Ps 78:11-72 : 11 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.11",
"source": "וַיִּשְׁכְּח֥וּ עֲלִילוֹתָ֑יו וְ֝נִפְלְאוֹתָ֗יו אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֶרְאָֽם׃",
"text": "And they *wayyišəkᵉḥû* his *ʿălîlôtāyw* and his *wᵉnip̄lᵉʾôtāyw* *ʾăšer* he *herʾām*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyišəkᵉḥû*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they forgot",
"*ʿălîlôtāyw*": "noun, feminine plural with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his deeds/works",
"*wᵉnip̄lᵉʾôtāyw*": "waw conjunctive + noun, feminine plural with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - and his wonders/marvelous deeds",
"*ʾăšer*": "relative particle - which/that",
"*herʾām*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - he showed/caused them to see"
},
"variants": {
"*wayyišəkᵉḥû*": "and they forgot/neglected/ignored",
"*ʿălîlôtāyw*": "his deeds/works/actions/practices",
"*nip̄lᵉʾôtāyw*": "his wonders/marvelous deeds/miracles",
"*herʾām*": "he showed them/caused them to see/displayed to them"
}
}
12 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.12",
"source": "נֶ֣גֶד אֲ֭בוֹתָם עָ֣שָׂה פֶ֑לֶא בְּאֶ֖רֶץ מִצְרַ֣יִם שְׂדֵה־צֹֽעַן׃",
"text": "In front of *neḡeḏ* their *ʾăḇôtām* he *ʿāśâ* *p̄eleʾ* in land of *bᵉʾereṣ* *miṣrayim* field of-*śᵉḏê*-*ṣōʿan*",
"grammar": {
"*neḡeḏ*": "preposition - in front of/in the sight of",
"*ʾăḇôtām*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their fathers",
"*ʿāśâ*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he did/made/performed",
"*p̄eleʾ*": "noun, masculine singular - wonder/marvel",
"*bᵉʾereṣ*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular construct - in the land of",
"*miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt",
"*śᵉḏê*": "noun, masculine singular construct - field of",
"*ṣōʿan*": "proper noun - Zoan"
},
"variants": {
"*neḡeḏ*": "in front of/in the sight of/before/in the presence of",
"*ʿāśâ*": "did/made/performed/accomplished",
"*p̄eleʾ*": "wonder/marvel/miracle/extraordinary act",
"*śᵉḏê*": "field/country/territory/region"
}
}
13 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.13",
"source": "בָּ֣קַע יָ֭ם וַיַּֽעֲבִירֵ֑ם וַֽיַּצֶּב־מַ֥יִם כְּמוֹ־נֵ[c]ד׃",
"text": "He *bāqaʿ* *yām* and he *wayyaʿăḇîrēm* and he *wayyaṣṣeḇ*-*mayim* like-*kᵉmô*-*nēḏ*",
"grammar": {
"*bāqaʿ*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he split/divided",
"*yām*": "noun, masculine singular - sea",
"*wayyaʿăḇîrēm*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and he caused them to pass through",
"*wayyaṣṣeḇ*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he caused to stand",
"*mayim*": "noun, masculine plural - waters",
"*kᵉmô*": "preposition - like/as",
"*nēḏ*": "noun, masculine singular - heap/pile"
},
"variants": {
"*bāqaʿ*": "split/divided/broke open/tore",
"*yām*": "sea/large body of water",
"*wayyaʿăḇîrēm*": "and he caused them to pass through/led them across",
"*wayyaṣṣeḇ*": "and he caused to stand/set up/established",
"*nēḏ*": "heap/pile/mound/wall"
}
}
14 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.14",
"source": "וַיַּנְחֵ֣ם בֶּעָנָ֣ן יוֹמָ֑ם וְכָל־הַ֝לַּ֗יְלָה בְּא֣וֹר אֵֽשׁ׃",
"text": "And he *wayyanḥēm* in *beʿānān* by *yômām* and all-*wᵉḵāl*-the *hallaylâ* in light of *bᵉʾôr* *ʾēš*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyanḥēm*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and he led them",
"*beʿānān*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - with/by a cloud",
"*yômām*": "adverb - by day/daily",
"*wᵉḵāl*": "waw conjunctive + noun, masculine singular construct - and all of",
"*hallaylâ*": "article + noun, masculine singular - the night",
"*bᵉʾôr*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - in/with light of",
"*ʾēš*": "noun, feminine singular - fire"
},
"variants": {
"*wayyanḥēm*": "and he led them/guided them",
"*ʿānān*": "cloud/cloud mass",
"*yômām*": "by day/daily/daytime",
"*ʾôr*": "light/illumination/brightness",
"*ʾēš*": "fire/flame"
}
}
15 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.15",
"source": "יְבַקַּ֣ע צֻ֭רִים בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר וַ֝יַּ֗שְׁקְ כִּתְהֹמ֥וֹת רַבָּֽה׃",
"text": "He *yᵉḇaqqaʿ* *ṣûrîm* in the *bammiḏbār* and he *wayyašq* like *kitᵉhōmôt* *rabbâ*",
"grammar": {
"*yᵉḇaqqaʿ*": "piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he split/broke open",
"*ṣûrîm*": "noun, masculine plural - rocks",
"*bammiḏbār*": "preposition + article + noun, masculine singular - in the wilderness/desert",
"*wayyašq*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he gave drink",
"*kitᵉhōmôt*": "preposition + noun, feminine plural - like depths/deep places",
"*rabbâ*": "adjective, feminine singular - great/many/abundant"
},
"variants": {
"*yᵉḇaqqaʿ*": "split/broke open/cleaved/divided",
"*ṣûrîm*": "rocks/cliffs/rocky places",
"*miḏbār*": "wilderness/desert/uninhabited land",
"*wayyašq*": "and he gave drink/caused to drink/watered",
"*tᵉhōmôt*": "depths/deep places/abysses/oceans",
"*rabbâ*": "great/many/abundant/plentiful"
}
}
16 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.16",
"source": "וַיּוֹצִ֣א נוֹזְלִ֣ים מִסָּ֑לַע וַיּ֖וֹרֶד כַּנְּהָר֣וֹת מָֽיִם׃",
"text": "And he *wayyôṣiʾ* *nôzᵉlîm* from *missālaʿ* and he caused to run down *wayyôreḏ* like the *kannᵉhārôt* *māyim*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyôṣiʾ*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he brought out",
"*nôzᵉlîm*": "qal participle, masculine plural - flowing streams",
"*missālaʿ*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - from rock/cliff",
"*wayyôreḏ*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he caused to run down",
"*kannᵉhārôt*": "preposition + article + noun, masculine plural - like the rivers",
"*māyim*": "noun, masculine plural - waters"
},
"variants": {
"*wayyôṣiʾ*": "and he brought out/caused to come forth/produced",
"*nôzᵉlîm*": "flowing streams/flowing things/floods",
"*sālaʿ*": "rock/cliff/crag",
"*wayyôreḏ*": "and he caused to run down/sent down/made flow",
"*nᵉhārôt*": "rivers/streams/flowing waters"
}
}
17 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.17",
"source": "וַיּוֹסִ֣יפוּ ע֖[d]וֹד לַחֲטֹא־ל֑וֹ לַֽמְר֥וֹת עֶ֝לְי֗וֹן בַּצִּיָּֽה׃",
"text": "And they *wayyôsîp̄û* *ʿôḏ* to sin against-*laḥăṭōʾ*-him to rebel against *lamrôt* *ʿelyôn* in the *baṣṣiyyâ*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyôsîp̄û*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they continued/added",
"*ʿôḏ*": "adverb - still/yet/again",
"*laḥăṭōʾ*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to sin against",
"*lô*": "preposition with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - against him",
"*lamrôt*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to rebel against/provoke",
"*ʿelyôn*": "adjective, masculine singular - Most High",
"*baṣṣiyyâ*": "preposition + article + noun, feminine singular - in the dry/parched region"
},
"variants": {
"*wayyôsîp̄û*": "and they continued/added/increased/did more",
"*laḥăṭōʾ*": "to sin against/offend/miss the mark",
"*lamrôt*": "to rebel against/provoke/be contentious with",
"*ʿelyôn*": "Most High/Highest/Supreme",
"*ṣiyyâ*": "dry region/parched land/desert"
}
}
18 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.18",
"source": "וַיְנַסּוּ־אֵ֥ל בִּלְבָבָ֑ם לִֽשְׁאָל־אֹ֥כֶל לְנַפְשָֽׁם׃",
"text": "And they *wayᵉnassû*-*ʾēl* in their *bilḇāḇām* to ask-*lišʾāl*-*ʾōḵel* for their *lᵉnap̄šām*",
"grammar": {
"*wayᵉnassû*": "waw consecutive + piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they tested/tried",
"*ʾēl*": "noun, masculine singular - God",
"*bilḇāḇām*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - in their heart",
"*lišʾāl*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to ask/request",
"*ʾōḵel*": "noun, masculine singular - food",
"*lᵉnap̄šām*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - for their appetite/desire"
},
"variants": {
"*wayᵉnassû*": "and they tested/tried/put to the test",
"*ʾēl*": "God/mighty one/power",
"*lēḇāḇ*": "heart/mind/inner person",
"*lišʾāl*": "to ask/request/demand",
"*ʾōḵel*": "food/nourishment/provisions",
"*nep̄eš*": "appetite/desire/life/self/person"
}
}
19 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.19",
"source": "וַֽיְדַבְּר֗וּ בֵּֽאלֹ֫הִ֥ים אָ֭מְרוּ הֲי֣וּכַל אֵ֑ל לַעֲרֹ֥ךְ שֻׁ֝לְחָ֗ן בַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃",
"text": "And they *wayᵉḏabbᵉrû* against *bēʾlōhîm* they *ʾāmᵉrû* is *hăyûḵal* *ʾēl* to prepare *laʿărōḵ* *šulḥān* in the *bammiḏbār*",
"grammar": {
"*wayᵉḏabbᵉrû*": "waw consecutive + piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they spoke",
"*bēʾlōhîm*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural - against God",
"*ʾāmᵉrû*": "qal perfect, 3rd person plural - they said",
"*hăyûḵal*": "interrogative + qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - is able",
"*ʾēl*": "noun, masculine singular - God",
"*laʿărōḵ*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to prepare/arrange",
"*šulḥān*": "noun, masculine singular - table",
"*bammiḏbār*": "preposition + article + noun, masculine singular - in the wilderness/desert"
},
"variants": {
"*wayᵉḏabbᵉrû*": "and they spoke/talked/said",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods/judges",
"*hăyûḵal*": "is able/can/is capable",
"*ʾēl*": "God/mighty one/power",
"*laʿărōḵ*": "to prepare/arrange/set in order",
"*šulḥān*": "table/meal/feast",
"*miḏbār*": "wilderness/desert/uninhabited land"
}
}
20 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.20",
"source": "הֵ֤ן הִכָּה־צ֨וּר ׀ וַיָּז֣וּבוּ מַיִם֮ וּנְחָלִ֢ים יִ֫שְׁטֹ֥פוּ הֲגַם־לֶ֭חֶם י֣וּכַל תֵּ֑ת אִם־יָכִ֖ין שְׁאֵ֣ר לְעַמּֽוֹ׃",
"text": "Behold *hēn* he struck-*hikkâ*-*ṣûr* and *wayyāzûḇû* *mayim* and *ûnᵉḥālîm* *yišṭōp̄û* is also-*hăḡam*-*leḥem* he *yûḵal* *tēt* if-*ʾim*-he can prepare *yāḵîn* *šᵉʾēr* for his *lᵉʿammô*",
"grammar": {
"*hēn*": "interjection - behold/look",
"*hikkâ*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he struck",
"*ṣûr*": "noun, masculine singular - rock",
"*wayyāzûḇû*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they gushed out",
"*mayim*": "noun, masculine plural - waters",
"*ûnᵉḥālîm*": "waw conjunctive + noun, masculine plural - and streams/wadis",
"*yišṭōp̄û*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they overflow/flood",
"*hăḡam*": "interrogative + adverb - is also/even",
"*leḥem*": "noun, masculine singular - bread/food",
"*yûḵal*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he is able",
"*tēt*": "qal infinitive construct - to give",
"*ʾim*": "conjunction - if",
"*yāḵîn*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he can prepare",
"*šᵉʾēr*": "noun, masculine singular - meat/flesh/food",
"*lᵉʿammô*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - for his people"
},
"variants": {
"*hikkâ*": "struck/smote/hit",
"*ṣûr*": "rock/cliff/crag",
"*wayyāzûḇû*": "and they gushed out/flowed freely",
"*nᵉḥālîm*": "streams/wadis/torrents",
"*yišṭōp̄û*": "they overflow/flood/rush",
"*leḥem*": "bread/food/grain",
"*yûḵal*": "he is able/can/is capable",
"*tēt*": "to give/grant/place",
"*yāḵîn*": "he can prepare/provide/make ready",
"*šᵉʾēr*": "meat/flesh/food"
}
}
21 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.21",
"source": "לָכֵ֤ן ׀ שָׁמַ֥ע יְהוָ֗ה וַֽיִּתְעַבָּ֥ר וְ֭אֵשׁ נִשְּׂקָ֣ה בְיַעֲקֹ֑ב וְגַם־אַ֝֗ף עָלָ֥ה בְיִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃",
"text": "Therefore *lāḵēn* *šāmaʿ* *YHWH* and was *wayyitʿabbār* and *wᵉʾēš* *niśśᵉqâ* in *ḇᵉyaʿăqōḇ* and also-*wᵉḡam*-anger *ʾap̄* *ʿālâ* in *ḇᵉyiśrāʾēl*",
"grammar": {
"*lāḵēn*": "adverb - therefore/thus",
"*šāmaʿ*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he heard",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD/Yahweh",
"*wayyitʿabbār*": "waw consecutive + hithpael imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he became angry",
"*wᵉʾēš*": "waw conjunctive + noun, feminine singular - and fire",
"*niśśᵉqâ*": "niphal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - was kindled",
"*ḇᵉyaʿăqōḇ*": "preposition + proper noun - in Jacob",
"*wᵉḡam*": "waw conjunctive + adverb - and also/even",
"*ʾap̄*": "noun, masculine singular - anger/nose",
"*ʿālâ*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - arose/went up",
"*ḇᵉyiśrāʾēl*": "preposition + proper noun - in Israel"
},
"variants": {
"*lāḵēn*": "therefore/thus/for this reason",
"*šāmaʿ*": "heard/listened to/heeded",
"*wayyitʿabbār*": "and he became angry/was furious/raged",
"*niśśᵉqâ*": "was kindled/ignited/set ablaze",
"*ʾap̄*": "anger/wrath/nose",
"*ʿālâ*": "arose/went up/mounted"
}
}
22 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.22",
"source": "כִּ֤י לֹ֣א הֶ֭אֱמִינוּ בֵּאלֹהִ֑ים וְלֹ֥א בָ֝טְח֗וּ בִּֽישׁוּעָתֽוֹ׃",
"text": "Because *kî* not *lōʾ* *heʾĕmînû* in *bēʾlōhîm* and not *wᵉlōʾ* *bāṭᵉḥû* in his *bîšûʿātô*",
"grammar": {
"*kî*": "conjunction - because/for",
"*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not",
"*heʾĕmînû*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd person plural - they believed",
"*bēʾlōhîm*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural - in God",
"*wᵉlōʾ*": "waw conjunctive + negative particle - and not",
"*bāṭᵉḥû*": "qal perfect, 3rd person plural - they trusted",
"*bîšûʿātô*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his salvation/deliverance"
},
"variants": {
"*heʾĕmînû*": "they believed/had faith in/trusted",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods/judges",
"*bāṭᵉḥû*": "they trusted/relied on/were confident in",
"*yᵉšûʿâ*": "salvation/deliverance/victory/help"
}
}
23 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.23",
"source": "וַיְצַ֣ו שְׁחָקִ֣ים מִמָּ֑עַל וְדַלְתֵ֖י שָׁמַ֣יִם פָּתָֽח׃",
"text": "Yet he *wayᵉṣaw* *šᵉḥāqîm* from above *mimmāʿal* and doors of *wᵉḏaltê* *šāmayim* he *pātāḥ*",
"grammar": {
"*wayᵉṣaw*": "waw consecutive + piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he commanded",
"*šᵉḥāqîm*": "noun, masculine plural - clouds/skies",
"*mimmāʿal*": "preposition + adverb - from above",
"*wᵉḏaltê*": "waw conjunctive + noun, feminine dual construct - and doors/gates of",
"*šāmayim*": "noun, masculine plural - heaven/sky",
"*pātāḥ*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he opened"
},
"variants": {
"*wayᵉṣaw*": "and he commanded/ordered/directed",
"*šᵉḥāqîm*": "clouds/skies/heavens",
"*mimmāʿal*": "from above/overhead/in the heights",
"*ḏaltê*": "doors/gates/entrances",
"*šāmayim*": "heaven/sky/heavens",
"*pātāḥ*": "opened/unlocked/set free"
}
}
24 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.24",
"source": "וַיַּמְטֵ֬ר עֲלֵיהֶ֣ם מָ֣ן לֶאֱכֹ֑ל וּדְגַן־שָׁ֝מַ֗יִם נָ֣תַן לָֽמוֹ׃",
"text": "And he *wayyamṭēr* upon them *ʿălêhem* *mān* to *leʾěḵōl* and grain of-*ûḏᵉḡan*-*šāmayim* *nātan* to them *lāmô*",
"grammar": {
"*wayyamṭēr*": "waw consecutive + hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he caused to rain down",
"*ʿălêhem*": "preposition with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - upon them",
"*mān*": "noun, masculine singular - manna",
"*leʾěḵōl*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to eat",
"*ûḏᵉḡan*": "waw conjunctive + noun, masculine singular construct - and grain of",
"*šāmayim*": "noun, masculine plural - heaven/sky",
"*nātan*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he gave",
"*lāmô*": "preposition with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - to them"
},
"variants": {
"*wayyamṭēr*": "and he caused to rain down/showered",
"*mān*": "manna/what is it?/heavenly food",
"*ḏāḡān*": "grain/corn/cereal",
"*šāmayim*": "heaven/sky/heavens",
"*nātan*": "gave/granted/placed",
"*lāmô*": "to them/for them"
}
}
25 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.25",
"source": "לֶ֣חֶם אַ֭בִּירִים אָ֣כַל אִ֑ישׁ צֵידָ֬ה שָׁלַ֖ח לָהֶ֣ם לָשֹֽׂבַע׃",
"text": "Bread of *leḥem* *ʾabbîrîm* *ʾāḵal* *ʾîš* *ṣêḏâ* he *šālaḥ* to them *lāhem* to *lāśōḇaʿ*",
"grammar": {
"*leḥem*": "noun, masculine singular construct - bread of",
"*ʾabbîrîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - mighty ones/angels",
"*ʾāḵal*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he ate",
"*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular - man/person",
"*ṣêḏâ*": "noun, feminine singular - provision/food",
"*šālaḥ*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he sent",
"*lāhem*": "preposition with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - to them",
"*lāśōḇaʿ*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - to satisfaction/fullness"
},
"variants": {
"*leḥem*": "bread/food/grain",
"*ʾabbîrîm*": "mighty ones/angels/nobles/powerful ones",
"*ʾîš*": "man/each one/person",
"*ṣêḏâ*": "provision/food/sustenance",
"*šālaḥ*": "sent/dispatched/let go",
"*śōḇaʿ*": "satisfaction/fullness/abundance"
}
}
26 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.26",
"source": "יַסַּ֣ע קָ֭דִים בַּשָּׁמָ֑יִם וַיְנַהֵ֖ג בְּעֻזּ֣וֹ תֵימָֽן׃",
"text": "He caused to blow *yassaʿ* *qāḏîm* in the *baššāmāyim* and he *wayᵉnahēḡ* in his *bᵉʿuzzô* *têmān*",
"grammar": {
"*yassaʿ*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he caused to blow/move",
"*qāḏîm*": "noun, masculine singular - east wind",
"*baššāmāyim*": "preposition + article + noun, masculine plural - in the heaven/sky",
"*wayᵉnahēḡ*": "waw consecutive + piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he drove/guided",
"*bᵉʿuzzô*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in/by his strength",
"*têmān*": "noun, masculine singular - south wind"
},
"variants": {
"*yassaʿ*": "he caused to blow/move/depart",
"*qāḏîm*": "east wind/eastern direction",
"*šāmayim*": "heaven/sky/heavens",
"*wayᵉnahēḡ*": "and he drove/guided/led",
"*ʿōz*": "strength/might/power",
"*têmān*": "south wind/southern direction"
}
}
27 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.27",
"source": "וַיַּמְטֵ֬ר עֲלֵיהֶ֣ם כֶּעָפָ֣ר שְׁאֵ֑ר וּֽכְח֥וֹל יַ֝מִּ֗ים ע֣וֹף כָּנָֽף׃",
"text": "*wə-yamṭēr* upon-them like-*ʿāphār* *šəʾēr* and-like-*ḥōl* *yammîm* *ʿōph* *kānāph*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yamṭēr*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he caused to rain",
"*ʿāphār*": "masculine singular noun in construct state - dust of",
"*šəʾēr*": "masculine singular noun - flesh/meat/food",
"*ḥōl*": "masculine singular construct - sand of",
"*yammîm*": "masculine plural noun - seas",
"*ʿōph*": "masculine singular noun - flying creatures/birds",
"*kānāph*": "masculine singular noun - wing"
},
"variants": {
"*šəʾēr*": "flesh/meat/kinsman/food",
"*ʿōph*": "birds/flying creatures",
"*kānāph*": "wing/extremity/edge"
}
}
28 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.28",
"source": "וַ֭יַּפֵּל בְּקֶ֣רֶב מַחֲנֵ֑הוּ סָ֝בִ֗יב לְמִשְׁכְּנֹתָֽיו׃",
"text": "*wə-yappēl* in-*qereb* *maḥănēhū* *sābîb* *lə-miškənōtāyw*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yappēl*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he caused to fall",
"*qereb*": "masculine singular noun in construct state - midst of",
"*maḥănēhū*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his camp",
"*sābîb*": "adverb - around/surrounding",
"*lə-miškənōtāyw*": "preposition + feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - to/for his dwelling places"
},
"variants": {
"*qereb*": "midst/among/within",
"*sābîb*": "round about/surrounding/on all sides"
}
}
29 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.29",
"source": "וַיֹּאכְל֣וּ וַיִּשְׂבְּע֣וּ מְאֹ֑ד וְ֝תַֽאֲוָתָ֗ם יָבִ֥א לָהֶֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yōʾklû* *wə-yiśbəʿû* *məʾōd* *wə-taʾăwātām* *yābīʾ* to-them",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yōʾklû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they ate",
"*wə-yiśbəʿû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they were satisfied/filled",
"*məʾōd*": "adverb - very/exceedingly",
"*wə-taʾăwātām*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - and their desire/craving",
"*yābīʾ*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he brought/would bring"
},
"variants": {
"*məʾōd*": "very/exceedingly/greatly",
"*taʾăwātām*": "desire/craving/longing"
}
}
30 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.30",
"source": "לֹא־זָ֥רוּ מִתַּאֲוָתָ֑ם ע֝֗וֹד אָכְלָ֥ם בְּפִיהֶֽם׃",
"text": "not-*zārû* from-*taʾăwātām* *ʿōd* *ʾoklām* in-*pîhem*",
"grammar": {
"*zārû*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural - they were estranged/alienated",
"*taʾăwātām*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their desire/craving",
"*ʿōd*": "adverb - still/yet/while",
"*ʾoklām*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their food",
"*pîhem*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their mouth"
},
"variants": {
"*zārû*": "turned aside/estranged/alienated",
"*taʾăwātām*": "desire/craving/longing",
"*ʿōd*": "still/yet/while/again"
}
}
31 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.31",
"source": "וְאַ֤ף אֱלֹהִ֨ים ׀ עָ֘לָ֤ה בָהֶ֗ם וַֽ֭יַּהֲרֹג בְּמִשְׁמַנֵּיהֶ֑ם וּבַחוּרֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל הִכְרִֽיעַ׃",
"text": "*wə-ʾaph* *ʾĕlōhîm* *ʿālāh* in-them *wə-yaharōg* among-*mišmannêhem* and-*baḥûrê* *yiśrāʾēl* *hikrîaʿ*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-ʾaph*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct noun - and anger of",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun - God",
"*ʿālāh*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - rose/went up",
"*wə-yaharōg*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he killed/slew",
"*mišmannêhem*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their fat ones",
"*baḥûrê*": "masculine plural construct noun - chosen/young men of",
"*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper name - Israel",
"*hikrîaʿ*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd masculine singular - he caused to bow down/brought down"
},
"variants": {
"*ʾaph*": "nose/anger/wrath",
"*mišmannêhem*": "fat ones/stout ones/strongest ones",
"*baḥûrê*": "chosen men/young men",
"*hikrîaʿ*": "made to bow/brought down/struck down"
}
}
32 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.32",
"source": "בְּכָל־זֹ֥את חָֽטְאוּ־ע֑וֹד וְלֹֽא־הֶ֝אֱמִ֗ינוּ בְּנִפְלְאוֹתָֽיו׃",
"text": "in-all-this *ḥāṭəʾû*-*ʿōd* and-not-*heʾĕmînû* in-*niphləʾōtāyw*",
"grammar": {
"*ḥāṭəʾû*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural - they sinned",
"*ʿōd*": "adverb - still/yet/again",
"*heʾĕmînû*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd masculine plural - they believed/trusted",
"*niphləʾōtāyw*": "feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his wonders/wonderful acts"
},
"variants": {
"*ḥāṭəʾû*": "sinned/missed the mark/failed",
"*heʾĕmînû*": "believed/trusted/had faith in",
"*niphləʾōtāyw*": "wonders/miracles/marvelous deeds"
}
}
33 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.33",
"source": "וַיְכַל־בַּהֶ֥בֶל יְמֵיהֶ֑ם וּ֝שְׁנוֹתָ֗ם בַּבֶּהָלָֽה׃",
"text": "*wə-yəkal* in-*hahebel* *yəmêhem* and-*šənōtām* in-*bahehālāh*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yəkal*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he consumed/finished",
"*hahebel*": "article + masculine singular noun - the vanity/futility",
"*yəmêhem*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their days",
"*šənōtām*": "feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their years",
"*bahehālāh*": "preposition + article + feminine singular noun - in the terror/sudden terror"
},
"variants": {
"*yəkal*": "consumed/finished/brought to an end",
"*hahebel*": "vanity/breath/emptiness/futility",
"*bahehālāh*": "terror/sudden terror/dismay/alarm"
}
}
34 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.34",
"source": "אִם־הֲרָגָ֥ם וּדְרָשׁ֑וּהוּ וְ֝שָׁ֗בוּ וְשִֽׁחֲרוּ־אֵֽל׃",
"text": "if-*hărāgām* *ûdərāšûhû* *wə-šābû* *wə-šiḥărû*-*ʾēl*",
"grammar": {
"*hărāgām*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix - he killed them",
"*ûdərāšûhû*": "conjunction + Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - and they sought him",
"*wə-šābû*": "conjunction + Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural - and they returned/repented",
"*wə-šiḥărû*": "conjunction + Piel perfect 3rd masculine plural - and they sought earnestly",
"*ʾēl*": "masculine singular noun - God/deity"
},
"variants": {
"*hărāgām*": "killed them/slew them",
"*dərāšûhû*": "sought him/inquired of him/consulted him",
"*šābû*": "returned/repented/turned back",
"*šiḥărû*": "sought early/sought earnestly/diligently sought"
}
}
35 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.35",
"source": "וַֽ֭יִּזְכְּרוּ כִּֽי־אֱלֹהִ֣ים צוּרָ֑ם וְאֵ֥ל עֶ֝לְיוֹן גֹּאֲלָֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yizkərû* that-*ʾĕlōhîm* *ṣûrām* and-*ʾēl* *ʿelyōn* *gōʾălām*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yizkərû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they remembered",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun - God",
"*ṣûrām*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their rock",
"*ʾēl*": "masculine singular noun - God/deity",
"*ʿelyōn*": "masculine singular adjective - high/most high",
"*gōʾălām*": "Qal participle masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their redeemer"
},
"variants": {
"*ṣûrām*": "their rock/their stronghold/their refuge",
"*ʿelyōn*": "Most High/highest",
"*gōʾălām*": "their redeemer/their kinsman-redeemer"
}
}
36 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.36",
"source": "וַיְפַתּ֥וּהוּ בְּפִיהֶ֑ם וּ֝בִלְשׁוֹנָ֗ם יְכַזְּבוּ־לֽוֹ׃",
"text": "*wə-yəphattûhû* with-*pîhem* and-with-*lišōnām* *yəkazzəbû*-to-him",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yəphattûhû*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix with waw consecutive - and they deceived/enticed him",
"*pîhem*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their mouth",
"*lišōnām*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their tongue",
"*yəkazzəbû*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they lied/deceived"
},
"variants": {
"*yəphattûhû*": "deceived him/enticed him/seduced him",
"*yəkazzəbû*": "lied/deceived/dealt falsely"
}
}
37 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.37",
"source": "וְ֭לִבָּם לֹא־נָכ֣וֹן עִמּ֑וֹ וְלֹ֥א נֶ֝אֶמְנ֗וּ בִּבְרִיתֽוֹ׃",
"text": "and-*libbām* not-*nākōn* with-him and-not *neʾemnû* in-*bərîtō*",
"grammar": {
"*libbām*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their heart",
"*nākōn*": "Niphal participle masculine singular - established/firm/faithful",
"*neʾemnû*": "Niphal perfect 3rd masculine plural - they were faithful/trustworthy",
"*bərîtō*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his covenant"
},
"variants": {
"*libbām*": "their heart/mind/inner self",
"*nākōn*": "established/firm/steadfast/faithful",
"*neʾemnû*": "were faithful/were steadfast/were trustworthy"
}
}
38 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.38",
"source": "וְה֤וּא רַח֨וּם ׀ יְכַפֵּ֥ר עָוֺן֮ וְֽלֹא־יַ֫שְׁחִ֥ית וְ֭הִרְבָּה לְהָשִׁ֣יב אַפּ֑וֹ וְלֹֽא־יָ֝עִיר כָּל־חֲמָתֽוֹ׃",
"text": "and-he *raḥûm* *yəkappēr* *ʿāwōn* and-not-*yašḥît* *wə-hirbāh* *ləhāšîb* *ʾappō* and-not-*yāʿîr* all-*ḥămātō*",
"grammar": {
"*raḥûm*": "masculine singular adjective - compassionate/merciful",
"*yəkappēr*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he atones for/covers/forgives",
"*ʿāwōn*": "masculine singular noun - iniquity/guilt/punishment",
"*yašḥît*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he destroys/ruins",
"*wə-hirbāh*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he multiplied/increased",
"*ləhāšîb*": "Hiphil infinitive construct with preposition - to turn back/return",
"*ʾappō*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his anger",
"*yāʿîr*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he arouses/stirs up",
"*ḥămātō*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his wrath"
},
"variants": {
"*raḥûm*": "compassionate/merciful",
"*yəkappēr*": "atones for/covers/forgives",
"*ʿāwōn*": "iniquity/guilt/punishment for guilt",
"*yašḥît*": "destroys/ruins/brings to ruin",
"*hirbāh*": "multiplied/increased/did much",
"*ləhāšîb*": "to turn back/to return/to withdraw",
"*ḥămātō*": "his wrath/his rage/his hot anger"
}
}
39 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.39",
"source": "וַ֭יִּזְכֹּר כִּי־בָשָׂ֣ר הֵ֑מָּה ר֥וּחַ ה֝וֹלֵ֗ךְ וְלֹ֣א יָשֽׁוּב׃",
"text": "*wə-yizkōr* that-*bāśār* *hēmmāh* *rûaḥ* *hōlēk* and-not *yāšûb*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yizkōr*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he remembered",
"*bāśār*": "masculine singular noun - flesh",
"*hēmmāh*": "3rd masculine plural independent pronoun - they",
"*rûaḥ*": "feminine singular noun - wind/breath/spirit",
"*hōlēk*": "Qal participle masculine singular - going/walking/passing away",
"*yāšûb*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he returns"
},
"variants": {
"*bāśār*": "flesh/body/mankind",
"*rûaḥ*": "wind/breath/spirit",
"*hōlēk*": "going/passing away/departing",
"*yāšûb*": "returns/comes back"
}
}
40 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.40",
"source": "כַּ֭מָּה יַמְר֣וּהוּ בַמִּדְבָּ֑ר יַ֝עֲצִיב֗וּהוּ בִּֽישִׁימֽוֹן׃",
"text": "how-many *yamrûhû* in-the-*midbār* *yaʿăṣîbûhû* in-*yəšîmōn*",
"grammar": {
"*yamrûhû*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - they rebelled against him/provoked him",
"*midbār*": "masculine singular noun with article - the wilderness/desert",
"*yaʿăṣîbûhû*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - they grieved him/pained him",
"*yəšîmōn*": "masculine singular noun - desert/wasteland"
},
"variants": {
"*yamrûhû*": "rebelled against him/provoked him/disobeyed him",
"*midbār*": "wilderness/desert/uninhabited land",
"*yaʿăṣîbûhû*": "grieved him/pained him/hurt him",
"*yəšîmōn*": "desert/wasteland/wilderness"
}
}
41 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.41",
"source": "וַיָּשׁ֣וּבוּ וַיְנַסּ֣וּ אֵ֑ל וּקְד֖וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל הִתְווּ׃",
"text": "*wə-yāšûbû* *wə-ynassû* *ʾēl* and-*qədōš* *yiśrāʾēl* *hitwû*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yāšûbû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they returned/turned back",
"*wə-ynassû*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they tested/tried",
"*ʾēl*": "masculine singular noun - God/deity",
"*qədōš*": "masculine singular adjective construct - holy one of",
"*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper name - Israel",
"*hitwû*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd masculine plural - they marked out/limited"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yāšûbû*": "returned/turned back/again",
"*wə-ynassû*": "tested/tried/put to the proof",
"*qədōš*": "holy one/sacred one",
"*hitwû*": "marked out/limited/set bounds for"
}
}
42 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.42",
"source": "לֹא־זָכְר֥וּ אֶת־יָד֑וֹ י֝֗וֹם אֲֽשֶׁר־פָּדָ֥ם מִנִּי־צָֽר׃",
"text": "not-*zākrû* *ʾet*-*yādō* *yōm* that-*pādām* from-*ṣār*",
"grammar": {
"*zākrû*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural - they remembered",
"*yādō*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his hand",
"*yōm*": "masculine singular noun - day",
"*pādām*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix - he redeemed them",
"*ṣār*": "masculine singular noun - adversary/enemy"
},
"variants": {
"*yādō*": "his hand/his power",
"*pādām*": "redeemed them/ransomed them/rescued them",
"*ṣār*": "adversary/enemy/foe/distress"
}
}
43 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.43",
"source": "אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֣ם בְּ֭מִצְרַיִם אֹֽתוֹתָ֑יו וּ֝מוֹפְתָ֗יו בִּשְׂדֵה־צֹֽעַן׃",
"text": "which-*śām* in-*miṣrayim* *ʾōtōtāyw* and-*mōphətāyw* in-*śədēh*-*ṣōʿan*",
"grammar": {
"*śām*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he placed/set",
"*miṣrayim*": "proper name - Egypt",
"*ʾōtōtāyw*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his signs",
"*mōphətāyw*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his wonders/portents",
"*śədēh*": "masculine singular construct - field of",
"*ṣōʿan*": "proper name - Zoan"
},
"variants": {
"*śām*": "placed/set/established",
"*ʾōtōtāyw*": "his signs/his tokens/his omens",
"*mōphətāyw*": "his wonders/his portents/his miracles",
"*śədēh*": "field/countryside/territory"
}
}
44 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.44",
"source": "וַיַּהֲפֹ֣ךְ לְ֭דָם יְאֹרֵיהֶ֑ם וְ֝נֹזְלֵיהֶ֗ם בַּל־יִשְׁתָּיֽוּן׃",
"text": "*wə-yahăphōk* to-*dām* *yəʾōrêhem* and-*nōzlêhem* not-*yištāyûn*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yahăphōk*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he turned/changed",
"*dām*": "masculine singular noun - blood",
"*yəʾōrêhem*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their rivers/streams",
"*nōzlêhem*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their flowing streams",
"*yištāyûn*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with paragogic nun - they could drink"
},
"variants": {
"*yahăphōk*": "turned/changed/transformed",
"*yəʾōrêhem*": "their rivers/their Nile streams/their canals",
"*nōzlêhem*": "their flowing streams/their brooks/their water courses",
"*yištāyûn*": "could drink/would drink"
}
}
45 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.45",
"source": "יְשַׁלַּ֬ח בָּהֶ֣ם עָ֭רֹב וַיֹּאכְלֵ֑ם וּ֝צְפַרְדֵּ֗עַ וַתַּשְׁחִיתֵֽם׃",
"text": "*yəšallaḥ* among-them *ʿārōb* *wə-yōʾklēm* and-*ṣəphardēaʿ* *wə-tašḥîtēm*",
"grammar": {
"*yəšallaḥ*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he sent",
"*ʿārōb*": "masculine singular noun - swarm/flies",
"*wə-yōʾklēm*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix with waw consecutive - and they devoured them",
"*ṣəphardēaʿ*": "feminine singular noun (collective) - frogs",
"*wə-tašḥîtēm*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd feminine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix with waw consecutive - and it/they destroyed them"
},
"variants": {
"*yəšallaḥ*": "sent/let loose/sent forth",
"*ʿārōb*": "swarm/flies/mixture of insects",
"*ṣəphardēaʿ*": "frogs (collective)",
"*wə-tašḥîtēm*": "destroyed them/brought ruin upon them"
}
}
46 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.46",
"source": "וַיִּתֵּ֣ן לֶחָסִ֣יל יְבוּלָ֑ם וִֽ֝יגִיעָ֗ם לָאַרְבֶּֽה׃",
"text": "*wə-yittēn* to-*ḥāsîl* *yəbûlām* and-*yəgîʿām* to-the-*ʾarbeh*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yittēn*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he gave",
"*ḥāsîl*": "masculine singular noun - locust/caterpillar",
"*yəbûlām*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their produce",
"*yəgîʿām*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their labor/toil",
"*ʾarbeh*": "masculine singular noun with article - the locust"
},
"variants": {
"*ḥāsîl*": "locust/caterpillar/devourer",
"*yəbûlām*": "their produce/their crops/their yield",
"*yəgîʿām*": "their labor/their toil/fruit of their labor",
"*ʾarbeh*": "locust/grasshopper"
}
}
47 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.47",
"source": "יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל׃",
"text": "*yaharōg* with-the-*bārād* *gaphnām* and-*šiqmōtām* with-the-*ḥănāmal*",
"grammar": {
"*yaharōg*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he killed/destroyed",
"*bārād*": "masculine singular noun with article - the hail",
"*gaphnām*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their vine",
"*šiqmōtām*": "feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their sycamore trees",
"*ḥănāmal*": "masculine singular noun with article - the frost/sleet"
},
"variants": {
"*yaharōg*": "killed/destroyed/slew",
"*gaphnām*": "their vine/their vineyard",
"*šiqmōtām*": "their sycamore trees/their fig-mulberry trees",
"*ḥănāmal*": "frost/sleet/hail"
}
}
48 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.48",
"source": "וַיַּסְגֵּ֣ר לַבָּרָ֣ד בְּעִירָ֑ם וּ֝מִקְנֵיהֶ֗ם לָרְשָׁפִֽים׃",
"text": "*wə-yasgēr* to-the-*bārād* *bəʿîrām* and-*miqnêhem* to-*rəšāphîm*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yasgēr*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he delivered over/gave up",
"*bārād*": "masculine singular noun with article - the hail",
"*bəʿîrām*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their cattle/beasts",
"*miqnêhem*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their livestock/cattle",
"*rəšāphîm*": "masculine plural noun - flames/fiery bolts/thunderbolts"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yasgēr*": "delivered over/gave up/shut up",
"*bəʿîrām*": "their cattle/their beasts/their livestock",
"*miqnêhem*": "their livestock/their cattle/their possessions",
"*rəšāphîm*": "flames/fiery bolts/lightning/thunderbolts"
}
}
49 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.49",
"source": "יְשַׁלַּח־בָּ֨ם ׀ חֲר֬וֹן אַפּ֗וֹ עֶבְרָ֣ה וָזַ֣עַם וְצָרָ֑ה מִ֝שְׁלַ֗חַת מַלְאֲכֵ֥י רָעִֽים׃",
"text": "*yəšallaḥ*-against-them *ḥărōn* *ʾappō* *ʿebrāh* and-*zaʿam* and-*ṣārāh* *mišlaḥat* *malʾăkê* *rāʿîm*",
"grammar": {
"*yəšallaḥ*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he sent",
"*ḥărōn*": "masculine singular construct - burning of",
"*ʾappō*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his anger/nostrils",
"*ʿebrāh*": "feminine singular noun - fury/wrath/overflow",
"*zaʿam*": "masculine singular noun - indignation/anger",
"*ṣārāh*": "feminine singular noun - distress/trouble",
"*mišlaḥat*": "feminine singular construct - sending/deputation of",
"*malʾăkê*": "masculine plural construct - messengers/angels of",
"*rāʿîm*": "masculine plural adjective - evil/bad"
},
"variants": {
"*ḥărōn*": "burning/heat/fierceness",
"*ʾappō*": "his anger/his wrath/his nose",
"*ʿebrāh*": "fury/wrath/rage/overflow",
"*zaʿam*": "indignation/anger/denouncement",
"*ṣārāh*": "distress/trouble/affliction",
"*mišlaḥat*": "sending/deputation/discharge",
"*malʾăkê rāʿîm*": "messengers of evil/evil angels/angels of destruction"
}
}
50 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.50",
"source": "יְפַלֵּ֥ס נָתִ֗יב לְאַ֫פּ֥וֹ לֹא־חָשַׂ֣ךְ מִמָּ֣וֶת נַפְשָׁ֑ם וְ֝חַיָּתָ֗ם לַדֶּ֥בֶר הִסְגִּֽיר׃",
"text": "*yəphallēs* *nātîb* for-*ʾappō* not-*ḥāśak* from-*māwet* *naphšām* and-*ḥayyātām* to-the-*deber* *hisgîr*",
"grammar": {
"*yəphallēs*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he leveled/made a path",
"*nātîb*": "masculine singular noun - path/way",
"*ʾappō*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his anger",
"*ḥāśak*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he withheld/spared",
"*māwet*": "masculine singular noun - death",
"*naphšām*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their soul/life",
"*ḥayyātām*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their life",
"*deber*": "masculine singular noun with article - the pestilence/plague",
"*hisgîr*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd masculine singular - he delivered over/gave up"
},
"variants": {
"*yəphallēs*": "leveled/made a path/prepared",
"*nātîb*": "path/way/track",
"*ʾappō*": "his anger/his wrath",
"*ḥāśak*": "withheld/spared/kept back",
"*naphšām*": "their soul/their life/themselves",
"*ḥayyātām*": "their life/their living creatures",
"*deber*": "pestilence/plague/disease",
"*hisgîr*": "delivered over/gave up/surrendered"
}
}
51 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.51",
"source": "וַיַּ֣ךְ כָּל־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּמִצְרָ֑יִם רֵאשִׁ֥ית א֝וֹנִ֗ים בְּאָהֳלֵי־חָֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yak* all-*bəkōr* in-*miṣrayim* *rēʾšît* *ʾônîm* in-*ʾohŏlê*-*ḥām*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yak*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he smote/struck",
"*bəkōr*": "masculine singular noun - firstborn",
"*miṣrayim*": "proper name - Egypt",
"*rēʾšît*": "feminine singular construct - beginning/first of",
"*ʾônîm*": "masculine plural noun - strength/vigor/manly vigor",
"*ʾohŏlê*": "masculine plural construct - tents of",
"*ḥām*": "proper name - Ham"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yak*": "smote/struck/hit",
"*bəkōr*": "firstborn",
"*rēʾšît*": "beginning/first/firstfruits",
"*ʾônîm*": "strength/vigor/manly vigor/reproductive power",
"*ʾohŏlê*": "tents/dwelling places",
"*ḥām*": "Ham (progenitor of Egypt)"
}
}
52 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.52",
"source": "וַיַּסַּ֣ע כַּצֹּ֣אן עַמּ֑וֹ וַֽיְנַהֲגֵ֥ם כַּ֝עֵ֗דֶר בַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃",
"text": "*wə-yassaʿ* like-the-*ṣōʾn* *ʿammō* *wə-ynahăgēm* like-the-*ʿēder* in-the-*midbār*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yassaʿ*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he set out/made to journey",
"*ṣōʾn*": "feminine singular noun with article - the flock/sheep",
"*ʿammō*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his people",
"*wə-ynahăgēm*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix with waw consecutive - and he led them",
"*ʿēder*": "masculine singular noun with article - the flock/herd",
"*midbār*": "masculine singular noun with article - the wilderness/desert"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yassaʿ*": "set out/made to journey/removed",
"*ṣōʾn*": "flock/sheep/small cattle",
"*wə-ynahăgēm*": "led them/guided them/drove them",
"*ʿēder*": "flock/herd/drove"
}
}
53 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.53",
"source": "וַיַּנְחֵ֣ם לָ֭בֶטַח וְלֹ֣א פָחָ֑דוּ וְאֶת־א֝וֹיְבֵיהֶ֗ם כִּסָּ֥ה הַיָּֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yanḥēm* to-*labeṭaḥ* and-not *pāḥādû* and-*ʾet*-*ʾôyəbêhem* *kissāh* the-*yām*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yanḥēm*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix with waw consecutive - and he led them",
"*labeṭaḥ*": "masculine singular noun with preposition - to security/safety",
"*pāḥādû*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural - they feared/were afraid",
"*ʾôyəbêhem*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their enemies",
"*kissāh*": "Piel perfect 3rd masculine singular - he covered",
"*yām*": "masculine singular noun with article - the sea"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yanḥēm*": "led them/guided them",
"*labeṭaḥ*": "to security/safely/without fear",
"*pāḥādû*": "feared/were afraid/were in dread",
"*ʾôyəbêhem*": "their enemies/their foes"
}
}
54 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.54",
"source": "וַ֭יְבִיאֵם אֶל־גְּב֣וּל קָדְשׁ֑וֹ הַר־זֶ֝֗ה קָנְתָ֥ה יְמִינֽוֹ׃",
"text": "*wə-yəbîʾēm* to-*gəbûl* *qodšō* *har*-this *qāntāh* *yəmînō*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yəbîʾēm*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix with waw consecutive - and he brought them",
"*gəbûl*": "masculine singular construct - border/territory of",
"*qodšō*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his holiness/sanctuary",
"*har*": "masculine singular noun - mountain/hill",
"*qāntāh*": "Qal perfect 3rd feminine singular - she acquired/bought",
"*yəmînō*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his right hand"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yəbîʾēm*": "brought them/caused them to come",
"*gəbûl*": "border/territory/region",
"*qodšō*": "his holiness/his sanctuary/his holy place",
"*qāntāh*": "acquired/bought/purchased",
"*yəmînō*": "his right hand/his strength"
}
}
55 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.55",
"source": "וַיְגָ֤רֶשׁ מִפְּנֵיהֶ֨ם ׀ גּוֹיִ֗ם וַֽ֭יַּפִּילֵם בְּחֶ֣בֶל נַחֲלָ֑ה וַיַּשְׁכֵּ֥ן בְּ֝אָהֳלֵיהֶ֗ם שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃",
"text": "*wə-yəgāreš* from *pənêhem* *gôyim* *wə-yapîlēm* in *ḥeḇel naḥălâ* *wə-yaškēn* in *ʾohŏlêhem* *šiḇṭê yiśrāʾēl*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yəgāreš*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he drove out",
"*pənêhem*": "from before them - preposition with 3rd masculine plural suffix",
"*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles - masculine plural noun",
"*wə-yapîlēm*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and he made them fall/allotted them",
"*ḥeḇel naḥălâ*": "measuring line of inheritance/portion - construct relationship",
"*wə-yaškēn*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he caused to dwell",
"*ʾohŏlêhem*": "in their tents - preposition with masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix",
"*šiḇṭê yiśrāʾēl*": "tribes of Israel - construct relationship"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yəgāreš*": "drove out/expelled/banished",
"*yapîlēm*": "caused them to fall/cast them down/allotted to them",
"*ḥeḇel naḥălâ*": "measured inheritance/allotted portion/territory divided by measuring line",
"*wə-yaškēn*": "caused to dwell/settled/made to inhabit"
}
}
56 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.56",
"source": "וַיְנַסּ֣וּ וַ֭יַּמְרוּ אֶת־אֱלֹהִ֣ים עֶלְי֑וֹן וְ֝עֵדוֹתָ֗יו לֹ֣א שָׁמָֽרוּ׃",
"text": "*wə-yənassû* *wə-yamrû* *ʾeṯ-ʾĕlōhîm ʿelyôn* *wə-ʿēḏôṯāyw* *lōʾ šāmārû*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yənassû*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they tested/tempted",
"*wə-yamrû*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they rebelled/provoked",
"*ʾeṯ-ʾĕlōhîm*": "direct object marker + God - masculine plural noun (intensive plural)",
"*ʿelyôn*": "Most High - masculine singular adjective, divine epithet",
"*wə-ʿēḏôṯāyw*": "and his testimonies - feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*lōʾ šāmārû*": "not they kept - Qal perfect 3rd masculine plural with negative particle"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yənassû*": "tested/tempted/tried",
"*wə-yamrû*": "rebelled against/were contentious with/defied/provoked",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods/divine beings/judges",
"*ʿēḏôṯāyw*": "testimonies/decrees/statutes/ordinances"
}
}
57 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.57",
"source": "וַיִּסֹּ֣גוּ וַֽ֭יִּבְגְּדוּ כַּאֲבוֹתָ֑ם נֶ֝הְפְּכ֗וּ כְּקֶ֣שֶׁת רְמִיָּֽה׃",
"text": "*wə-yissōḡû* *wə-yiḇgəḏû* *ka-ʾăḇôṯām* *nehpəḵû* *kə-qešeṯ rəmîyâ*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yissōḡû*": "Niphal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they turned back",
"*wə-yiḇgəḏû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they acted treacherously",
"*ka-ʾăḇôṯām*": "like their fathers - preposition + masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix",
"*nehpəḵû*": "Niphal perfect 3rd masculine plural - they were turned/turned themselves",
"*kə-qešeṯ*": "like a bow - preposition + feminine singular noun",
"*rəmîyâ*": "deceitful/slack/treacherous - feminine singular adjective"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yissōḡû*": "turned back/turned away/retreated",
"*wə-yiḇgəḏû*": "acted treacherously/dealt faithlessly/betrayed",
"*nehpəḵû*": "were turned/turned themselves/were transformed",
"*qešeṯ rəmîyâ*": "deceitful bow/treacherous bow/unreliable bow"
}
}
58 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.58",
"source": "וַיַּכְעִיס֥וּהוּ בְּבָמוֹתָ֑ם וּ֝בִפְסִילֵיהֶ֗ם יַקְנִיאֽוּהוּ׃",
"text": "*wə-yaḵʿîsûhû* in *bāmôṯām* *û-ḇipsîlêhem* *yaqnîʾûhû*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yaḵʿîsûhû*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural with waw consecutive + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and they provoked him to anger",
"*bāmôṯām*": "in their high places - preposition + feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix",
"*û-ḇipsîlêhem*": "and with their carved images - conjunction + preposition + masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine plural suffix",
"*yaqnîʾûhû*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - they made him jealous"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yaḵʿîsûhû*": "provoked him to anger/vexed him/made him indignant",
"*bāmôṯām*": "high places/cult platforms/sacred heights",
"*pəsîlêhem*": "carved images/idols/graven images",
"*yaqnîʾûhû*": "made him jealous/moved him to jealousy/provoked his zeal"
}
}
59 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.59",
"source": "שָׁמַ֣ע אֱ֭לֹהִים וַֽיִּתְעַבָּ֑ר וַיִּמְאַ֥ס מְ֝אֹ֗ד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃",
"text": "*šāmaʿ ʾĕlōhîm* *wə-yiṯʿabbār* *wə-yimʾas məʾōḏ* in *yiśrāʾēl*",
"grammar": {
"*šāmaʿ*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he heard",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God - masculine plural noun (intensive plural)",
"*wə-yiṯʿabbār*": "Hithpael imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he became furious",
"*wə-yimʾas*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he rejected/despised",
"*məʾōḏ*": "exceedingly/greatly - adverb of intensity",
"*b-yiśrāʾēl*": "in/against Israel - preposition + proper noun"
},
"variants": {
"*šāmaʿ*": "heard/listened/heeded",
"*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods/divine beings/judges",
"*wə-yiṯʿabbār*": "became furious/was enraged/was deeply angry",
"*wə-yimʾas*": "rejected/despised/disdained/refused"
}
}
60 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.60",
"source": "וַ֭יִּטֹּשׁ מִשְׁכַּ֣ן שִׁל֑וֹ אֹ֝֗הֶל שִׁכֵּ֥ן בָּאָדָֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yiṭṭōš miškan šilô* *ʾōhel šikkēn bā-ʾāḏām*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yiṭṭōš*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he abandoned/forsook",
"*miškan*": "tabernacle/dwelling place of - construct form of masculine singular noun",
"*šilô*": "Shiloh - proper noun, location",
"*ʾōhel*": "tent - masculine singular noun",
"*šikkēn*": "Piel perfect 3rd masculine singular - he caused to dwell/pitched",
"*bā-ʾāḏām*": "among men/in mankind - preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yiṭṭōš*": "abandoned/forsook/rejected",
"*miškan*": "tabernacle/dwelling place/abode",
"*ʾōhel*": "tent/tabernacle/dwelling",
"*šikkēn*": "caused to dwell/pitched/established",
"*bā-ʾāḏām*": "among men/among mankind/among humanity"
}
}
61 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.61",
"source": "וַיִּתֵּ֣ן לַשְּׁבִ֣י עֻזּ֑וֹ וְֽתִפְאַרְתּ֥וֹ בְיַד־צָֽר׃",
"text": "*wə-yittēn la-šəḇî ʿuzzô* *wə-ṯiḇʾartô* in *yaḏ-ṣār*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yittēn*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he gave/delivered",
"*la-šəḇî*": "to captivity - preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun",
"*ʿuzzô*": "his strength/might - masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*wə-ṯiḇʾartô*": "and his glory/beauty - conjunction + feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*yaḏ-ṣār*": "hand of adversary - construct relationship"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yittēn*": "gave/delivered/handed over",
"*šəḇî*": "captivity/imprisonment",
"*ʿuzzô*": "his strength/his might/his power/his ark (metonymy)",
"*ṯiḇʾartô*": "his glory/his beauty/his splendor",
"*ṣār*": "adversary/enemy/foe/oppressor"
}
}
62 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.62",
"source": "וַיַּסְגֵּ֣ר לַחֶ֣רֶב עַמּ֑וֹ וּ֝בְנַחֲלָת֗וֹ הִתְעַבָּֽר׃",
"text": "*wə-yasgēr la-ḥereḇ ʿammô* *û-ḇənaḥălāṯô hiṯʿabbār*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yasgēr*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he delivered over",
"*la-ḥereḇ*": "to the sword - preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun",
"*ʿammô*": "his people - masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*û-ḇənaḥălāṯô*": "and against his inheritance - conjunction + preposition + feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*hiṯʿabbār*": "Hithpael perfect 3rd masculine singular - he was furious"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yasgēr*": "delivered over/handed over/surrendered",
"*ḥereḇ*": "sword/warfare/destruction",
"*ʿammô*": "his people/his nation/his folk",
"*naḥălāṯô*": "his inheritance/his possession/his people",
"*hiṯʿabbār*": "was furious/was enraged/was angry"
}
}
63 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.63",
"source": "בַּחוּרָ֥יו אָֽכְלָה־אֵ֑שׁ וּ֝בְתוּלֹתָ֗יו לֹ֣א הוּלָּֽלוּ׃",
"text": "*baḥûrāyw ʾāḵəlâ-ʾēš* *û-ḇəṯûlōṯāyw lōʾ hûllālû*",
"grammar": {
"*baḥûrāyw*": "his young men - masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*ʾāḵəlâ*": "Qal perfect 3rd feminine singular - consumed/devoured",
"*ʾēš*": "fire - feminine singular noun",
"*û-ḇəṯûlōṯāyw*": "and his virgins - conjunction + feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*lōʾ*": "not - negative particle",
"*hûllālû*": "Pual perfect 3rd common plural - were praised/were given in marriage"
},
"variants": {
"*baḥûrāyw*": "his young men/his chosen ones/his youth",
"*ʾāḵəlâ-ʾēš*": "fire consumed/fire devoured",
"*ḇəṯûlōṯāyw*": "his virgins/his maidens/his young women",
"*hûllālû*": "were praised/were given in marriage/were celebrated with wedding songs"
}
}
64 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.64",
"source": "כֹּ֭הֲנָיו בַּחֶ֣רֶב נָפָ֑לוּ וְ֝אַלְמְנֹתָ֗יו לֹ֣א תִבְכֶּֽינָה׃",
"text": "*kōhănāyw ba-ḥereḇ nāp̄ālû* *wə-ʾalmənoṯāyw lōʾ ṯiḇkênâ*",
"grammar": {
"*kōhănāyw*": "his priests - masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*ba-ḥereḇ*": "by the sword - preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun",
"*nāp̄ālû*": "Qal perfect 3rd common plural - they fell",
"*wə-ʾalmənoṯāyw*": "and his widows - conjunction + feminine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*lōʾ*": "not - negative particle",
"*ṯiḇkênâ*": "Qal imperfect 3rd feminine plural - they would weep"
},
"variants": {
"*kōhănāyw*": "his priests/his ministers",
"*ba-ḥereḇ*": "by the sword/in battle",
"*nāp̄ālû*": "fell/died/were slain",
"*ʾalmənoṯāyw*": "his widows/widows of his people",
"*lōʾ ṯiḇkênâ*": "did not weep/could not weep/were not lamented for"
}
}
65 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.65",
"source": "וַיִּקַ֖ץ כְּיָשֵׁ֥ן ׀ אֲדֹנָ֑י כְּ֝גִבּ֗וֹר מִתְרוֹנֵ֥ן מִיָּֽיִן׃",
"text": "*wə-yiqaṣ kə-yāšēn ʾăḏōnāy* *kə-gibbôr miṯrônēn mi-yāyin*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yiqaṣ*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he awoke",
"*kə-yāšēn*": "like one sleeping - preposition + Qal active participle masculine singular",
"*ʾăḏōnāy*": "Lord/Master - divine name with 1st person plural possessive suffix",
"*kə-gibbôr*": "like a mighty man - preposition + masculine singular noun",
"*miṯrônēn*": "Hithpoel participle masculine singular - shouting/rejoicing",
"*mi-yāyin*": "from wine - preposition + masculine singular noun"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yiqaṣ*": "awoke/aroused/was awakened",
"*kə-yāšēn*": "like one sleeping/like a sleeper",
"*ʾăḏōnāy*": "the Lord/my Lord/my Master",
"*gibbôr*": "mighty man/warrior/hero",
"*miṯrônēn*": "shouting/rejoicing/exulting",
"*mi-yāyin*": "from wine/because of wine/overcome by wine"
}
}
66 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.66",
"source": "וַיַּךְ־צָרָ֥יו אָח֑וֹר חֶרְפַּ֥ת ע֝וֹלָ֗ם נָ֣תַן לָֽמוֹ׃",
"text": "*wə-yak-ṣārāyw ʾāḥôr* *ḥerpaṯ ʿôlām nāṯan lāmô*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yak*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he struck",
"*ṣārāyw*": "his adversaries - masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*ʾāḥôr*": "backward/on their back - adverb",
"*ḥerpaṯ*": "reproach of/disgrace of - construct form of feminine singular noun",
"*ʿôlām*": "everlasting/perpetual - masculine singular noun",
"*nāṯan*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he gave/put",
"*lāmô*": "to them - preposition with archaic 3rd masculine plural suffix"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yak*": "struck/smote/defeated",
"*ṣārāyw*": "his adversaries/his enemies/his foes",
"*ʾāḥôr*": "backward/on their backs/retreating",
"*ḥerpaṯ ʿôlām*": "perpetual reproach/everlasting disgrace/eternal shame",
"*lāmô*": "to them/upon them/against them"
}
}
67 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.67",
"source": "וַ֭יִּמְאַס בְּאֹ֣הֶל יוֹסֵ֑ף וּֽבְשֵׁ֥בֶט אֶ֝פְרַ֗יִם לֹ֣א בָחָֽר׃",
"text": "*wə-yimʾas bə-ʾōhel yôsēp̄* *û-ḇəšēḇeṭ ʾep̄rayim lōʾ ḇāḥār*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yimʾas*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he rejected",
"*bə-ʾōhel*": "in the tent of - preposition + masculine singular construct",
"*yôsēp̄*": "Joseph - proper noun",
"*û-ḇəšēḇeṭ*": "and in the tribe of - conjunction + preposition + masculine singular construct",
"*ʾep̄rayim*": "Ephraim - proper noun",
"*lōʾ*": "not - negative particle",
"*ḇāḥār*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he chose"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yimʾas*": "rejected/refused/despised",
"*ʾōhel yôsēp̄*": "tent of Joseph/dwelling of Joseph/tribe of Joseph",
"*šēḇeṭ*": "tribe/clan/rod",
"*lōʾ ḇāḥār*": "did not choose/refused to select"
}
}
68 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.68",
"source": "וַ֭יִּבְחַר אֶת־שֵׁ֣בֶט יְהוּדָ֑ה אֶֽת־הַ֥ר צִ֝יּ֗וֹן אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָהֵֽב׃",
"text": "*wə-yiḇḥar ʾeṯ-šēḇeṭ yəhûḏâ* *ʾeṯ-har ṣîyôn ʾăšer ʾāhēḇ*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yiḇḥar*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he chose",
"*ʾeṯ-šēḇeṭ*": "direct object marker + tribe of - masculine singular construct",
"*yəhûḏâ*": "Judah - proper noun",
"*ʾeṯ-har*": "direct object marker + mountain of - masculine singular construct",
"*ṣîyôn*": "Zion - proper noun",
"*ʾăšer*": "which/that - relative pronoun",
"*ʾāhēḇ*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he loved"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yiḇḥar*": "chose/selected/elected",
"*šēḇeṭ yəhûḏâ*": "tribe of Judah/clan of Judah",
"*har ṣîyôn*": "Mount Zion/hill of Zion/mountain of Zion",
"*ʾāhēḇ*": "loved/cherished/desired"
}
}
69 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.69",
"source": "וַיִּ֣בֶן כְּמוֹ־רָ֭מִים מִקְדָּשׁ֑וֹ כְּ֝אֶ֗רֶץ יְסָדָ֥הּ לְעוֹלָֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yiḇen kəmô-rāmîm miqdāšô* *kə-ʾereṣ yəsāḏāh lə-ʿôlām*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yiḇen*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he built",
"*kəmô-rāmîm*": "like heights/like high places - preposition + masculine plural noun",
"*miqdāšô*": "his sanctuary - masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*kə-ʾereṣ*": "like the earth - preposition + feminine singular noun",
"*yəsāḏāh*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular + 3rd feminine singular suffix - he founded it",
"*lə-ʿôlām*": "for eternity/forever - preposition + masculine singular noun"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yiḇen*": "built/constructed/established",
"*kəmô-rāmîm*": "like high places/like heights/like heaven's heights",
"*miqdāšô*": "his sanctuary/his holy place/his temple",
"*yəsāḏāh*": "founded it/established it/settled it",
"*lə-ʿôlām*": "forever/eternally/for all time"
}
}
70 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.70",
"source": "וַ֭יִּבְחַר בְּדָוִ֣ד עַבְדּ֑וֹ וַ֝יִּקָּחֵ֗הוּ מִֽמִּכְלְאֹ֥ת צֹֽאן׃",
"text": "*wə-yiḇḥar bə-ḏāwiḏ ʿaḇdô* *wə-yiqqāḥēhû mi-mmikləʾōṯ ṣōʾn*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yiḇḥar*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he chose",
"*bə-ḏāwiḏ*": "in David - preposition + proper noun",
"*ʿaḇdô*": "his servant - masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*wə-yiqqāḥēhû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and he took him",
"*mi-mmikləʾōṯ*": "from sheepfolds - preposition + feminine plural noun",
"*ṣōʾn*": "sheep/flock - feminine singular collective noun"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yiḇḥar*": "chose/selected/elected",
"*ʿaḇdô*": "his servant/his slave",
"*wə-yiqqāḥēhû*": "took him/fetched him/brought him",
"*mikləʾōṯ*": "sheepfolds/pens/enclosures",
"*ṣōʾn*": "sheep/flock/small cattle"
}
}
71 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.71",
"source": "מֵאַחַ֥ר עָל֗וֹת הֱבִ֫יא֥וֹ לִ֭רְעוֹת בְּיַעֲקֹ֣ב עַמּ֑וֹ וּ֝בְיִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל נַחֲלָתֽוֹ׃",
"text": "*mē-ʾaḥar ʿālôṯ hĕḇîʾô* *lirʿôṯ bə-yaʿăqōḇ ʿammô* *û-ḇəyiśrāʾēl naḥălāṯô*",
"grammar": {
"*mē-ʾaḥar*": "from after/from following - preposition + adverb",
"*ʿālôṯ*": "nursing ewes - feminine plural noun",
"*hĕḇîʾô*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - he brought him",
"*lirʿôṯ*": "to shepherd - Qal infinitive construct with preposition",
"*bə-yaʿăqōḇ*": "in Jacob - preposition + proper noun",
"*ʿammô*": "his people - masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*û-ḇəyiśrāʾēl*": "and in Israel - conjunction + preposition + proper noun",
"*naḥălāṯô*": "his inheritance - feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix"
},
"variants": {
"*mē-ʾaḥar ʿālôṯ*": "from following the nursing ewes/from tending the mother sheep",
"*hĕḇîʾô*": "brought him/led him/took him",
"*lirʿôṯ*": "to shepherd/to pasture/to tend",
"*yaʿăqōḇ ʿammô*": "Jacob his people/his people Jacob",
"*yiśrāʾēl naḥălāṯô*": "Israel his inheritance/his inheritance Israel"
}
}
72 {
"verseID": "Psalms.78.72",
"source": "וַ֭יִּרְעֵם כְּתֹ֣ם לְבָב֑וֹ וּבִתְבוּנ֖וֹת כַּפָּ֣יו יַנְחֵֽם׃",
"text": "*wə-yirʿēm kə-ṯōm ləḇāḇô* *û-ḇiṯḇûnôṯ kappāyw yanḥēm*",
"grammar": {
"*wə-yirʿēm*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular with waw consecutive + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and he shepherded them",
"*kə-ṯōm*": "according to integrity of - preposition + masculine singular construct",
"*ləḇāḇô*": "his heart - masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*û-ḇiṯḇûnôṯ*": "and with skillfulness of - conjunction + preposition + feminine plural construct",
"*kappāyw*": "his hands/his palms - dual noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix",
"*yanḥēm*": "Hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - he guided them"
},
"variants": {
"*wə-yirʿēm*": "shepherded them/pastured them/tended them",
"*ṯōm ləḇāḇô*": "integrity of his heart/wholeness of his heart/blamelessness of his heart",
"*ṯḇûnôṯ kappāyw*": "skillfulness of his hands/understanding of his hands/discernment of his palms",
"*yanḥēm*": "guided them/led them/directed them"
}
}