3 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.3",
"source": "וְאָמַ֤ר פַּרְעֹה֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נְבֻכִ֥ים הֵ֖ם בָּאָ֑רֶץ סָגַ֥ר עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הַמִּדְבָּֽר",
"text": "*wə-ʾāmar* *Parʿōh* *li-ḇnê* *Yiśrāʾēl* *nəḇuḵîm* *hēm* *bā-ʾāreṣ* *sāḡar* *ʿălêhem* *ha-midbar*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-ʾāmar*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and will say",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*li-ḇnê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - concerning sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*nəḇuḵîm*": "Niphal participle, masculine plural - confused/entangled",
"*hēm*": "pronoun, 3rd masculine plural - they",
"*bā-ʾāreṣ*": "preposition + article + noun, feminine singular - in the land",
"*sāḡar*": "Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - has closed/shut",
"*ʿălêhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - upon them",
"*ha-midbar*": "article + noun, masculine singular - the wilderness"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-ʾāmar*": "and will say/and says",
"*li-ḇnê*": "concerning the sons of/about the children of",
"*nəḇuḵîm*": "confused/entangled/wandering aimlessly",
"*bā-ʾāreṣ*": "in the land/in the country",
"*sāḡar*": "has closed/has shut in/has trapped",
"*ha-midbar*": "the wilderness/the desert"
}
}
4 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.4",
"source": "וְחִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮ וְרָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵיהֶם֒ וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּפַרְעֹה֙ וּבְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ וְיָדְע֥וּ מִצְרַ֖יִם כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וַיּֽ͏ַעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן",
"text": "*wə-ḥizzaqtî* *ʾeṯ*-*lēḇ*-*Parʿōh* *wə-rādaph* *ʾaḥărêhem* *wə-ʾikkāḇdāh* *bə-Pharʿōh* *û-ḇəḵol*-*ḥêlô* *wə-yādəʿû* *Miṣrayim* *kî*-*ʾănî* *YHWH* *wa-yaʿăśû*-*ḵēn*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-ḥizzaqtî*": "conjunction + Piel perfect, 1st singular - and I will strengthen/harden",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*lēḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - heart of",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*wə-rādaph*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he will pursue",
"*ʾaḥărêhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - after them",
"*wə-ʾikkāḇdāh*": "conjunction + Niphal imperfect, 1st singular cohortative - and I will be honored",
"*bə-Pharʿōh*": "preposition + proper noun - through Pharaoh",
"*û-ḇəḵol*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - and through all",
"*ḥêlô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his army",
"*wə-yādəʿû*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they will know",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt/Egyptians",
"*kî*": "conjunction - that",
"*ʾănî*": "pronoun, 1st singular - I",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh/LORD",
"*wa-yaʿăśû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they did",
"*ḵēn*": "adverb - thus/so"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-ḥizzaqtî*": "and I will harden/and I will strengthen",
"*wə-rādaph*": "and he will pursue/and he will chase",
"*wə-ʾikkāḇdāh*": "and I will be honored/and I will gain glory",
"*ḥêlô*": "his army/his forces/his host",
"*wə-yādəʿû*": "and they will know/and they shall know",
"*kî-ʾănî YHWH*": "that I am YHWH (the LORD)"
}
}
5 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.5",
"source": "וַיֻּגַּד֙ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם כִּ֥י בָרַ֖ח הָעָ֑ם וַ֠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַעֲבָדָיו֙ אֶל־הָעָ֔ם וַיֹּֽאמרוּ֙ מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵעָבְדֵֽנוּ",
"text": "*wa-yuggad* *lə-meleḵ* *Miṣrayim* *kî* *bāraḥ* *hā-ʿām* *wa-yêhāpēḵ* *ləḇaḇ* *Parʿōh* *wa-ʿăḇādâw* *ʾel*-*hā-ʿām* *wa-yōmərû* *mah*-*zōṯ* *ʿāśînû* *kî*-*šillaḥnû* *ʾeṯ*-*Yiśrāʾēl* *mē-ʿāḇdēnû*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yuggad*": "conjunction + Hophal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and it was told",
"*lə-meleḵ*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - to the king of",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt",
"*kî*": "conjunction - that",
"*bāraḥ*": "Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - had fled",
"*hā-ʿām*": "article + noun, masculine singular - the people",
"*wa-yêhāpēḵ*": "conjunction + Niphal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and was turned",
"*ləḇaḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - heart of",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*wa-ʿăḇādâw*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his servants",
"*ʾel*": "preposition - against",
"*hā-ʿām*": "article + noun, masculine singular - the people",
"*wa-yōmərû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they said",
"*mah*": "interrogative - what",
"*zōṯ*": "demonstrative pronoun, feminine singular - this",
"*ʿāśînû*": "Qal perfect, 1st common plural - we have done",
"*kî*": "conjunction - that/because",
"*šillaḥnû*": "Piel perfect, 1st common plural - we have sent away",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*mē-ʿāḇdēnû*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct + 1st common plural suffix - from serving us"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yuggad*": "and it was told/and it was reported",
"*bāraḥ*": "had fled/had escaped",
"*wa-yêhāpēḵ*": "and was turned/and was changed",
"*ləḇaḇ*": "heart/mind",
"*wa-ʿăḇādâw*": "and his servants/and his officials",
"*ʾel-hā-ʿām*": "against the people/toward the people",
"*mah-zōṯ ʿāśînû*": "what is this we have done?",
"*šillaḥnû*": "we have sent away/we have released/we have let go",
"*mē-ʿāḇdēnû*": "from serving us/from our service"
}
}
6 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.6",
"source": "וַיֶּאְסֹ֖ר אֶת־רִכְבּ֑וֹ וְאֶת־עַמּ֖וֹ לָקַ֥ח עִמּֽוֹ",
"text": "*wa-yeʾĕsōr* *ʾeṯ*-*riḵbô* *wə-ʾeṯ*-*ʿammô* *lāqaḥ* *ʿimmô*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yeʾĕsōr*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he harnessed",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*riḵbô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his chariot",
"*wə-ʾeṯ*": "conjunction + direct object marker",
"*ʿammô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his people",
"*lāqaḥ*": "Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he took",
"*ʿimmô*": "preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - with him"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yeʾĕsōr*": "and he harnessed/and he prepared",
"*riḵbô*": "his chariot/his chariots (collective singular)",
"*ʿammô*": "his people/his army",
"*lāqaḥ*": "he took/he brought"
}
}
7 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.7",
"source": "וַיִּקַּ֗ח שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת רֶ֙כֶב֙ בָּח֔וּר וְכֹ֖ל רֶ֣כֶב מִצְרָ֑יִם וְשָׁלִשִׁ֖ם עַל־כֻּלּֽוֹ",
"text": "*wa-yiqqaḥ* *šēš*-*mēʾôṯ* *reḵeḇ* *bāḥûr* *wə-ḵōl* *reḵeḇ* *Miṣrāyim* *wə-šālišim* *ʿal*-*kullô*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yiqqaḥ*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he took",
"*šēš*-*mēʾôṯ*": "numeral - six hundred",
"*reḵeḇ*": "noun, masculine singular - chariot",
"*bāḥûr*": "Qal passive participle, masculine singular - chosen",
"*wə-ḵōl*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular construct - and all",
"*reḵeḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - chariots of",
"*Miṣrāyim*": "proper noun - Egypt",
"*wə-šālišim*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural - and officers/captains",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - over",
"*kullô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - all of it/them"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yiqqaḥ*": "and he took/and he selected",
"*reḵeḇ bāḥûr*": "chosen chariots/select chariots",
"*šālišim*": "officers/captains/third men (possibly chariot warriors)",
"*ʿal-kullô*": "over all of them/over every one"
}
}
8 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.8",
"source": "וַיְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם וַיִּרְדֹּ֕ף אַחֲרֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יֹצְאִ֖ים בְּיָ֥ד רָמָֽה",
"text": "*wa-yəḥazzēq* *YHWH* *ʾeṯ*-*lēḇ* *Parʿōh* *meleḵ* *Miṣrayim* *wa-yirdōph* *ʾaḥărê* *bənê* *Yiśrāʾēl* *û-ḇnê* *Yiśrāʾēl* *yōṣəʾîm* *bə-yād* *rāmāh*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yəḥazzēq*": "conjunction + Piel imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he strengthened/hardened",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh/LORD",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*lēḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - heart of",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*meleḵ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - king of",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt",
"*wa-yirdōph*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he pursued",
"*ʾaḥărê*": "preposition - after",
"*bənê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*û-ḇnê*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural construct - and sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*yōṣəʾîm*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - going out",
"*bə-yād*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - with hand",
"*rāmāh*": "adjective, feminine singular - high/upraised"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yəḥazzēq*": "and he hardened/and he strengthened",
"*wa-yirdōph*": "and he pursued/and he chased",
"*yōṣəʾîm*": "going out/departing/leaving",
"*bə-yād rāmāh*": "with a high hand/with an upraised hand/boldly/defiantly"
}
}
9 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.9",
"source": "וַיִּרְדְּפ֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם אַחֲרֵיהֶ֗ם וַיַּשִׂ֤יגוּ אוֹתָם֙ חֹנִ֣ים עַל־הַיָּ֔ם כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּפָרָשָׁ֖יו וְחֵיל֑וֹ עַל־פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת לִפְנֵ֖י בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן",
"text": "*wa-yirdəphû* *Miṣrayim* *ʾaḥărêhem* *wa-yaśśîḡû* *ʾôṯām* *ḥōnîm* *ʿal*-*ha-yām* *kol*-*sûs* *reḵeḇ* *Parʿōh* *û-phārāšâw* *wə-ḥêlô* *ʿal*-*pî* *ha-Ḥîrōṯ* *liphnê* *Baʿal* *Ṣəphōn*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yirdəphû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they pursued",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt/Egyptians",
"*ʾaḥărêhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - after them",
"*wa-yaśśîḡû*": "conjunction + Hiphil imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they overtook",
"*ʾôṯām*": "direct object marker + 3rd masculine plural suffix - them",
"*ḥōnîm*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - camping/encamped",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - by",
"*ha-yām*": "article + noun, masculine singular - the sea",
"*kol*": "noun, masculine singular construct - all",
"*sûs*": "noun, masculine singular construct - horses of",
"*reḵeḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - chariots of",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*û-phārāšâw*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his horsemen",
"*wə-ḥêlô*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his army",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - by",
"*pî*": "noun, masculine singular construct - mouth of",
"*ha-Ḥîrōṯ*": "article + proper noun - Pi-hahiroth",
"*liphnê*": "preposition + noun, construct - before",
"*Baʿal*": "proper noun - Baal",
"*Ṣəphōn*": "proper noun - Zephon"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yirdəphû*": "and they pursued/and they chased",
"*wa-yaśśîḡû*": "and they overtook/and they caught up with",
"*ḥōnîm*": "camping/encamped/dwelling",
"*pî ha-Ḥîrōṯ*": "Pi-hahiroth/mouth of Hiroth",
"*Baʿal Ṣəphōn*": "Baal Zephon (deity or place name)"
}
}
10 {
"verseID": "Exodus.14.10",
"source": "וּפַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב וַיִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵיהֶ֜ם וְהִנֵּ֥ה מִצְרַ֣יִם ׀ נֹסֵ֣עַ אַחֲרֵיהֶ֗ם וַיִּֽירְאוּ֙ מְאֹ֔ד וַיִּצְעֲק֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶל־יְהוָֽה",
"text": "*û-Pharʿōh* *hiqrîḇ* *wa-yiśśəʾû* *ḇnê*-*Yiśrāʾēl* *ʾeṯ*-*ʿênêhem* *wə-hinnēh* *Miṣrayim* *nōsēaʿ* *ʾaḥărêhem* *wa-yyîrəʾû* *məʾōd* *wa-yyiṣʿăqû* *ḇnê*-*Yiśrāʾēl* *ʾel*-*YHWH*",
"grammar": {
"*û-Pharʿōh*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Pharaoh",
"*hiqrîḇ*": "Hiphil perfect, 3rd masculine singular - drew near",
"*wa-yiśśəʾû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they lifted up",
"*ḇnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*ʿênêhem*": "noun, feminine plural + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their eyes",
"*wə-hinnēh*": "conjunction + interjection - and behold",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt/Egyptians",
"*nōsēaʿ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - journeying/traveling",
"*ʾaḥărêhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - after them",
"*wa-yyîrəʾû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they were afraid",
"*məʾōd*": "adverb - very much",
"*wa-yyiṣʿăqû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they cried out",
"*ḇnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*ʾel*": "preposition - to",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh/LORD"
},
"variants": {
"*hiqrîḇ*": "drew near/approached",
"*wa-yiśśəʾû*": "and they lifted up/and they raised",
"*nōsēaʿ*": "journeying/marching/advancing (singular form with collective meaning)",
"*wa-yyîrəʾû*": "and they were afraid/and they feared",
"*wa-yyiṣʿăqû*": "and they cried out/and they called out"
}
}