2{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.2",
"source": "וְשֵׁ֣ם הָאִ֣ישׁ אֱֽלִימֶ֡לֶךְ וְשֵׁם֩ אִשְׁתּ֨וֹ נָעֳמִ֜י וְשֵׁ֥ם שְׁנֵֽי־בָנָ֣יו ׀ מַחְל֤וֹן וְכִלְיוֹן֙ אֶפְרָתִ֔ים מִבֵּ֥ית לֶ֖חֶם יְהוּדָ֑ה וַיָּבֹ֥אוּ שְׂדֵי־מוֹאָ֖ב וַיִּֽהְיוּ־שָֽׁם",
"text": "And *šēm* of the *hāʾîš* *ʾĕlîmelek* and *šēm* of *ʾištô* *nāʿŏmî* and *šēm* of two of *bānâw* *maḥlôn* and *kilǝyôn*, *ʾep̄rāṯîm* from *bêṯ leḥem yəhûḏāh*. And *wayyāḇōʾû* *śəḏê-môʾāḇ* and *wayyihyû* there",
"grammar": {
"*šēm*": "masculine singular construct noun - name of",
"*hāʾîš*": "article + masculine singular noun - the man",
"*ʾĕlîmelek*": "proper noun - Elimelech",
"*ʾištô*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular possessive suffix - his wife",
"*nāʿŏmî*": "proper noun - Naomi",
"*bānâw*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine singular possessive suffix - his sons",
"*maḥlôn*": "proper noun - Mahlon",
"*kilǝyôn*": "proper noun - Kilion",
"*ʾep̄rāṯîm*": "masculine plural gentilic noun - Ephrathites",
"*wayyāḇōʾû*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine plural imperfect of בוא (to come) - and they came",
"*śəḏê-môʾāḇ*": "construct state plural of שדה + proper noun - fields of Moab",
"*wayyihyû*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine plural imperfect of היה (to be) - and they were"
},
"variants": {
"*ʾep̄rāṯîm*": "Ephrathites/people from Ephrath (old name for Bethlehem)"
}
}
3{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.3",
"source": "וַיָּ֥מָת אֱלִימֶ֖לֶךְ אִ֣ישׁ נָעֳמִ֑י וַתִּשָּׁאֵ֥ר הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ",
"text": "And *wayyāmāṯ* *ʾĕlîmelek* *ʾîš* *nāʿŏmî*, and *wattiššāʾēr* she and two of *bānêhā*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyāmāṯ*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine singular imperfect of מות (to die) - and he died",
"*ʾĕlîmelek*": "proper noun - Elimelech",
"*ʾîš*": "masculine singular construct noun - husband of",
"*nāʿŏmî*": "proper noun - Naomi",
"*wattiššāʾēr*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular niphal imperfect of שאר (to remain) - and she remained/was left",
"*bānêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her sons"
},
"variants": {
"*wattiššāʾēr*": "and she was left/remained behind"
}
}
4{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.4",
"source": "וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ מֹֽאֲבִיּ֔וֹת שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙ עָרְפָּ֔ה וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית ר֑וּת וַיֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָׁ֖ם כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים",
"text": "And *wayyiśʾû* to them *nāšîm* *mōʾăḇîyôṯ*, *šēm* of the *hāʾaḥaṯ* *ʿārpāh* and *šēm* of the *haššēnîṯ* *rûṯ*, and *wayyēšḇû* there about *ʿeśer* *šānîm*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyiśʾû*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine plural imperfect of נשא (to lift/take/marry) - and they took",
"*nāšîm*": "feminine plural noun - women/wives",
"*mōʾăḇîyôṯ*": "feminine plural gentilic adjective - Moabite",
"*šēm*": "masculine singular construct noun - name of",
"*hāʾaḥaṯ*": "article + feminine singular numeral - the first/one",
"*ʿārpāh*": "proper noun - Orpah",
"*haššēnîṯ*": "article + feminine singular ordinal - the second",
"*rûṯ*": "proper noun - Ruth",
"*wayyēšḇû*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine plural imperfect of ישב (to dwell) - and they dwelled",
"*ʿeśer*": "numeral - ten",
"*šānîm*": "feminine plural noun - years"
},
"variants": {
"*wayyiśʾû*": "and they took/married/lifted"
}
}
5{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.5",
"source": "וַיָּמ֥וּתוּ גַם־שְׁנֵיהֶ֖ם מַחְל֣וֹן וְכִלְי֑וֹן וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה מִשְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖יהָ וּמֵאִישָֽׁהּ",
"text": "And *wayyāmûṯû* also two of them, *maḥlôn* and *kilǝyôn*, and *wattiššāʾēr* the *hāʾiššāh* from two of *yəlāḏêhā* and from *ʾîšāh*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyāmûṯû*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine plural imperfect of מות (to die) - and they died",
"*maḥlôn*": "proper noun - Mahlon",
"*kilǝyôn*": "proper noun - Kilion",
"*wattiššāʾēr*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular niphal imperfect of שאר (to remain) - and she remained/was left",
"*hāʾiššāh*": "article + feminine singular noun - the woman",
"*yəlāḏêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her children",
"*ʾîšāh*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her husband"
},
"variants": {
"*wattiššāʾēr*": "and she was left/remained behind",
"*yəlāḏêhā*": "her children/sons/offspring"
}
}
6{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.6",
"source": "וַתָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ וַתָּ֖שָׁב מִשְּׂדֵ֣י מוֹאָ֑ב כִּ֤י שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב כִּֽי־פָקַ֤ד יְהוָה֙ אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם",
"text": "And *wattāqām* she and *kallōṯêhā* and *wattāšāḇ* from *śəḏê môʾāḇ* because *šāməʿāh* in *śəḏēh môʾāḇ* that *pāqaḏ* *YHWH* *ʾeṯ-ʿammô* to *lāṯēṯ* to them *lāḥem*",
"grammar": {
"*wattāqām*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular qal imperfect of קום (to rise) - and she arose",
"*kallōṯêhā*": "feminine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her daughters-in-law",
"*wattāšāḇ*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular qal imperfect of שוב (to return) - and she returned",
"*śəḏê môʾāḇ*": "construct state plural of שדה + proper noun - fields of Moab",
"*šāməʿāh*": "3rd feminine singular qal perfect of שמע (to hear) - she heard",
"*śəḏēh môʾāḇ*": "construct state singular of שדה + proper noun - field of Moab",
"*pāqaḏ*": "3rd masculine singular qal perfect of פקד (to visit/attend to) - he visited/attended to",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/LORD",
"*ʾeṯ-ʿammô*": "direct object marker + masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular possessive suffix - his people",
"*lāṯēṯ*": "preposition + infinitive construct of נתן (to give) - to give",
"*lāḥem*": "masculine singular noun - bread/food"
},
"variants": {
"*pāqaḏ*": "visited/attended to/remembered/took notice of",
"*lāḥem*": "bread/food/sustenance"
}
}
7{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.7",
"source": "וַתֵּצֵ֗א מִן־הַמָּקוֹם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיְתָה־שָׁ֔מָּה וּשְׁתֵּ֥י כַלֹּתֶ֖יהָ עִמָּ֑הּ וַתֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַדֶּ֔רֶךְ לָשׁ֖וּב אֶל־אֶ֥רֶץ יְהוּדָֽה",
"text": "And *wattēṣēʾ* from the *hammāqôm* which *hāyəṯāh*-there and two of *kallōṯêhā* with her, and *wattēlaḵnāh* in the *badderek* to *lāšûḇ* to *ʾereṣ yəhûḏāh*",
"grammar": {
"*wattēṣēʾ*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular qal imperfect of יצא (to go out) - and she went out",
"*hammāqôm*": "article + masculine singular noun - the place",
"*hāyəṯāh*": "3rd feminine singular qal perfect of היה (to be) - she was",
"*kallōṯêhā*": "feminine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her daughters-in-law",
"*wattēlaḵnāh*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine plural qal imperfect of הלך (to go) - and they went",
"*badderek*": "preposition + article + masculine singular noun - in the way/road",
"*lāšûḇ*": "preposition + infinitive construct of שוב (to return) - to return",
"*ʾereṣ yəhûḏāh*": "construct state singular of ארץ + proper noun - land of Judah"
},
"variants": {
"*badderek*": "in the way/road/journey/path"
}
}
8{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.8",
"source": "וַתֹּ֤אמֶר נָעֳמִי֙ לִשְׁתֵּ֣י כַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ לֵ֣כְנָה שֹּׁ֔בְנָה אִשָּׁ֖ה לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ *יעשה **יַ֣עַשׂ יְהוָ֤ה עִמָּכֶם֙ חֶ֔סֶד כַּאֲשֶׁ֧ר עֲשִׂיתֶ֛ם עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים וְעִמָּדִֽי",
"text": "And *wattōʾmer* *nāʿŏmî* to two of *kallōṯêhā*, *lēknāh* *šōḇnāh* *ʾiššāh* to *bêṯ* of *ʾimmāh*; *yaʿaś* *YHWH* with you *ḥeseḏ* as which *ʿăśîṯem* with the *hammēṯîm* and with me",
"grammar": {
"*wattōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular qal imperfect of אמר (to say) - and she said",
"*nāʿŏmî*": "proper noun - Naomi",
"*kallōṯêhā*": "feminine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her daughters-in-law",
"*lēknāh*": "2nd feminine plural qal imperative of הלך (to go) - go",
"*šōḇnāh*": "2nd feminine plural qal imperative of שוב (to return) - return",
"*ʾiššāh*": "feminine singular noun - each woman",
"*bêṯ*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of",
"*ʾimmāh*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her mother",
"*yaʿaś*": "3rd masculine singular qal jussive of עשה (to do) - may he do",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/LORD",
"*ḥeseḏ*": "masculine singular noun - lovingkindness/covenant faithfulness",
"*ʿăśîṯem*": "2nd masculine plural qal perfect of עשה (to do) - you did",
"*hammēṯîm*": "article + masculine plural qal participle of מות (to die) - the dead ones"
},
"variants": {
"*ḥeseḏ*": "lovingkindness/steadfast love/covenant faithfulness/mercy",
"*ʾiššāh*": "each woman/each one"
}
}
9{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.9",
"source": "יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לָכֶ֔ם וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה אִשָּׁ֖ה בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ וַתִּשַּׁ֣ק לָהֶ֔ן וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖ן וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה",
"text": "*Yittēn* *YHWH* to you and *ûməṣeʾnā* *mənûḥāh*, *ʾiššāh* *bêṯ* of *ʾîšāh*. And *wattiššaq* to them, and *wattiśśeʾnāh* *qôlān* and *wattiḇkênāh*",
"grammar": {
"*Yittēn*": "3rd masculine singular qal jussive of נתן (to give) - may he give",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/LORD",
"*ûməṣeʾnā*": "conjunction + 2nd feminine plural qal imperative of מצא (to find) - and may you find",
"*mənûḥāh*": "feminine singular noun - rest/security",
"*ʾiššāh*": "feminine singular noun - each woman",
"*bêṯ*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of",
"*ʾîšāh*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular possessive suffix - her husband",
"*wattiššaq*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular qal imperfect of נשק (to kiss) - and she kissed",
"*wattiśśeʾnāh*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine plural qal imperfect of נשא (to lift) - and they lifted",
"*qôlān*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine plural possessive suffix - their voice",
"*wattiḇkênāh*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine plural qal imperfect of בכה (to weep) - and they wept"
},
"variants": {
"*mənûḥāh*": "rest/security/place of rest/comfort",
"*ʾiššāh*": "each woman/each one"
}
}
10{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.10",
"source": "וַתֹּאמַ֖רְנָה־לָּ֑הּ כִּי־אִתָּ֥ךְ נָשׁ֖וּב לְעַמֵּֽךְ",
"text": "And *wattōʾmarnāh*-to her, For with you *nāšûḇ* to *ʿammēk*",
"grammar": {
"*wattōʾmarnāh*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine plural qal imperfect of אמר (to say) - and they said",
"*nāšûḇ*": "1st common plural qal imperfect of שוב (to return) - we will return",
"*ʿammēk*": "masculine singular noun + 2nd feminine singular possessive suffix - your people"
},
"variants": {}
}
11{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.11",
"source": "וַתֹּ֤אמֶר נָעֳמִי֙ שֹׁ֣בְנָה בְנֹתַ֔י לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים",
"text": "And *wattōʾmer* *nāʿŏmî*, *šōḇnāh* *ḇənōṯay*, *lāmmāh* *ṯēlaḵnāh* with me? *haʿôḏ*-to me *ḇānîm* in *bəmēʿay* and *wəhāyû* to you to *laʾănāšîm*?",
"grammar": {
"*wattōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd feminine singular qal imperfect of אמר (to say) - and she said",
"*nāʿŏmî*": "proper noun - Naomi",
"*šōḇnāh*": "2nd feminine plural qal imperative of שוב (to return) - return",
"*ḇənōṯay*": "feminine plural noun + 1st common singular possessive suffix - my daughters",
"*lāmmāh*": "interrogative + preposition - why",
"*ṯēlaḵnāh*": "2nd feminine plural qal imperfect of הלך (to go) - you would go",
"*haʿôḏ*": "interrogative + adverb - are there still",
"*ḇānîm*": "masculine plural noun - sons",
"*bəmēʿay*": "preposition + masculine plural noun + 1st common singular possessive suffix - in my bowels/womb",
"*wəhāyû*": "conjunction + 3rd common plural qal perfect of היה (to be) - and they would be",
"*laʾănāšîm*": "preposition + masculine plural noun - for husbands"
},
"variants": {
"*bəmēʿay*": "in my womb/body/bowels",
"*ḇənōṯay*": "my daughters (figurative term for daughters-in-law)"
}
}
12{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.12",
"source": "שֹׁ֤בְנָה בְנֹתַי֙ לֵ֔כְןָ כִּ֥י זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ כִּ֤י אָמַ֙רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֙יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים",
"text": "*Šōḇnāh* *ḇənōṯay*, *lēḵnā*, for *zāqantî* from *mihəyôṯ* to *ləʾîš*. For *ʾāmartî* there is to me *ṯiqwāh*, even *hāyîṯî* the *hallaylāh* to *ləʾîš* and even *yālaḏtî* *ḇānîm*",
"grammar": {
"*Šōḇnāh*": "2nd feminine plural qal imperative of שוב (to return) - return",
"*ḇənōṯay*": "feminine plural noun + 1st common singular possessive suffix - my daughters",
"*lēḵnā*": "2nd feminine plural qal imperative of הלך (to go) - go",
"*zāqantî*": "1st common singular qal perfect of זקן (to be old) - I am old",
"*mihəyôṯ*": "preposition + infinitive construct of היה (to be) - from being",
"*ləʾîš*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - for a husband",
"*ʾāmartî*": "1st common singular qal perfect of אמר (to say) - I said",
"*ṯiqwāh*": "feminine singular noun - hope",
"*hāyîṯî*": "1st common singular qal perfect of היה (to be) - I would be",
"*hallaylāh*": "article + masculine singular noun - the night",
"*yālaḏtî*": "1st common singular qal perfect of ילד (to bear) - I would bear",
"*ḇānîm*": "masculine plural noun - sons"
},
"variants": {
"*ṯiqwāh*": "hope/expectation",
"*ḇənōṯay*": "my daughters (figurative term for daughters-in-law)"
}
}
13{
"verseID": "Ruth.1.13",
"source": "הֲלָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ אַ֣ל בְּנֹתַ֗י כִּֽי־מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ מִכֶּ֔ם כִּֽי־יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה",
"text": "*hălāhēn* *təśabbērnāh* until that *yiḡdālû*? *hălāhēn* *tēʿāḡēnāh* to *ləḇiltî* *hĕyôṯ* to *ləʾîš*? No, *bənōṯay*, for *mar*-to me very from you, for *yāṣəʾāh* against me *yaḏ*-*YHWH*",
"grammar": {
"*hălāhēn*": "interrogative + preposition + 3rd feminine plural suffix - for them?",
"*təśabbērnāh*": "2nd feminine plural piel imperfect of שבר (to wait/hope) - you would wait",
"*yiḡdālû*": "3rd masculine plural qal imperfect of גדל (to grow) - they would grow up",
"*tēʿāḡēnāh*": "2nd feminine plural niphal imperfect of עגן (to be restrained) - you would be restrained",
"*ləḇiltî*": "preposition + conjunction - in order not",
"*hĕyôṯ*": "infinitive construct of היה (to be) - to be",
"*ləʾîš*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - to a husband",
"*bənōṯay*": "feminine plural noun + 1st common singular possessive suffix - my daughters",
"*mar*": "adjective masculine singular - bitter",
"*yāṣəʾāh*": "3rd feminine singular qal perfect of יצא (to go out) - has gone out",
"*yaḏ*": "feminine singular construct noun - hand of",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/LORD"
},
"variants": {
"*təśabbērnāh*": "you would wait/hope/expect",
"*tēʿāḡēnāh*": "you would be restrained/shut up/bound",
"*mar*": "bitter/painful/grievous",
"*yaḏ*": "hand/power/agency"
}
}