Ecclesiastes 1:18

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.1.18", "source": "כִּ֛י בְּרֹ֥ב חָכְמָ֖ה רָב־כָּ֑עַס וְיוֹסִ֥יף דַּ֖עַת יוֹסִ֥יף מַכְאֽוֹב׃", "text": "*Kî* in-*rōb* *ḥokmāh* *rāb*-*kāʿas* *wəyôsîp* *daʿat* *yôsîp* *makʾôb*", "grammar": { "*Kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*rōb*": "noun, masculine singular construct - abundance of", "*ḥokmāh*": "noun, feminine singular - wisdom", "*rāb*": "adjective, masculine singular construct - much/great", "*kāʿas*": "noun, masculine singular - grief/vexation", "*wəyôsîp*": "conjunction + verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he who increases", "*daʿat*": "noun, feminine singular - knowledge", "*yôsîp*": "verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - increases", "*makʾôb*": "noun, masculine singular - pain/sorrow" }, "variants": { "*rōb*": "abundance/greatness/multitude", "*kāʿas*": "grief/vexation/sorrow/irritation", "*makʾôb*": "pain/sorrow/anguish/suffering" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

כִּ֛י בְּרֹ֥ב חָכְמָ֖ה רָב־כָּ֑עַס וְיוֹסִ֥יף דַּ֖עַת יוֹסִ֥יף מַכְאֽוֹב׃

Transliteration

Kî in-rōb ḥokmāh rāb-kāʿas wəyôsîp daʿat yôsîp makʾôb

Grammar Details

• *Kî*: conjunction - for/because
• *rōb*: noun, masculine singular construct - abundance of
• *ḥokmāh*: noun, feminine singular - wisdom
• *rāb*: adjective, masculine singular construct - much/great
• *kāʿas*: noun, masculine singular - grief/vexation
• *wəyôsîp*: conjunction + verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he who increases
• *daʿat*: noun, feminine singular - knowledge
• *yôsîp*: verb, hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - increases
• *makʾôb*: noun, masculine singular - pain/sorrow

Word Meanings

• *rōb*: abundance/greatness/multitude
• *kāʿas*: grief/vexation/sorrow/irritation
• *makʾôb*: pain/sorrow/anguish/suffering

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  For with much wisdom comes much sorrow; the more knowledge, the more grief.

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  For in much wisdom is much grief, and he who increases knowledge increases sorrow.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  For in much wisdom is much grief; and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  for where moch wy?dome is, there is also greate trauayle & disquietnes: & ye more knowlege a man hath, the more is his care.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  For in the multitude of wisedome is much griefe: and he that increaseth knowledge, increaseth sorowe.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  For where much wisdome is, there is also great trauayle and disquietnesse: and the more knowledge a man hath, the more is his care.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  For in much wisdom [is] much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  For in much wisdom is much grief; and he who increases knowledge increases sorrow.

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  for, in abundance of wisdom `is' abundance of sadness, and he who addeth knowledge addeth pain.'

• American Standard Version (1901)

  For in much wisdom is much grief; and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  For in much wisdom is much grief; and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  Because in much wisdom is much grief, and increase of knowledge is increase of sorrow.

• World English Bible (2000)

  For in much wisdom is much grief; and he who increases knowledge increases sorrow.

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  For with great wisdom comes great frustration; whoever increases his knowledge merely increases his heartache.

Referenced Verses

• Eccl 12:12-13 : 12 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.12.12", "source": "וְיֹתֵ֥ר מֵהֵ֖מָּה בְּנִ֣י הִזָּהֵ֑ר עֲשׂ֨וֹת סְפָרִ֤ים הַרְבֵּה֙ אֵ֣ין קֵ֔ץ וְלַ֥הַג הַרְבֵּ֖ה יְגִעַ֥ת בָּשָֽׂר׃", "text": "Wə-*yōtēr* mē-*hēmmāh* *bənî* *hizzāhēr* *ʿăśôt* *səpārîm* *harbēh* *ʾên* *qēṣ* wə-*lahag* *harbēh* *yəgiʿat* *bāśār*", "grammar": { "*yōtēr*": "adjective, masculine singular - more/beyond", "*hēmmāh*": "pronoun, 3rd person masculine plural - they/these", "*bənî*": "noun, masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix - my son", "*hizzāhēr*": "niphal imperative, masculine singular - be warned/take caution", "*ʿăśôt*": "qal infinitive construct - making of", "*səpārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - books/scrolls", "*harbēh*": "verb used as adverb - many/abundantly", "*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there is no", "*qēṣ*": "noun, masculine singular - end/limit", "*lahag*": "noun, masculine singular - study/devotion/meditation", "*harbēh*": "verb used as adverb - much/great", "*yəgiʿat*": "noun, feminine singular construct - weariness of", "*bāśār*": "noun, masculine singular - flesh/body" }, "variants": { "*hizzāhēr*": "be warned/beware/take heed", "*lahag*": "study/devotion/meditation/muttering" } } 13 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.12.13", "source": "ס֥וֹף דָּבָ֖ר הַכֹּ֣ל נִשְׁמָ֑ע אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֤ים יְרָא֙ וְאֶת־מִצְוֺתָ֣יו שְׁמ֔וֹר כִּי־זֶ֖ה כָּל־הָאָדָֽם׃", "text": "*Sôp* *dāḇār* ha-*kōl* *nišmāʿ* *ʾet*-hā-*ʾĕlōhîm* *yərāʾ* wə-*ʾet*-*miṣwōtāyw* *šəmôr* *kî*-*zeh* kāl-hā-*ʾādām*", "grammar": { "*sôp*": "noun, masculine singular construct - end of", "*dāḇār*": "noun, masculine singular - word/matter/thing", "*kōl*": "noun, masculine singular - all/everything", "*nišmāʿ*": "niphal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - is heard/has been heard", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "noun, masculine plural - God", "*yərāʾ*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - fear", "*miṣwōtāyw*": "noun, feminine plural with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his commandments", "*šəmôr*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - keep/observe", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*zeh*": "demonstrative pronoun - this", "*ʾādām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/mankind/humanity" }, "variants": { "*sôp* *dāḇār*": "end of the matter/conclusion of everything", "*kî*-*zeh* kāl-hā-*ʾādām*": "for this is the whole of man/this is what it means to be human/this is man's all" } }
• 1 Cor 3:18-20 : 18 { "verseID": "1 Corinthians.3.18", "source": "Μηδεὶς ἑαυτὸν ἐξαπατάτω. Εἴ τις δοκεῖ σοφὸς εἶναι ἐν ὑμῖν ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ, μωρὸς γενέσθω, ἵνα γένηται σοφός.", "text": "*Mēdeis heauton exapatatō*. If anyone *dokei sophos einai* in you in the *aiōni toutō*, *mōros genesthō*, that he may *genētai sophos*.", "grammar": { "*Mēdeis*": "adjective, masculine, nominative, singular - no one", "*heauton*": "reflexive pronoun, masculine, accusative, singular - himself", "*exapatatō*": "present active imperative, 3rd person singular - let him deceive", "*dokei*": "present active indicative, 3rd person singular - thinks/seems", "*sophos*": "adjective, masculine, nominative, singular - wise", "*einai*": "present active infinitive - to be", "*aiōni*": "noun, masculine, dative, singular - age/world", "*toutō*": "demonstrative pronoun, masculine, dative, singular - this", "*mōros*": "adjective, masculine, nominative, singular - foolish", "*genesthō*": "aorist middle imperative, 3rd person singular - let him become", "*genētai*": "aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd person singular - he may become", "*sophos*": "adjective, masculine, nominative, singular - wise" }, "variants": { "*exapatatō*": "let him deceive/delude", "*dokei*": "thinks/seems/appears", "*sophos*": "wise/learned/skilled", "*aiōni*": "age/era/world", "*mōros*": "foolish/foolish one/fool", "*genesthō*": "let him become/be made", "*genētai*": "may become/be made" } } 19 { "verseID": "1 Corinthians.3.19", "source": "Ἡ γὰρ σοφία τοῦ κόσμου τούτου μωρία παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ ἐστιν. Γέγραπται γάρ, Ὁ δρασσόμενος τοὺς σοφοὺς ἐν τῇ πανουργίᾳ αὐτῶν.", "text": "The *gar sophia tou kosmou toutou mōria para tō Theō estin*. It has been *gegraptai gar*, The one *drassomenos tous sophous* in the *panourgia autōn*.", "grammar": { "*gar*": "conjunction - for/because", "*sophia*": "noun, feminine, nominative, singular - wisdom", "*tou kosmou*": "noun, masculine, genitive, singular - of the world", "*toutou*": "demonstrative pronoun, masculine, genitive, singular - of this", "*mōria*": "noun, feminine, nominative, singular - foolishness", "*para*": "preposition - beside/with/in the sight of", "*tō Theō*": "noun, masculine, dative, singular - God", "*estin*": "present active indicative, 3rd person singular - is", "*gegraptai*": "perfect passive indicative, 3rd person singular - it has been written", "*drassomenos*": "present middle participle, masculine, nominative, singular - catching/seizing", "*tous sophous*": "adjective, masculine, accusative, plural - the wise ones", "*panourgia*": "noun, feminine, dative, singular - craftiness/cunning", "*autōn*": "personal pronoun, 3rd person, genitive, plural - of them" }, "variants": { "*sophia*": "wisdom/knowledge/skill", "*kosmou*": "world/universe/order", "*mōria*": "foolishness/absurdity", "*gegraptai*": "it has been written/recorded/inscribed", "*drassomenos*": "catching/seizing/grasping", "*sophous*": "wise ones/sages", "*panourgia*": "craftiness/cunning/cleverness" } } 20 { "verseID": "1 Corinthians.3.20", "source": "Καὶ πάλιν, Κύριος γινώσκει τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς τῶν σοφῶν, ὅτι εἰσὶν μάταιοι.", "text": "And *palin*, *Kyrios ginōskei tous dialogismous tōn sophōn*, that they *eisin mataioi*.", "grammar": { "*palin*": "adverb - again", "*Kyrios*": "noun, masculine, nominative, singular - Lord", "*ginōskei*": "present active indicative, 3rd person singular - knows", "*tous dialogismous*": "noun, masculine, accusative, plural - the thoughts/reasonings", "*tōn sophōn*": "adjective, masculine, genitive, plural - of the wise", "*eisin*": "present active indicative, 3rd person plural - they are", "*mataioi*": "adjective, masculine, nominative, plural - vain/futile" }, "variants": { "*palin*": "again/once more", "*Kyrios*": "Lord/master", "*ginōskei*": "knows/perceives/understands", "*dialogismous*": "thoughts/reasonings/deliberations", "*sophōn*": "wise ones/sages", "*mataioi*": "vain/futile/empty/worthless" } }
• Job 28:28 : 28 { "verseID": "Job.28.28", "source": "וַיֹּ֤אמֶר ׀ לָֽאָדָ֗ם הֵ֤ן יִרְאַ֣ת אֲ֭דֹנָי הִ֣יא חָכְמָ֑ה וְס֖וּר מֵרָ֣ע בִּינָֽה׃ ס", "text": "And-*yōʾmer* to-the-*ʾāḏām* behold *yirʾaṯ* *ʾăḏōnāy* *hîʾ* *ḥåḵmāh* and-*sûr* from-*rāʿ* *bînāh*", "grammar": { "*yōʾmer*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he says", "*ʾāḏām*": "noun, masculine, singular, absolute - man/mankind", "*yirʾaṯ*": "noun, feminine, singular, construct - fear of", "*ʾăḏōnāy*": "noun, masculine, plural + 1st person singular suffix - my Lord", "*hîʾ*": "pronoun, 3rd person feminine singular - she/it", "*ḥåḵmāh*": "noun, feminine, singular, absolute - wisdom", "*sûr*": "verb, qal infinitive absolute - to turn aside", "*rāʿ*": "noun, masculine, singular, absolute - evil", "*bînāh*": "noun, feminine, singular, absolute - understanding" }, "variants": { "*yōʾmer*": "says/said/declared", "*ʾāḏām*": "man/mankind/humanity", "*yirʾaṯ*": "fear of/reverence for/awe of", "*ʾăḏōnāy*": "the Lord/Adonai/my Lord", "*sûr*": "turning away from/departing from/avoiding", "*rāʿ*": "evil/wickedness/harm" } }
• Eccl 2:15 : 15 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.2.15", "source": "וְאָמַ֨רְתִּֽי אֲנִ֜י בְּלִבִּ֗י כְּמִקְרֵ֤ה הַכְּסִיל֙ גַּם־אֲנִ֣י יִקְרֵ֔נִי וְלָ֧מָּה חָכַ֛מְתִּי אֲנִ֖י אָ֣ז יוֹתֵ֑ר וְדִבַּ֣רְתִּי בְלִבִּ֔י שֶׁגַּם־זֶ֖ה הָֽבֶל׃", "text": "And *ʾāmartî* I in *libbî* as *kĕmiqrēh* the-*kĕsîl* also-I *yiqrēnî* and why *ḥākamtî* I then *yôtēr* and *dibbartî* in *libbî* that also-this *hābel*.", "grammar": { "*ʾāmartî*": "perfect, 1st singular - I said", "*libbî*": "masculine singular noun + 1st person suffix + preposition - in my heart", "*kĕmiqrēh*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - as the fate of", "*kĕsîl*": "masculine singular adjective with definite article - the fool", "*yiqrēnî*": "imperfect, 3rd masculine singular + 1st person suffix - will happen to me", "*ḥākamtî*": "perfect, 1st singular - I became wise", "*yôtēr*": "adverb - exceedingly/more", "*dibbartî*": "Piel perfect, 1st singular - I spoke", "*hābel*": "masculine singular noun - vapor/vanity" }, "variants": { "*ʾāmartî bĕlibbî*": "I said in my heart/I thought to myself", "*kĕmiqrēh hakkĕsîl*": "as the fate/event of the fool", "*yiqrēnî*": "will happen to me/will befall me", "*ḥākamtî*": "I became wise/I have been wise", "*yôtēr*": "more/exceedingly/greatly", "*dibbartî bĕlibbî*": "I said in my heart/concluded within myself", "*hābel*": "vapor/breath/emptiness/vanity/futility/meaninglessness" } }
• Eccl 2:23 : 23 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.2.23", "source": "כִּ֧י כָל־יָמָ֣יו מַכְאֹבִ֗ים וָכַ֙עַס֙ עִנְיָנ֔וֹ גַּם־בַּלַּ֖יְלָה לֹא־שָׁכַ֣ב לִבּ֑וֹ גַּם־זֶ֖ה הֶ֥בֶל הֽוּא׃", "text": "Because all-*yāmāyw* *makʾōbîm* and *kaʿas* *ʿinyānô* also-in the-*laylāh* not-*shākab* *libbô* also-this *hebel* it.", "grammar": { "*yāmāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his days", "*makʾōbîm*": "masculine plural noun - pains/sorrows", "*kaʿas*": "masculine singular noun - vexation/grief", "*ʿinyānô*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his task/occupation", "*laylāh*": "masculine singular noun with prefixed preposition and definite article - in the night", "*shākab*": "perfect, 3rd masculine singular - rested/lay down", "*libbô*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his heart", "*hebel*": "masculine singular noun - vapor/vanity" }, "variants": { "*kol-yāmāyw*": "all his days/entire lifetime", "*makʾōbîm*": "pains/sorrows/suffering", "*kaʿas*": "vexation/grief/anger/irritation", "*ʿinyānô*": "his task/his occupation/his business", "*ballaylāh lōʾ-shākab libbô*": "even at night his mind does not rest/his heart takes no rest", "*hebel*": "vapor/breath/emptiness/vanity/futility/meaninglessness" } }
• Eccl 7:16 : 16 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.7.16", "source": "אַל־תְּהִי צַדִּיק הַרְבֵּה וְאַל־תִּתְחַכַּם יוֹתֵר לָמָּה תִּשּׁוֹמֵם", "text": "*ʾAl*-*təhî* *ṣaddîq* *harbēh* *wə-ʾal*-*tiṯḥakkam* *yôṯēr* why *tiššômēm*", "grammar": { "*ʾAl*": "negative particle - do not", "*təhî*": "Qal jussive 2nd masculine singular - be", "*ṣaddîq*": "adjective, masculine singular - righteous", "*harbēh*": "adverb - much/greatly", "*wə-ʾal*": "conjunction + negative particle - and do not", "*tiṯḥakkam*": "Hithpael imperfect 2nd masculine singular - show yourself wise", "*yôṯēr*": "adverb - excessively", "*tiššômēm*": "Hithpolel imperfect 2nd masculine singular - be desolate/be appalled" }, "variants": { "*təhî* *ṣaddîq* *harbēh*": "be overly righteous/be excessively scrupulous", "*tiṯḥakkam* *yôṯēr*": "make yourself too wise/be excessively clever", "*tiššômēm*": "be desolate/be appalled/destroy yourself" } }
• Jas 3:13-17 : 13 { "verseID": "James.3.13", "source": "Τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν; δειξάτω ἐκ τῆς καλῆς ἀναστροφῆς τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν πρᾳΰτητι σοφίας.", "text": "Who *sophos* and *epistēmōn* among you? Let him *deixatō* out of the *kalēs* *anastrophēs* the *erga* of him in *prautēti* of *sophias*.", "grammar": { "*sophos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - wise", "*epistēmōn*": "nominative, masculine, singular - understanding/knowing", "*deixatō*": "aorist imperative, active, 3rd singular - let him show", "*kalēs*": "genitive, feminine, singular - good/noble", "*anastrophēs*": "genitive, feminine, singular - conduct/behavior", "*erga*": "accusative, neuter, plural - works/deeds", "*prautēti*": "dative, feminine, singular - meekness/gentleness", "*sophias*": "genitive, feminine, singular - of wisdom" }, "variants": { "*sophos*": "wise/skilled", "*epistēmōn*": "understanding/knowledgeable/intelligent", "*deixatō*": "show/demonstrate/prove", "*kalēs*": "good/noble/beautiful", "*anastrophēs*": "conduct/behavior/manner of life", "*erga*": "works/deeds/actions", "*prautēti*": "meekness/gentleness/humility", "*sophias*": "wisdom/skill/insight" } } 14 { "verseID": "James.3.14", "source": "Εἰ δὲ ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν, μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε, καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας.", "text": "If *de* *zēlon* *pikron* you *echete* and *eritheian* in the *kardia* of you, *mē* *katakauchāsthe*, and *pseudesthe* against the *alētheias*.", "grammar": { "*de*": "postpositive conjunction - but/and", "*zēlon*": "accusative, masculine, singular - jealousy/zeal", "*pikron*": "accusative, masculine, singular - bitter", "*echete*": "present indicative, active, 2nd plural - you have", "*eritheian*": "accusative, feminine, singular - selfish ambition/rivalry", "*kardia*": "dative, feminine, singular - heart", "*mē*": "negative particle - not", "*katakauchāsthe*": "present imperative, middle, 2nd plural - boast/glory", "*pseudesthe*": "present imperative, middle, 2nd plural - lie/speak falsely", "*alētheias*": "genitive, feminine, singular - truth" }, "variants": { "*zēlon*": "jealousy/zeal/envy", "*pikron*": "bitter/harsh", "*eritheian*": "selfish ambition/rivalry/strife", "*kardia*": "heart/mind/inner self", "*katakauchāsthe*": "boast/glory/pride yourselves", "*pseudesthe*": "lie/speak falsely/deceive", "*alētheias*": "truth/reality" } } 15 { "verseID": "James.3.15", "source": "Οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη, ἀλλʼ ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης.", "text": "Not *estin* this the *sophia* from *anōthen* *katerchomenē*, but *epigeios*, *psychikē*, *daimoniōdēs*.", "grammar": { "*estin*": "present indicative, active, 3rd singular - is", "*sophia*": "nominative, feminine, singular - wisdom", "*anōthen*": "adverb - from above/from the beginning", "*katerchomenē*": "present participle, middle, nominative, feminine, singular - coming down", "*epigeios*": "nominative, feminine, singular - earthly/worldly", "*psychikē*": "nominative, feminine, singular - natural/unspiritual", "*daimoniōdēs*": "nominative, feminine, singular - demonic" }, "variants": { "*sophia*": "wisdom/skill/knowledge", "*anōthen*": "from above/from heaven/from God", "*katerchomenē*": "coming down/descending", "*epigeios*": "earthly/worldly/terrestrial", "*psychikē*": "natural/unspiritual/belonging to the soul", "*daimoniōdēs*": "demonic/devilish/inspired by demons" } } 16 { "verseID": "James.3.16", "source": "Ὅπου γὰρ ζῆλος καὶ ἐριθεία, ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία καὶ πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα.", "text": "Where *gar* *zēlos* and *eritheia*, there *akatastasia* and every *phaulon* *pragma*.", "grammar": { "*gar*": "postpositive conjunction - for/because", "*zēlos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - jealousy/zeal", "*eritheia*": "nominative, feminine, singular - selfish ambition/rivalry", "*akatastasia*": "nominative, feminine, singular - disorder/confusion", "*phaulon*": "accusative, neuter, singular - worthless/evil", "*pragma*": "nominative, neuter, singular - thing/deed/matter" }, "variants": { "*zēlos*": "jealousy/zeal/envy", "*eritheia*": "selfish ambition/rivalry/strife", "*akatastasia*": "disorder/confusion/instability", "*phaulon*": "worthless/evil/base/vile", "*pragma*": "thing/deed/matter/practice" } } 17 { "verseID": "James.3.17", "source": "Ἡ δὲ ἄνωθεν σοφία πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν, ἔπειτα εἰρηνική, ἐπιεικής, εὐπειθής, μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀδιάκριτος, καὶ ἀνυπόκριτος.", "text": "The *de* from *anōthen* *sophia* *prōton* *men* *hagnē* *estin*, *epeita* *eirēnikē*, *epieikēs*, *eupeithēs*, *mestē* *eleous* and *karpōn* *agathōn*, *adiakritos*, and *anypokritos*.", "grammar": { "*de*": "postpositive conjunction - but/and", "*anōthen*": "adverb - from above", "*sophia*": "nominative, feminine, singular - wisdom", "*prōton*": "adverb - first/firstly", "*men*": "particle introducing first in a series - indeed", "*hagnē*": "nominative, feminine, singular - pure", "*estin*": "present indicative, active, 3rd singular - is", "*epeita*": "adverb - then/afterwards", "*eirēnikē*": "nominative, feminine, singular - peaceable", "*epieikēs*": "nominative, feminine, singular - gentle/reasonable", "*eupeithēs*": "nominative, feminine, singular - compliant/easily persuaded", "*mestē*": "nominative, feminine, singular - full", "*eleous*": "genitive, neuter, singular - of mercy", "*karpōn*": "genitive, masculine, plural - of fruits", "*agathōn*": "genitive, masculine, plural - good", "*adiakritos*": "nominative, feminine, singular - impartial/without partiality", "*anypokritos*": "nominative, feminine, singular - genuine/sincere" }, "variants": { "*anōthen*": "from above/from heaven/from God", "*hagnē*": "pure/chaste/holy", "*eirēnikē*": "peaceable/peaceful", "*epieikēs*": "gentle/reasonable/fair", "*eupeithēs*": "compliant/willing to yield/easily persuaded", "*eleous*": "mercy/compassion", "*karpōn*": "fruits/results/products", "*agathōn*": "good/beneficial", "*adiakritos*": "impartial/without partiality/without uncertainty", "*anypokritos*": "sincere/genuine/without hypocrisy" } }