8{
"verseID": "Exodus.14.8",
"source": "וַיְחַזֵּ֣ק יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶת־לֵ֤ב פַּרְעֹה֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם וַיִּרְדֹּ֕ף אַחֲרֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יֹצְאִ֖ים בְּיָ֥ד רָמָֽה",
"text": "*wa-yəḥazzēq* *YHWH* *ʾeṯ*-*lēḇ* *Parʿōh* *meleḵ* *Miṣrayim* *wa-yirdōph* *ʾaḥărê* *bənê* *Yiśrāʾēl* *û-ḇnê* *Yiśrāʾēl* *yōṣəʾîm* *bə-yād* *rāmāh*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yəḥazzēq*": "conjunction + Piel imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he strengthened/hardened",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh/LORD",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*lēḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - heart of",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*meleḵ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - king of",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt",
"*wa-yirdōph*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he pursued",
"*ʾaḥărê*": "preposition - after",
"*bənê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*û-ḇnê*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural construct - and sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*yōṣəʾîm*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - going out",
"*bə-yād*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - with hand",
"*rāmāh*": "adjective, feminine singular - high/upraised"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yəḥazzēq*": "and he hardened/and he strengthened",
"*wa-yirdōph*": "and he pursued/and he chased",
"*yōṣəʾîm*": "going out/departing/leaving",
"*bə-yād rāmāh*": "with a high hand/with an upraised hand/boldly/defiantly"
}
}
9{
"verseID": "Exodus.14.9",
"source": "וַיִּרְדְּפ֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם אַחֲרֵיהֶ֗ם וַיַּשִׂ֤יגוּ אוֹתָם֙ חֹנִ֣ים עַל־הַיָּ֔ם כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּפָרָשָׁ֖יו וְחֵיל֑וֹ עַל־פִּי֙ הַֽחִירֹ֔ת לִפְנֵ֖י בַּ֥עַל צְפֹֽן",
"text": "*wa-yirdəphû* *Miṣrayim* *ʾaḥărêhem* *wa-yaśśîḡû* *ʾôṯām* *ḥōnîm* *ʿal*-*ha-yām* *kol*-*sûs* *reḵeḇ* *Parʿōh* *û-phārāšâw* *wə-ḥêlô* *ʿal*-*pî* *ha-Ḥîrōṯ* *liphnê* *Baʿal* *Ṣəphōn*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yirdəphû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they pursued",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt/Egyptians",
"*ʾaḥărêhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - after them",
"*wa-yaśśîḡû*": "conjunction + Hiphil imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they overtook",
"*ʾôṯām*": "direct object marker + 3rd masculine plural suffix - them",
"*ḥōnîm*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - camping/encamped",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - by",
"*ha-yām*": "article + noun, masculine singular - the sea",
"*kol*": "noun, masculine singular construct - all",
"*sûs*": "noun, masculine singular construct - horses of",
"*reḵeḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - chariots of",
"*Parʿōh*": "proper noun - Pharaoh",
"*û-phārāšâw*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his horsemen",
"*wə-ḥêlô*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his army",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - by",
"*pî*": "noun, masculine singular construct - mouth of",
"*ha-Ḥîrōṯ*": "article + proper noun - Pi-hahiroth",
"*liphnê*": "preposition + noun, construct - before",
"*Baʿal*": "proper noun - Baal",
"*Ṣəphōn*": "proper noun - Zephon"
},
"variants": {
"*wa-yirdəphû*": "and they pursued/and they chased",
"*wa-yaśśîḡû*": "and they overtook/and they caught up with",
"*ḥōnîm*": "camping/encamped/dwelling",
"*pî ha-Ḥîrōṯ*": "Pi-hahiroth/mouth of Hiroth",
"*Baʿal Ṣəphōn*": "Baal Zephon (deity or place name)"
}
}
10{
"verseID": "Exodus.14.10",
"source": "וּפַרְעֹ֖ה הִקְרִ֑יב וַיִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵיהֶ֜ם וְהִנֵּ֥ה מִצְרַ֣יִם ׀ נֹסֵ֣עַ אַחֲרֵיהֶ֗ם וַיִּֽירְאוּ֙ מְאֹ֔ד וַיִּצְעֲק֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶל־יְהוָֽה",
"text": "*û-Pharʿōh* *hiqrîḇ* *wa-yiśśəʾû* *ḇnê*-*Yiśrāʾēl* *ʾeṯ*-*ʿênêhem* *wə-hinnēh* *Miṣrayim* *nōsēaʿ* *ʾaḥărêhem* *wa-yyîrəʾû* *məʾōd* *wa-yyiṣʿăqû* *ḇnê*-*Yiśrāʾēl* *ʾel*-*YHWH*",
"grammar": {
"*û-Pharʿōh*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Pharaoh",
"*hiqrîḇ*": "Hiphil perfect, 3rd masculine singular - drew near",
"*wa-yiśśəʾû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they lifted up",
"*ḇnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker",
"*ʿênêhem*": "noun, feminine plural + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their eyes",
"*wə-hinnēh*": "conjunction + interjection - and behold",
"*Miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt/Egyptians",
"*nōsēaʿ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - journeying/traveling",
"*ʾaḥărêhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - after them",
"*wa-yyîrəʾû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they were afraid",
"*məʾōd*": "adverb - very much",
"*wa-yyiṣʿăqû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they cried out",
"*ḇnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of",
"*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel",
"*ʾel*": "preposition - to",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh/LORD"
},
"variants": {
"*hiqrîḇ*": "drew near/approached",
"*wa-yiśśəʾû*": "and they lifted up/and they raised",
"*nōsēaʿ*": "journeying/marching/advancing (singular form with collective meaning)",
"*wa-yyîrəʾû*": "and they were afraid/and they feared",
"*wa-yyiṣʿăqû*": "and they cried out/and they called out"
}
}
11{
"verseID": "Exodus.14.11",
"source": "וַיֹּאמְרוּ֮ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֒ הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י אֵין־קְבָרִים֙ בְּמִצְרַ֔יִם לְקַחְתָּ֖נוּ לָמ֣וּת בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר מַה־זֹּאת֙ עָשִׂ֣יתָ לָּ֔נוּ לְהוֹצִיאָ֖נוּ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם",
"text": "*wa-yyōmrû* *ʾel*-*Mōšeh* *ha-mibblî* *ʾên*-*qəḇārîm* *bə-Miṣrayim* *ləqaḥtānû* *lāmûṯ* *ba-midbar* *mah*-*zōṯ* *ʿāśîṯā* *lānû* *lə-hôṣîʾānû* *mi-Miṣrāyim*",
"grammar": {
"*wa-yyōmrû*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they said",
"*ʾel*": "preposition - to",
"*Mōšeh*": "proper noun - Moses",
"*ha-mibblî*": "interrogative + preposition - is it because of no",
"*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there are no",
"*qəḇārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - graves",
"*bə-Miṣrayim*": "preposition + proper noun - in Egypt",
"*ləqaḥtānû*": "Qal perfect, 2nd masculine singular + 1st common plural suffix - you have taken us",
"*lāmûṯ*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - to die",
"*ba-midbar*": "preposition + article + noun, masculine singular - in the wilderness",
"*mah*": "interrogative - what",
"*zōṯ*": "demonstrative pronoun, feminine singular - this",
"*ʿāśîṯā*": "Qal perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you have done",
"*lānû*": "preposition + 1st common plural suffix - to us",
"*lə-hôṣîʾānû*": "preposition + Hiphil infinitive construct + 1st common plural suffix - to bring us out",
"*mi-Miṣrāyim*": "preposition + proper noun - from Egypt"
},
"variants": {
"*ha-mibblî ʾên-qəḇārîm*": "is it because there were no graves?/were there no graves?",
"*ləqaḥtānû*": "you have taken us/you have brought us",
"*lāmûṯ*": "to die/to perish",
"*ba-midbar*": "in the wilderness/in the desert",
"*mah-zōṯ ʿāśîṯā lānû*": "what is this you have done to us?",
"*lə-hôṣîʾānû*": "to bring us out/to lead us out"
}
}