24{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.24",
"source": "וַֽיַּעֲמֹד֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה בְּמִשְׁע֖וֹל הַכְּרָמִ֑ים גָּדֵ֥ר מִזֶּ֖ה וְגָדֵ֥ר מִזֶּֽה׃",
"text": "And *yaʿamod* *malʾak* *YHWH* in *mishʿol* the-*keramim*, *gader* from this and *gader* from this.",
"grammar": {
"*yaʿamod*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he stood",
"*malʾak*": "masculine singular construct - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD",
"*mishʿol*": "masculine singular construct - narrow path of",
"*keramim*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the vineyards",
"*gader*": "masculine singular noun - wall/fence",
"*mizeh*": "preposition with demonstrative - from this"
},
"variants": {
"*yaʿamod*": "stood/positioned himself",
"*mishʿol*": "narrow path/narrow passage",
"*gader*": "wall/fence/hedge"
}
}
25{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.25",
"source": "וַתֵּ֨רֶא הָאָת֜וֹן אֶת־מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֗ה וַתִּלָּחֵץ֙ אֶל־הַקִּ֔יר וַתִּלְחַ֛ץ אֶת־רֶ֥גֶל בִּלְעָ֖ם אֶל־הַקִּ֑יר וַיֹּ֖סֶף לְהַכֹּתָֽהּ׃",
"text": "And *tereʾ* the-*ʾaton* *ʾet*-*malʾak* *YHWH*, and *tillaḥetz* to-the-*qir*, and *tilḥatz* *ʾet*-*regel* *Bilʿam* to-the-*qir*; and *yoseph* to *lehakkotah*.",
"grammar": {
"*tereʾ*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she saw",
"*ʾaton*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the female donkey",
"*malʾak*": "masculine singular construct - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD",
"*tillaḥetz*": "niphal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she pressed herself",
"*qir*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the wall",
"*tilḥatz*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she pressed",
"*regel*": "feminine singular construct - foot of",
"*Bilʿam*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*yoseph*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he continued",
"*lehakkotah*": "hiphil infinitive construct with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - to strike her"
},
"variants": {
"*tillaḥetz*": "pressed herself/squeezed herself",
"*tilḥatz*": "pressed/crushed",
"*yoseph*": "continued/added",
"*lehakkotah*": "to strike her/to beat her"
}
}
26{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.26",
"source": "וַיּ֥וֹסֶף מַלְאַךְ־יְהוָ֖ה עֲב֑וֹר וַֽיַּעֲמֹד֙ בְּמָק֣וֹם צָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֛ר אֵֽין־דֶּ֥רֶךְ לִנְט֖וֹת יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאול׃",
"text": "And *yoseph* *malʾak*-*YHWH* *ʿabor* and *yaʿamod* in *maqom* *tzar* which *ʾeyn*-*derek* to *lintot* right and left.",
"grammar": {
"*yoseph*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he continued",
"*malʾak*": "masculine singular construct - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD",
"*ʿabor*": "qal infinitive absolute - passing",
"*yaʿamod*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he stood",
"*maqom*": "masculine singular noun - place",
"*tzar*": "adjective masculine singular - narrow",
"*ʾeyn*": "particle of negation - there is not",
"*derek*": "masculine singular noun - way/road",
"*lintot*": "qal infinitive construct - to turn"
},
"variants": {
"*yoseph*": "continued/went on further",
"*ʿabor*": "passing/going onward",
"*maqom*": "place/location/spot",
"*tzar*": "narrow/tight/confined",
"*lintot*": "to turn/to veer"
}
}
27{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.27",
"source": "וַתֵּ֤רֶא הָֽאָתוֹן֙ אֶת־מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה וַתִּרְבַּ֖ץ תַּ֣חַת בִּלְעָ֑ם וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף בִּלְעָ֔ם וַיַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הָאָת֖וֹן בַּמַּקֵּֽל׃",
"text": "And *tereʾ* the-*ʾaton* *ʾet*-*malʾak* *YHWH*, and *tirbatz* under *Bilʿam*; and *yiḥar*-*ʾaph* *Bilʿam* and *yak* *ʾet*-the-*ʾaton* with the-*maqqel*.",
"grammar": {
"*tereʾ*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she saw",
"*ʾaton*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the female donkey",
"*malʾak*": "masculine singular construct - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD",
"*tirbatz*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she lay down",
"*Bilʿam*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*yiḥar*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and burned",
"*ʾaph*": "masculine singular construct - anger/nose of",
"*yak*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he struck",
"*maqqel*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the staff/stick"
},
"variants": {
"*tirbatz*": "lay down/crouched",
"*yiḥar-ʾaph*": "became angry/his anger was kindled",
"*yak*": "struck/hit/beat",
"*maqqel*": "staff/rod/stick"
}
}
28{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.28",
"source": "וַיִּפְתַּ֥ח יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־פִּ֣י הָאָת֑וֹן וַתֹּ֤אמֶר לְבִלְעָם֙ מֶה־עָשִׂ֣יתִֽי לְךָ֔ כִּ֣י הִכִּיתַ֔נִי זֶ֖ה שָׁלֹ֥שׁ רְגָלִֽים׃",
"text": "And *yiptaḥ* *YHWH* *ʾet*-*pi* the-*ʾaton*, and *tomer* to *Bilʿam*, What-*ʿasiti* to you, that *hikkitani* this *shalosh* *regalim*?",
"grammar": {
"*yiptaḥ*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he opened",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD",
"*pi*": "masculine singular construct - mouth of",
"*ʾaton*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the female donkey",
"*tomer*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she said",
"*Bilʿam*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*ʿasiti*": "qal perfect 1st person singular - I have done",
"*hikkitani*": "hiphil perfect 2nd person masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix - you have struck me",
"*shalosh*": "feminine cardinal number - three",
"*regalim*": "feminine plural noun - times/feet"
},
"variants": {
"*yiptaḥ*": "opened/unsealed",
"*pi*": "mouth/speech",
"*tomer*": "said/spoke",
"*hikkitani*": "you have struck me/you have beaten me",
"*regalim*": "times/instances/feet (literally 'three feet' as idiom for 'three times')"
}
}
29{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.29",
"source": "וַיֹּ֤אמֶר בִּלְעָם֙ לָֽאָת֔וֹן כִּ֥י הִתְעַלַּ֖לְתְּ בִּ֑י ל֤וּ יֶשׁ־חֶ֙רֶב֙ בְּיָדִ֔י כִּ֥י עַתָּ֖ה הֲרַגְתִּֽיךְ׃",
"text": "And *yomer* *Bilʿam* to the-*ʾaton*, Because *hitʿallalt* in me; if *yesh*-*ḥereb* in *yadi*, then now *haragtik*.",
"grammar": {
"*yomer*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he said",
"*Bilʿam*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*ʾaton*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the female donkey",
"*hitʿallalt*": "hithpael perfect 2nd person feminine singular - you have made a fool",
"*yesh*": "particle of existence - there is",
"*ḥereb*": "feminine singular noun - sword",
"*yadi*": "feminine singular noun with 1st person singular suffix - my hand",
"*haragtik*": "qal perfect 1st person singular with 2nd person feminine singular suffix - I would have killed you"
},
"variants": {
"*hitʿallalt*": "you have made a fool/you have mocked/you have abused",
"*haragtik*": "I would have killed you/I would have slain you"
}
}
30{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.30",
"source": "וַתֹּ֨אמֶר הָאָת֜וֹן אֶל־בִּלְעָ֗ם הֲלוֹא֩ אָנֹכִ֨י אֲתֹֽנְךָ֜ אֲשֶׁר־רָכַ֣בְתָּ עָלַ֗י מֵעֽוֹדְךָ֙ עַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה הַֽהַסְכֵּ֣ן הִסְכַּ֔נְתִּי לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת לְךָ֖ כֹּ֑ה וַיֹּ֖אמֶר לֹֽא׃",
"text": "And *tomer* the-*ʾaton* to-*Bilʿam*, Not *ʾanoki* *ʾatonka* which-*rakabta* upon me from *ʿodka* until-the-*yom* the-this? *hahasken* *hiskanti* to do to you thus? And *yomer*, No.",
"grammar": {
"*tomer*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular with waw consecutive - and she said",
"*ʾaton*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the female donkey",
"*Bilʿam*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*ʾanoki*": "1st person singular independent pronoun - I",
"*ʾatonka*": "feminine singular noun with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your female donkey",
"*rakabta*": "qal perfect 2nd person masculine singular - you have ridden",
"*ʿodka*": "masculine singular noun with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your continuing/ever since you have been",
"*yom*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the day",
"*hahasken*": "hiphil infinitive absolute with interrogative prefix - ?being accustomed",
"*hiskanti*": "hiphil perfect 1st person singular - I have been accustomed",
"*yomer*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he said"
},
"variants": {
"*ʾanoki*": "I/I myself",
"*rakabta*": "you have ridden/you have mounted",
"*ʿodka*": "your continuing existence/ever since you have been",
"*hahasken hiskanti*": "have I ever been accustomed/have I ever been in the habit (emphatic construction)"
}
}
31{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.31",
"source": "וַיְגַ֣ל יְהוָה֮ אֶת־עֵינֵ֣י בִלְעָם֒ וַיַּ֞רְא אֶת־מַלְאַ֤ךְ יְהוָה֙ נִצָּ֣ב בַּדֶּ֔רֶךְ וְחַרְבּ֥וֹ שְׁלֻפָ֖ה בְּיָד֑וֹ וַיִּקֹּ֥ד וַיִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ לְאַפָּֽיו׃",
"text": "And *yegal* *YHWH* *ʾet*-*ʿeynei* *Bilʿam*, and *yarʾ* *ʾet*-*malʾak* *YHWH* *nitzab* in the-*derek* and *ḥarbo* *shlufah* in *yado*; and *yiqqod* and *yishtaḥu* to *ʾappaw*.",
"grammar": {
"*yegal*": "piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he uncovered",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD",
"*ʿeynei*": "feminine dual construct - eyes of",
"*Bilʿam*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*yarʾ*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he saw",
"*malʾak*": "masculine singular construct - messenger/angel of",
"*nitzab*": "niphal participle masculine singular - standing/positioned",
"*derek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the way/road",
"*ḥarbo*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his sword",
"*shlufah*": "qal passive participle feminine singular - drawn",
"*yado*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his hand",
"*yiqqod*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he bowed",
"*yishtaḥu*": "hishtaphel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he prostrated himself",
"*ʾappaw*": "masculine dual noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his face/nostrils"
},
"variants": {
"*yegal*": "uncovered/opened/revealed",
"*nitzab*": "standing/positioned/stationed",
"*shlufah*": "drawn/unsheathed",
"*yiqqod*": "bowed/bent down",
"*yishtaḥu*": "prostrated himself/worshipped",
"*ʾappaw*": "his face/his nostrils (idiomatic for prostrating oneself)"
}
}
32{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.32",
"source": "וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֵלָיו֙ מַלְאַ֣ךְ יְהוָ֔ה עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔ זֶ֖ה שָׁל֣וֹשׁ רְגָלִ֑ים הִנֵּ֤ה אָנֹכִי֙ יָצָ֣אתִי לְשָׂטָ֔ן כִּֽי־יָרַ֥ט הַדֶּ֖רֶךְ לְנֶגְדִּֽי׃",
"text": "And *wə-yōʾmer* to-him *malʾak* *YHWH*, upon-what *hikkîtā* *ʾet*-*ʾătōnkā* this *šālôš* *rəgālîm*; *hinnēh* *ʾānōkî* *yāṣāʾtî* *lə-śāṭān* because-*yāraṭ* the-*derek* before-me",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he said",
"*malʾak*": "construct state, masculine singular - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "divine name, tetragrammaton",
"*hikkîtā*": "hiphil perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you have struck",
"*ʾet*": "direct object marker",
"*ʾătōnkā*": "feminine singular noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your female donkey",
"*šālôš*": "cardinal number, feminine - three",
"*rəgālîm*": "masculine plural noun - times/feet/occasions",
"*hinnēh*": "interjection - behold/look",
"*ʾānōkî*": "1st person singular independent pronoun - I",
"*yāṣāʾtî*": "qal perfect, 1st singular - I have come out",
"*lə-śāṭān*": "preposition + noun - as/for an adversary",
"*yāraṭ*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - is precipitous/contrary",
"*derek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the way/road/journey"
},
"variants": {
"*malʾak*": "messenger/angel",
"*hikkîtā*": "struck/beaten/smitten",
"*rəgālîm*": "times/feet/occasions",
"*lə-śāṭān*": "as an adversary/opponent/one who obstructs",
"*yāraṭ*": "is precipitous/contrary/perverse/headlong",
"*derek*": "way/road/journey/path"
}
}
33{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.33",
"source": "וַתִּרְאַ֙נִי֙ הָֽאָת֔וֹן וַתֵּ֣ט לְפָנַ֔י זֶ֖ה שָׁלֹ֣שׁ רְגָלִ֑ים אוּלַי֙ נָטְתָ֣ה מִפָּנַ֔י כִּ֥י עַתָּ֛ה גַּם־אֹתְכָ֥ה הָרַ֖גְתִּי וְאוֹתָ֥הּ הֶחֱיֵֽיתִי׃",
"text": "And-*wə-tirʾanî* the-*ʾātôn* and-*wə-tēṭ* before-me this *šālōš* *rəgālîm*; *ʾûlay* *nāṭtāh* from-before-me, for *ʿattāh* also-*gam-ʾōtkāh* *hāragtî* and-*wə-ʾôtāh* *heḥĕyêtî*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-tirʾanî*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular + 1st singular suffix - and she saw me",
"*ʾātôn*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the female donkey",
"*wə-tēṭ*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - and she turned aside",
"*šālōš*": "cardinal number, feminine - three",
"*rəgālîm*": "masculine plural noun - times/feet/occasions",
"*ʾûlay*": "adverb - perhaps/maybe",
"*nāṭtāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she turned aside",
"*ʿattāh*": "adverb - now",
"*gam-ʾōtkāh*": "conjunction + direct object marker + 2nd masculine singular suffix - also you",
"*hāragtî*": "qal perfect, 1st singular - I would have killed",
"*wə-ʾôtāh*": "conjunction + direct object marker + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and her",
"*heḥĕyêtî*": "hiphil perfect, 1st singular - I would have kept alive"
},
"variants": {
"*ʾātôn*": "female donkey/she-ass",
"*rəgālîm*": "times/feet/occasions",
"*nāṭtāh*": "turned aside/veered away",
"*hāragtî*": "killed/slain",
"*heḥĕyêtî*": "kept alive/preserved/let live"
}
}
34{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.34",
"source": "וַיֹּ֨אמֶר בִּלְעָ֜ם אֶל־מַלְאַ֤ךְ יְהוָה֙ חָטָ֔אתִי כִּ֚י לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי כִּ֥י אַתָּ֛ה נִצָּ֥ב לִקְרָאתִ֖י בַּדָּ֑רֶךְ וְעַתָּ֛ה אִם־רַ֥ע בְּעֵינֶ֖יךָ אָשׁ֥וּבָה לִּֽי׃",
"text": "And-*wə-yōʾmer* *Bilʿām* to-*malʾak* *YHWH*, *ḥāṭāʾtî* because *lōʾ* *yādaʿtî* that *ʾattāh* *niṣṣāb* *liqrāʾtî* in-the-*dārek*; and-*wə-ʿattāh* if-*raʿ* in-*ʿênêkā* *ʾāšûbāh* to-me",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he said",
"*Bilʿām*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*malʾak*": "construct state, masculine singular - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "divine name, tetragrammaton",
"*ḥāṭāʾtî*": "qal perfect, 1st singular - I have sinned",
"*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not",
"*yādaʿtî*": "qal perfect, 1st singular - I knew",
"*ʾattāh*": "2nd masculine singular independent pronoun - you",
"*niṣṣāb*": "niphal participle, masculine singular - standing/stationed",
"*liqrāʾtî*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct + 1st singular suffix - to meet me",
"*dārek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the way/road",
"*wə-ʿattāh*": "conjunction + adverb - and now",
"*raʿ*": "adjective, masculine singular - evil/displeasing",
"*ʿênêkā*": "dual construct noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - in your eyes",
"*ʾāšûbāh*": "qal imperfect, 1st singular cohortative - let me return"
},
"variants": {
"*Bilʿām*": "Balaam (name meaning 'swallower/destroyer')",
"*ḥāṭāʾtî*": "sinned/missed the mark/erred",
"*yādaʿtî*": "knew/recognized/understood",
"*niṣṣāb*": "standing/positioned/stationed",
"*dārek*": "way/road/journey/path",
"*raʿ*": "evil/bad/displeasing/disagreeable",
"*ʾāšûbāh*": "let me return/let me go back"
}
}
35{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.35",
"source": "וַיֹּאמֶר֩ מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־בִּלְעָ֗ם לֵ֚ךְ עִם־הָ֣אֲנָשִׁ֔ים וְאֶ֗פֶס אֶת־הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־אֲדַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶ֖יךָ אֹת֣וֹ תְדַבֵּ֑ר וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ בִּלְעָ֖ם עִם־שָׂרֵ֥י בָלָֽק׃",
"text": "And-*wə-yōʾmer* *malʾak* *YHWH* to-*Bilʿām*, *lēk* with-the-*ʾănāšîm* and-*wə-ʾepes* *ʾet*-the-*dābār* which-*ʾădabbēr* to-you, *ʾōtô* *tədabbēr*; and-*wə-yēlek* *Bilʿām* with-*śārê* *Bālāq*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he said",
"*malʾak*": "construct state, masculine singular - messenger/angel of",
"*YHWH*": "divine name, tetragrammaton",
"*Bilʿām*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*lēk*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - go",
"*ʾănāšîm*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the men",
"*wə-ʾepes*": "conjunction + adverb - but only/however",
"*ʾet*": "direct object marker",
"*dābār*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the word/thing/matter",
"*ʾădabbēr*": "piel imperfect, 1st singular - I will speak",
"*ʾōtô*": "direct object marker + 3rd masculine singular suffix - it",
"*tədabbēr*": "piel imperfect, 2nd masculine singular - you shall speak",
"*wə-yēlek*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he went",
"*śārê*": "masculine plural construct - princes/chiefs/officials of",
"*Bālāq*": "proper noun - Balak"
},
"variants": {
"*malʾak*": "messenger/angel",
"*lēk*": "go/walk/proceed",
"*ʾănāšîm*": "men/people/individuals",
"*ʾepes*": "only/nothing but/however",
"*dābār*": "word/thing/matter/speech",
"*ʾădabbēr*": "will speak/will tell/will utter",
"*tədabbēr*": "shall speak/shall say/shall utter",
"*śārê*": "princes/chiefs/officials/nobles"
}
}
36{
"verseID": "Numbers.22.36",
"source": "וַיִּשְׁמַ֥ע בָּלָ֖ק כִּ֣י בָ֣א בִלְעָ֑ם וַיֵּצֵ֨א לִקְרָאת֜וֹ אֶל־עִ֣יר מוֹאָ֗ב אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־גְּב֣וּל אַרְנֹ֔ן אֲשֶׁ֖ר בִּקְצֵ֥ה הַגְּבֽוּל׃",
"text": "And-*wə-yišmaʿ* *Bālāq* that *bāʾ* *Bilʿām*; and-*wə-yēṣēʾ* to-meet-him to-*ʿîr* *Môʾāb* which on-*gəbûl* *ʾArnōn*, which in-*qəṣēh* the-*gəbûl*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yišmaʿ*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he heard",
"*Bālāq*": "proper noun - Balak",
"*bāʾ*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he came/had come",
"*Bilʿām*": "proper noun - Balaam",
"*wə-yēṣēʾ*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he went out",
"*ʿîr*": "construct state, feminine singular - city of",
"*Môʾāb*": "proper noun - Moab",
"*gəbûl*": "masculine singular construct - border/territory of",
"*ʾArnōn*": "proper noun - Arnon",
"*qəṣēh*": "masculine singular construct - edge/end of",
"*gəbûl*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the border/territory"
},
"variants": {
"*bāʾ*": "came/had come/arrived",
"*ʿîr*": "city/town",
"*gəbûl*": "border/territory/boundary",
"*qəṣēh*": "edge/end/extremity"
}
}