsehood" }, "variants": { "*zōrû*": "are estranged/alienated/turn away", "*rəšāʿîm*": "wicked ones/evil doers", "*mērāḥem*": "from womb/from birth", "*tāʿû*": "go astray/wander/err", "*mibbeṭen*": "from belly/womb/birth", "*kāzāb*": "lie/falsehood/deception" } }

5 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.5", "source": "‫חֲמַת־לָ֗מוֹ כִּדְמ֥וּת חֲמַת־נָחָ֑שׁ כְּמוֹ־פֶ֥תֶן חֵ֝רֵ֗שׁ יַאְטֵ֥ם אָזְנֽוֹ׃‬", "text": "*ḥămat*-*lāmô* *kidmût* *ḥămat*-*nāḥāš* *kəmô*-*peten* *ḥērēš* *yaʾṭēm* *ʾoznô*", "grammar": { "*ḥămat*-*lāmô*": "feminine singular construct noun + preposition lamed with 3mp suffix - their poison/venom", "*kidmût*": "preposition kaf + feminine singular noun - like likeness/form of", "*ḥămat*-*nāḥāš*": "feminine singular construct noun + masculine singular noun - poison/venom of serpent", "*kəmô*": "preposition - like/as", "*peten*": "masculine singular noun - cobra/asp", "*ḥērēš*": "adjective - deaf", "*yaʾṭēm*": "qal 3ms imperfect - he stops up/closes", "*ʾoznô*": "feminine singular noun + 3ms suffix - his ear" }, "variants": { "*ḥămat*": "poison/venom/rage/wrath", "*lāmô*": "to them/their (poetic form)", "*kidmût*": "like likeness/form/pattern of", "*nāḥāš*": "serpent/snake", "*peten*": "cobra/asp/venomous snake", "*ḥērēš*": "deaf/silent" } }

6 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.6", "source": "‫אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־יִ֭שְׁמַע לְק֣וֹל מְלַחֲשִׁ֑ים חוֹבֵ֖ר חֲבָרִ֣ים מְחֻכָּֽם׃‬", "text": "*ʾăšer* *lōʾ*-*yišmaʿ* *ləqôl* *məlaḥăšîm* *ḥôbēr* *ḥăbārîm* *məḥukkām*", "grammar": { "*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - which/that", "*lōʾ*-*yišmaʿ*": "negative particle + qal 3ms imperfect - he does not hear/listen", "*ləqôl*": "preposition lamed + masculine singular construct - to voice of", "*məlaḥăšîm*": "piel masculine plural participle - charmers/whisperers", "*ḥôbēr*": "qal masculine singular participle - binding/charming", "*ḥăbārîm*": "masculine plural noun - charms/spells", "*məḥukkām*": "pual masculine singular participle - skillful/wise one" }, "variants": { "*yišmaʿ*": "hear/listen/obey", "*məlaḥăšîm*": "charmers/whisperers/enchanters", "*ḥôbēr*": "one binding/charming/casting spells", "*ḥăbārîm*": "charms/spells/enchantments", "*məḥukkām*": "skillful/wise/cunning (one who is skilled)" } }

7 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.7", "source": "‫אֱ‍ֽלֹהִ֗ים הֲרָס־שִׁנֵּ֥ימוֹ בְּפִ֑ימוֹ מַלְתְּע֥וֹת כְּ֝פִירִ֗ים נְתֹ֣ץ ׀ יְהוָֽה׃‬", "text": "*ʾĕlōhîm* *hăras*-*šinnêmô* *bəpîmô* *maltəʿôt* *kəpîrîm* *nətōṣ* *YHWH*", "grammar": { "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun (divine name) - God", "*hăras*": "qal imperative masculine singular - break/destroy", "*šinnêmô*": "feminine plural noun + 3mp suffix (poetic) - their teeth", "*bəpîmô*": "preposition bet + masculine singular noun + 3mp suffix (poetic) - in their mouth", "*maltəʿôt*": "feminine plural noun - fangs/jawteeth", "*kəpîrîm*": "masculine plural noun - young lions", "*nətōṣ*": "qal imperative masculine singular - break down/tear down", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD" }, "variants": { "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods (divine name)", "*hăras*": "break/destroy/tear down", "*maltəʿôt*": "fangs/jawteeth/biters", "*kəpîrîm*": "young lions/strong lions", "*nətōṣ*": "break down/tear down/demolish" } }

8 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.8", "source": "‫יִמָּאֲס֣וּ כְמוֹ־מַ֭יִם יִתְהַלְּכוּ־לָ֑מוֹ יִדְרֹ֥ךְ *חצו* *חִ֝צָּ֗יו* כְּמ֣וֹ יִתְמֹלָֽלוּ׃‬", "text": "*yimmāʾăsû* *kəmô*-*mayim* *yithalləkû*-*lāmô* *yidrōk* *ḥiṣṣāyw* *kəmô* *yitmōlālû*", "grammar": { "*yimmāʾăsû*": "niphal 3mp imperfect - they melt away/dissolve/disappear", "*kəmô*-*mayim*": "preposition + masculine plural noun - like water", "*yithalləkû*-*lāmô*": "hithpael 3mp imperfect + preposition lamed with 3mp suffix - they go about for themselves", "*yidrōk*": "qal 3ms imperfect - he bends/treads/directs", "*ḥiṣṣāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3ms suffix - his arrows", "*kəmô*": "preposition - like/as", "*yitmōlālû*": "hithpolel 3mp imperfect - they are cut off/wither/are weakened" }, "variants": { "*yimmāʾăsû*": "melt away/dissolve/disappear/flow away", "*yithalləkû*": "go about/walk around/flow", "*lāmô*": "to them/for themselves (poetic form)", "*yidrōk*": "bends/treads/directs/aims", "*ḥiṣṣāyw*": "his arrows (text note indicates Kethib [written] *חצו* vs. Qere [read] *חצָיו*)", "*yitmōlālû*": "are cut off/wither/are weakened/become limp" } }

9 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.9", "source": "‫כְּמ֣וֹ שַׁ֭בְּלוּל תֶּ֣מֶס יַהֲלֹ֑ךְ נֵ֥פֶל אֵ֝֗שֶׁת בַּל־חָ֥זוּ שָֽׁמֶשׁ׃‬", "text": "*kəmô* *šabbəlûl* *temes* *yahălōk* *nēpel* *ʾēšet* *bal*-*ḥāzû* *šāmeš*", "grammar": { "*kəmô*": "preposition - like/as", "*šabbəlûl*": "masculine singular noun - snail", "*temes*": "masculine singular noun - melting/dissolving", "*yahălōk*": "qal 3ms imperfect - it goes/moves", "*nēpel*": "masculine singular noun - miscarriage/abortion/untimely birth", "*ʾēšet*": "feminine singular construct noun - woman of/wife of", "*bal*": "negative particle - not", "*ḥāzû*": "qal 3cp perfect - they have seen", "*šāmeš*": "feminine singular noun - sun" }, "variants": { "*šabbəlûl*": "snail/slug", "*temes*": "melting/dissolving/slime", "*nēpel*": "miscarriage/abortion/stillborn child", "*ʾēšet*": "woman of/wife of", "*bal*": "not/never (poetic negative)", "*šāmeš*": "sun/sunlight" } }

10 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.10", "source": "‫בְּטֶ֤רֶם יָבִ֣ינוּ סִּֽירֹתֵיכֶ֣ם אָטָ֑ד כְּמוֹ־חַ֥י כְּמוֹ־חָ֝ר֗וֹן יִשְׂעָרֶֽנּוּ׃‬", "text": "*bəṭerem* *yābînû* *sîrōtêkem* *ʾāṭād* *kəmô*-*ḥay* *kəmô*-*ḥārôn* *yiśʿārénnû*", "grammar": { "*bəṭerem*": "preposition bet + conjunction - before", "*yābînû*": "qal 3mp imperfect - they perceive/understand", "*sîrōtêkem*": "feminine plural noun + 2mp suffix - your pots", "*ʾāṭād*": "masculine singular noun - thorns/bramble", "*kəmô*-*ḥay*": "preposition + adjective - like living/raw", "*kəmô*-*ḥārôn*": "preposition + masculine singular adjective/noun - like burning/heat", "*yiśʿārénnû*": "qal 3ms imperfect + 3ms suffix - he will sweep away/blow away" }, "variants": { "*bəṭerem*": "before/not yet", "*yābînû*": "perceive/understand/discern", "*sîrōtêkem*": "your pots/cooking vessels/thorns", "*ʾāṭād*": "thorns/bramble/buckthorn", "*ḥay*": "living/raw/alive", "*ḥārôn*": "burning/heat/anger", "*yiśʿārénnû*": "sweep away/blow away/storm against it (difficult text with multiple interpretations)" } }

11 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.11", "source": "‫יִשְׂמַ֣ח צַ֭דִּיק כִּי־חָזָ֣ה נָקָ֑ם פְּעָמָ֥יו יִ֝רְחַ֗ץ בְּדַ֣ם הָרָשָֽׁע׃‬", "text": "*yiśmaḥ* *ṣaddîq* *kî*-*ḥāzâ* *nāqām* *pəʿāmāyw* *yirḥaṣ* *bədam* *hārāšāʿ*", "grammar": { "*yiśmaḥ*": "qal 3ms imperfect - he rejoices", "*ṣaddîq*": "masculine singular adjective/noun - righteous/just one", "*kî*": "conjunction - because/when/that", "*ḥāzâ*": "qal 3ms perfect - he has seen/beheld", "*nāqām*": "masculine singular noun - vengeance/revenge", "*pəʿāmāyw*": "feminine plural noun + 3ms suffix - his feet/steps", "*yirḥaṣ*": "qal 3ms imperfect - he washes", "*bədam*": "preposition bet + masculine singular construct - in blood of", "*hārāšāʿ*": "definite article + masculine singular adjective/noun - the wicked one" }, "variants": { "*yiśmaḥ*": "rejoices/is glad", "*ṣaddîq*": "righteous one/just person", "*ḥāzâ*": "sees/beholds/perceives", "*nāqām*": "vengeance/revenge/retribution", "*pəʿāmāyw*": "his feet/steps/footsteps", "*yirḥaṣ*": "washes/bathes", "*hārāšāʿ*": "the wicked one/the evil person" } }

12 { "verseID": "Psalms.58.12", "source": "‫וְיֹאמַ֣ר אָ֭דָם אַךְ־פְּרִ֣י לַצַּדִּ֑יק אַ֥ךְ יֵשׁ־אֱ֝לֹהִ֗ים שֹׁפְטִ֥ים בָּאָֽרֶץ׃‬", "text": "*wəyōʾmar* *ʾādām* *ʾak*-*pərî* *laṣṣaddîq* *ʾak* *yēš*-*ʾĕlōhîm* *šōpəṭîm* *bāʾāreṣ*", "grammar": { "*wəyōʾmar*": "conjunction + qal 3ms imperfect - and he says/will say", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun - man/mankind/humanity", "*ʾak*": "adverb/particle - surely/indeed", "*pərî*": "masculine singular noun - fruit/reward", "*laṣṣaddîq*": "preposition lamed + definite article + masculine singular adjective/noun - for the righteous one", "*yēš*": "particle of existence - there is/are", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun (divine name) - God", "*šōpəṭîm*": "qal masculine plural participle - judging/those who judge", "*bāʾāreṣ*": "preposition bet + definite article + feminine singular noun - in the earth/land" }, "variants": { "*wəyōʾmar*": "and he says/will say/will acknowledge", "*ʾādām*": "man/mankind/humanity/people", "*ʾak*": "surely/indeed/truly", "*pərî*": "fruit/reward/result", "*ṣaddîq*": "righteous one/just person", "*yēš*": "there is/there exists", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods (divine name)", "*šōpəṭîm*": "judging/those who judge/judges" } }