Lam 5:1-9 : 1 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.1",
"source": "זְכֹ֤ר יְהוָה֙ מֶֽה־הָ֣יָה לָ֔נוּ הַבִּ֖יטָה וּרְאֵ֥ה אֶת־חֶרְפָּתֵֽנוּ׃",
"text": "*zəḵōr* *yəhwâ* what-*hāyâ* to-us, *habbîṭâ* and-*rəʾēh* *ʾeṯ*-*ḥerpāṯēnû*",
"grammar": {
"*zəḵōr*": "imperative masculine singular - remember",
"*yəhwâ*": "proper noun - LORD/YHWH",
"*hāyâ*": "perfect 3rd masculine singular - happened/occurred",
"*habbîṭâ*": "hiphil imperative masculine singular with paragogic he - look/observe",
"*rəʾēh*": "qal imperative masculine singular - see",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*ḥerpāṯēnû*": "noun feminine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our reproach/disgrace"
},
"variants": {
"*zəḵōr*": "remember/consider/be mindful of",
"*habbîṭâ*": "look/observe/pay attention (intensified form with paragogic he for emphasis)",
"*ḥerpāṯēnû*": "our reproach/disgrace/shame/insult"
}
}
2 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.2",
"source": "נַחֲלָתֵ֙נוּ֙ נֶֽהֶפְכָ֣ה לְזָרִ֔ים בָּתֵּ֖ינוּ לְנָכְרִֽים׃",
"text": "*naḥălāṯēnû* *nehepḵâ* to-*zārîm*, *bāttênû* to-*noḵrîm*",
"grammar": {
"*naḥălāṯēnû*": "noun feminine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our inheritance",
"*nehepḵâ*": "niphal perfect 3rd feminine singular - has been turned/transferred",
"*zārîm*": "adjective masculine plural - strangers/foreigners",
"*bāttênû*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person plural suffix - our houses",
"*noḵrîm*": "adjective masculine plural - foreigners/aliens"
},
"variants": {
"*naḥălāṯēnû*": "our inheritance/property/possession",
"*nehepḵâ*": "has been turned over/transferred/converted",
"*zārîm*": "strangers/foreigners/outsiders",
"*noḵrîm*": "foreigners/aliens/strangers"
}
}
3 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.3",
"source": "יְתוֹמִ֤ים הָיִ֙ינוּ֙ וְאֵ֣ין אָ֔ב אִמֹּתֵ֖ינוּ כְּאַלְמָנֽוֹת׃",
"text": "*yəṯômîm* *hāyînû* and-*ʾên* *ʾāḇ*, *ʾimmōṯênû* like-*ʾalmānôṯ*",
"grammar": {
"*yəṯômîm*": "noun masculine plural - orphans",
"*hāyînû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have been/become",
"*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there is no",
"*ʾāḇ*": "noun masculine singular - father",
"*ʾimmōṯênû*": "noun feminine plural construct with 1st person plural suffix - our mothers",
"*ʾalmānôṯ*": "noun feminine plural - widows"
},
"variants": {
"*yəṯômîm*": "orphans/fatherless ones",
"*ʾên*": "there is no/without/lacking",
"*ʾalmānôṯ*": "widows/bereaved women"
}
}
4 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.4",
"source": "מֵימֵ֙ינוּ֙ בְּכֶ֣סֶף שָׁתִ֔ינוּ עֵצֵ֖ינוּ בִּמְחִ֥יר יָבֹֽאוּ׃",
"text": "*mêmênû* for-*keseḇ* *šāṯînû*, *ʿēṣênû* for-*məḥîr* *yāḇōʾû*",
"grammar": {
"*mêmênû*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person plural suffix - our water",
"*keseḇ*": "noun masculine singular - silver/money",
"*šāṯînû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have drunk",
"*ʿēṣênû*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person plural suffix - our wood/trees",
"*məḥîr*": "noun masculine singular - price",
"*yāḇōʾû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they come/are brought"
},
"variants": {
"*mêmênû*": "our water/waters",
"*keseḇ*": "silver/money/payment",
"*ʿēṣênû*": "our wood/timber/trees",
"*məḥîr*": "price/cost/payment",
"*yāḇōʾû*": "they come/are brought/arrive"
}
}
5 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.5",
"source": "עַ֤ל צַוָּארֵ֙נוּ֙ נִרְדָּ֔פְנוּ יָגַ֖עְנוּ וְלֹ֥א הֽוּנַ֖ח לָֽנוּ׃",
"text": "On *ṣawwārênû* *nirdāp̄nû*, *yāḡaʿnû* and-*lōʾ* *hûnaḥ* to-us",
"grammar": {
"*ṣawwārênû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our neck",
"*nirdāp̄nû*": "niphal perfect 1st person plural - we are pursued",
"*yāḡaʿnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we are weary",
"*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not",
"*hûnaḥ*": "hophal perfect 3rd masculine singular - rest was given"
},
"variants": {
"*ṣawwārênû*": "our neck/necks",
"*nirdāp̄nû*": "we are pursued/persecuted/chased",
"*yāḡaʿnû*": "we are weary/tired/exhausted",
"*hûnaḥ*": "rest was given/allowed/permitted"
}
}
6 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.6",
"source": "מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ נָתַ֣נּוּ יָ֔ד אַשּׁ֖וּר לִשְׂבֹּ֥עַֽ לָֽחֶם׃",
"text": "*miṣrayim* *nāṯannû* *yāḏ*, *ʾaššûr* to-*śḇōaʿ* *lāḥem*",
"grammar": {
"*miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt",
"*nāṯannû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have given",
"*yāḏ*": "noun feminine singular - hand",
"*ʾaššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria",
"*śḇōaʿ*": "qal infinitive construct - to be satisfied with",
"*lāḥem*": "noun masculine singular - bread/food"
},
"variants": {
"*nāṯannû* *yāḏ*": "we have given hand/submitted/surrendered",
"*yāḏ*": "hand/power/submission",
"*śḇōaʿ*": "to be satisfied/have enough/be filled with",
"*lāḥem*": "bread/food/sustenance"
}
}
7 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.7",
"source": "אֲבֹתֵ֤ינוּ חָֽטְאוּ֙ וְאֵינָ֔ם וַאֲנַ֖חְנוּ עֲוֺנֹתֵיהֶ֥ם סָבָֽלְנוּ׃",
"text": "*ʾăḇōṯênû* *ḥāṭəʾû* and-*ʾênām*, and-*ʾănaḥnû* *ʿăwōnōṯêhem* *sāḇālnû*",
"grammar": {
"*ʾăḇōṯênû*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person plural suffix - our fathers",
"*ḥāṭəʾû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they sinned",
"*ʾênām*": "particle of negation with 3rd masculine plural suffix - they are not",
"*ʾănaḥnû*": "1st person plural independent pronoun - we",
"*ʿăwōnōṯêhem*": "noun masculine plural construct with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their iniquities",
"*sāḇālnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have borne/carried"
},
"variants": {
"*ʾăḇōṯênû*": "our fathers/ancestors",
"*ḥāṭəʾû*": "they sinned/transgressed/erred",
"*ʾênām*": "they are not/no longer exist/are gone",
"*ʿăwōnōṯêhem*": "their iniquities/sins/punishments",
"*sāḇālnû*": "we have borne/carried/endured"
}
}
8 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.8",
"source": "עֲבָדִים֙ מָ֣שְׁלוּ בָ֔נוּ פֹּרֵ֖ק אֵ֥ין מִיָּדָֽם׃",
"text": "*ʿăḇāḏîm* *māšəlû* in-us, *pōrēq* *ʾên* from-*yāḏām*",
"grammar": {
"*ʿăḇāḏîm*": "noun masculine plural - servants/slaves",
"*māšəlû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they ruled",
"*pōrēq*": "qal participle masculine singular - one who delivers",
"*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there is no",
"*yāḏām*": "noun feminine singular construct with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their hand"
},
"variants": {
"*ʿăḇāḏîm*": "servants/slaves/bondmen",
"*māšəlû*": "they ruled/governed/dominated",
"*pōrēq*": "one who delivers/rescues/breaks free",
"*yāḏām*": "their hand/power/control"
}
}
9 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.9",
"source": "בְּנַפְשֵׁ֙נוּ֙ נָבִ֣יא לַחְמֵ֔נוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י חֶ֥רֶב הַמִּדְבָּֽר׃",
"text": "With-*nap̄šēnû* *nāḇîʾ* *laḥmēnû* from-*pənê* *ḥereḇ* the-*midbar*",
"grammar": {
"*nap̄šēnû*": "noun feminine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our life/soul",
"*nāḇîʾ*": "hiphil imperfect 1st person plural - we bring",
"*laḥmēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our bread",
"*pənê*": "noun masculine plural construct - faces of",
"*ḥereḇ*": "noun feminine singular - sword",
"*midbar*": "noun masculine singular with definite article - wilderness"
},
"variants": {
"*nap̄šēnû*": "our life/soul/self (idiom: at risk of our lives)",
"*nāḇîʾ*": "we bring/obtain/get",
"*laḥmēnû*": "our bread/food",
"*pənê*": "faces of/before/because of",
"*ḥereḇ*": "sword/warfare/violence",
"*midbar*": "wilderness/desert/uninhabited land"
}
}
10 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.10",
"source": "עוֹרֵ֙נוּ֙ כְּתַנּ֣וּר נִכְמָ֔רוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י זַלְעֲפ֥וֹת רָעָֽב׃",
"text": "*ʿôrēnû* like-*tannûr* *niḵmārû* from-*pənê* *zalʿăp̄ôṯ* *rāʿāḇ*",
"grammar": {
"*ʿôrēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our skin",
"*tannûr*": "noun masculine singular - oven/furnace",
"*niḵmārû*": "niphal perfect 3rd common plural - they are scorched",
"*pənê*": "noun masculine plural construct - faces of",
"*zalʿăp̄ôṯ*": "noun feminine plural construct - raging heat of",
"*rāʿāḇ*": "noun masculine singular - hunger/famine"
},
"variants": {
"*ʿôrēnû*": "our skin/hide",
"*tannûr*": "oven/furnace",
"*niḵmārû*": "they are scorched/burned/hot",
"*zalʿăp̄ôṯ*": "raging heat/burning blast/fever",
"*rāʿāḇ*": "hunger/famine/starvation"
}
}
11 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.11",
"source": "נָשִׁים֙ בְּצִיּ֣וֹן עִנּ֔וּ בְּתֻלֹ֖ת בְּעָרֵ֥י יְהוּדָֽה׃",
"text": "*nāšîm* in-*ṣîyôn* *ʿinnû*, *bəṯulōṯ* in-*ʿārê* *yəhûḏâ*",
"grammar": {
"*nāšîm*": "noun feminine plural - women",
"*ṣîyôn*": "proper noun - Zion",
"*ʿinnû*": "piel perfect 3rd common plural - they ravished/violated",
"*bəṯulōṯ*": "noun feminine plural - virgins/maidens",
"*ʿārê*": "noun feminine plural construct - cities of",
"*yəhûḏâ*": "proper noun - Judah"
},
"variants": {
"*nāšîm*": "women/wives",
"*ʿinnû*": "they ravished/violated/afflicted/humiliated",
"*bəṯulōṯ*": "virgins/maidens/young women"
}
}
12 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.12",
"source": "שָׂרִים֙ בְּיָדָ֣ם נִתְל֔וּ פְּנֵ֥י זְקֵנִ֖ים לֹ֥א נֶהְדָּֽרוּ׃",
"text": "*śārîm* by-*yāḏām* *niṯlû*, *pənê* *zəqēnîm* *lōʾ* *nehdārû*",
"grammar": {
"*śārîm*": "noun masculine plural - princes/officials",
"*yāḏām*": "noun feminine singular construct with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their hand",
"*niṯlû*": "niphal perfect 3rd common plural - they were hanged",
"*pənê*": "noun masculine plural construct - faces of",
"*zəqēnîm*": "noun masculine plural - elders",
"*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not",
"*nehdārû*": "niphal perfect 3rd common plural - they were honored"
},
"variants": {
"*śārîm*": "princes/officials/nobles",
"*niṯlû*": "they were hanged/suspended/impaled",
"*pənê*": "faces of/presence of",
"*zəqēnîm*": "elders/old men",
"*nehdārû*": "they were honored/respected/shown deference"
}
}
13 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.13",
"source": "בַּחוּרִים֙ טְח֣וֹן נָשָׂ֔אוּ וּנְעָרִ֖ים בָּעֵ֥ץ כָּשָֽׁלוּ׃",
"text": "*baḥûrîm* *ṭəḥôn* *nāśāʾû*, and-*nəʿārîm* with-the-*ʿēṣ* *kāšālû*",
"grammar": {
"*baḥûrîm*": "noun masculine plural - young men",
"*ṭəḥôn*": "qal infinitive construct - to grind",
"*nāśāʾû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they carried/bore",
"*nəʿārîm*": "noun masculine plural - boys/youths",
"*ʿēṣ*": "noun masculine singular - wood/tree",
"*kāšālû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they stumbled/staggered"
},
"variants": {
"*baḥûrîm*": "young men/chosen men",
"*ṭəḥôn*": "to grind (millstones)/grinding work",
"*nāśāʾû*": "they carried/bore/lifted",
"*nəʿārîm*": "boys/youths/lads",
"*ʿēṣ*": "wood/tree/timber (possibly referring to heavy loads)",
"*kāšālû*": "they stumbled/staggered/fell"
}
}
14 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.14",
"source": "זְקֵנִים֙ מִשַּׁ֣עַר שָׁבָ֔תוּ בַּחוּרִ֖ים מִנְּגִינָתָֽם׃",
"text": "*zəqēnîm* from-*šaʿar* *šāḇāṯû*, *baḥûrîm* from-*nəḡînāṯām*",
"grammar": {
"*zəqēnîm*": "noun masculine plural - elders",
"*šaʿar*": "noun masculine singular - gate",
"*šāḇāṯû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they ceased",
"*baḥûrîm*": "noun masculine plural - young men",
"*nəḡînāṯām*": "noun feminine singular construct with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their music"
},
"variants": {
"*zəqēnîm*": "elders/old men",
"*šaʿar*": "gate/entrance (place of judicial proceedings and public assembly)",
"*šāḇāṯû*": "they ceased/stopped/desisted",
"*nəḡînāṯām*": "their music/song/melody"
}
}
15 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.15",
"source": "שָׁבַת֙ מְשׂ֣וֹשׂ לִבֵּ֔נוּ נֶהְפַּ֥ךְ לְאֵ֖בֶל מְחֹלֵֽנוּ׃",
"text": "*šāḇaṯ* *məśôś* *libbēnû*, *nehpaḵ* to-*ʾēḇel* *məḥōlēnû*",
"grammar": {
"*šāḇaṯ*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - it has ceased",
"*məśôś*": "noun masculine singular construct - joy of",
"*libbēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our heart",
"*nehpaḵ*": "niphal perfect 3rd masculine singular - it is turned",
"*ʾēḇel*": "noun masculine singular - mourning",
"*məḥōlēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our dance"
},
"variants": {
"*šāḇaṯ*": "it has ceased/ended/stopped",
"*məśôś*": "joy/gladness/rejoicing",
"*libbēnû*": "our heart/mind/inner self",
"*nehpaḵ*": "it is turned/changed/converted",
"*ʾēḇel*": "mourning/lamentation",
"*məḥōlēnû*": "our dance/dancing/celebration"
}
}
16 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.16",
"source": "נָֽפְלָה֙ עֲטֶ֣רֶת רֹאשֵׁ֔נוּ אֽוֹי־נָ֥א לָ֖נוּ כִּ֥י חָטָֽאנוּ׃",
"text": "*nāp̄əlâ* *ʿăṭereṯ* *rōʾšēnû*, *ʾôy*-*nāʾ* to-us because *ḥāṭāʾnû*",
"grammar": {
"*nāp̄əlâ*": "qal perfect 3rd feminine singular - it has fallen",
"*ʿăṭereṯ*": "noun feminine singular construct - crown of",
"*rōʾšēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our head",
"*ʾôy*": "interjection - woe",
"*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please/now",
"*ḥāṭāʾnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have sinned"
},
"variants": {
"*nāp̄əlâ*": "it has fallen/dropped/descended",
"*ʿăṭereṯ*": "crown/garland/diadem",
"*rōʾšēnû*": "our head (symbol of honor and dignity)",
"*ʾôy*-*nāʾ*": "woe now/alas/grief to us",
"*ḥāṭāʾnû*": "we have sinned/transgressed/erred"
}
}
17 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.17",
"source": "עַל־זֶ֗ה הָיָ֤ה דָוֶה֙ לִבֵּ֔נוּ עַל־אֵ֖לֶּה חָשְׁכ֥וּ עֵינֵֽינוּ׃",
"text": "For-*zeh* *hāyâ* *ḏāweh* *libbēnû*, for-*ʾēlleh* *ḥāšəḵû* *ʿênênû*",
"grammar": {
"*zeh*": "demonstrative pronoun masculine singular - this",
"*hāyâ*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - it has become",
"*ḏāweh*": "adjective masculine singular - faint/sick",
"*libbēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our heart",
"*ʾēlleh*": "demonstrative pronoun plural - these",
"*ḥāšəḵû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they have grown dim",
"*ʿênênû*": "noun feminine dual construct with 1st person plural suffix - our eyes"
},
"variants": {
"*ḏāweh*": "faint/sick/ill",
"*libbēnû*": "our heart/mind/inner being",
"*ḥāšəḵû*": "they have grown dim/darkened/become dim",
"*ʿênênû*": "our eyes (dimming eyes signifies grief or weakness)"
}
}
18 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.18",
"source": "עַ֤ל הַר־צִיּוֹן֙ שֶׁשָּׁמֵ֔ם שׁוּעָלִ֖ים הִלְּכוּ־בֽוֹ׃",
"text": "For *har*-*ṣîyôn* that-*šāmēm*, *šûʿālîm* *hilləḵû*-in-it",
"grammar": {
"*har*": "noun masculine singular construct - mountain of",
"*ṣîyôn*": "proper noun - Zion",
"*šāmēm*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - it lies desolate",
"*šûʿālîm*": "noun masculine plural - foxes",
"*hilləḵû*": "piel perfect 3rd common plural - they walk about"
},
"variants": {
"*har*": "mountain/hill/mount",
"*šāmēm*": "it lies desolate/is deserted/is made desolate",
"*šûʿālîm*": "foxes/jackals (wild animals inhabiting ruins)",
"*hilləḵû*": "they walk about/prowl/wander"
}
}
19 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.19",
"source": "אַתָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ לְעוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֔ב כִּסְאֲךָ֖ לְדֹ֥ר וָדֽוֹר׃",
"text": "*ʾattâ* *yəhwâ* to-*ʿôlām* *tēšēḇ*, *kisʾăḵā* to-*dōr* and-*ḏôr*",
"grammar": {
"*ʾattâ*": "2nd person masculine singular independent pronoun - you",
"*yəhwâ*": "proper noun - LORD/YHWH",
"*ʿôlām*": "noun masculine singular - forever",
"*tēšēḇ*": "qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular - you remain/sit",
"*kisʾăḵā*": "noun masculine singular construct with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your throne",
"*dōr*": "noun masculine singular - generation",
"*ḏôr*": "noun masculine singular - generation"
},
"variants": {
"*tēšēḇ*": "you remain/sit/dwell/endure",
"*kisʾăḵā*": "your throne/seat of authority",
"*dōr* and-*ḏôr*": "generation and generation (idiom: throughout all generations)"
}
}
20 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.20",
"source": "לָ֤מָּה לָנֶ֙צַח֙ תִּשְׁכָּחֵ֔נוּ תַּֽעַזְבֵ֖נוּ לְאֹ֥רֶךְ יָמִֽים׃",
"text": "*lāmmâ* to-*neṣaḥ* *tišəkāḥēnû*, *taʿazḇēnû* to-*ʾōreḵ* *yāmîm*",
"grammar": {
"*lāmmâ*": "interrogative - why",
"*neṣaḥ*": "noun masculine singular - perpetuity",
"*tišəkāḥēnû*": "qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular with 1st person plural suffix - you forget us",
"*taʿazḇēnû*": "qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular with 1st person plural suffix - you forsake us",
"*ʾōreḵ*": "noun masculine singular construct - length of",
"*yāmîm*": "noun masculine plural - days"
},
"variants": {
"*lāmmâ*": "why/for what reason",
"*neṣaḥ*": "perpetuity/forever/completely",
"*tišəkāḥēnû*": "you forget/neglect us",
"*taʿazḇēnû*": "you forsake/abandon/leave us",
"*ʾōreḵ* *yāmîm*": "length of days (idiom: for so long a time)"
}
}
21 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.21",
"source": "הֲשִׁיבֵ֨נוּ יְהוָ֤ה ׀ אֵלֶ֙יךָ֙ וְֽנָשׁ֔וּבָה חַדֵּ֥שׁ יָמֵ֖ינוּ כְּקֶֽדֶם׃",
"text": "*hăšîḇēnû* *yəhwâ* to-*ʾēleḵā* and-*nāšûḇâ*, *ḥaddēš* *yāmênû* like-*qeḏem*",
"grammar": {
"*hăšîḇēnû*": "hiphil imperative masculine singular with 1st person plural suffix - cause us to return",
"*yəhwâ*": "proper noun - LORD/YHWH",
"*ʾēleḵā*": "preposition with 2nd masculine singular suffix - to you",
"*nāšûḇâ*": "qal cohortative 1st person plural - let us return",
"*ḥaddēš*": "piel imperative masculine singular - renew",
"*yāmênû*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person plural suffix - our days",
"*qeḏem*": "noun masculine singular - ancient times"
},
"variants": {
"*hăšîḇēnû*": "cause us to return/restore us/bring us back",
"*nāšûḇâ*": "let us return/turn back (cohortative expressing determination or request)",
"*ḥaddēš*": "renew/make new/restore",
"*qeḏem*": "ancient times/former days/old times"
}
}
22 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.5.22",
"source": "כִּ֚י אִם־מָאֹ֣ס מְאַסְתָּ֔נוּ קָצַ֥פְתָּ עָלֵ֖ינוּ עַד־מְאֹֽד׃",
"text": "For if-*māʾōs* *məʾastānû*, *qāṣap̄tā* upon-us until-*məʾōḏ*",
"grammar": {
"*māʾōs*": "qal infinitive absolute - utterly reject",
"*məʾastānû*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular with 1st person plural suffix - you have rejected us",
"*qāṣap̄tā*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you have been angry",
"*məʾōḏ*": "noun masculine singular - excess/abundance"
},
"variants": {
"*māʾōs* *məʾastānû*": "utterly rejected us (infinitive absolute construction for emphasis)",
"*məʾastānû*": "you have rejected/refused/despised us",
"*qāṣap̄tā*": "you have been angry/wrathful/furious",
"*məʾōḏ*": "excess/exceedingly/greatly/severely"
}
}