Hosea 8:9

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Hosea.8.9", "source": "כִּֽי־הֵ֙מָּה֙ עָל֣וּ אַשּׁ֔וּר פֶּ֖רֶא בּוֹדֵ֣ד ל֑וֹ אֶפְרַ֖יִם הִתְנ֥וּ אֲהָבִֽים", "text": "For they *ʿālû* *ʾaššûr*, *pereʾ* *bôḏēḏ* to him; *ʾep̄rayim* *hiṯnû* *ʾăhāḇîm*.", "grammar": { "*ʿālû*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd person plural - they went up", "*ʾaššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*pereʾ*": "noun, masculine, singular absolute - wild donkey", "*bôḏēḏ*": "adjective, masculine, singular absolute - alone/solitary", "*ʾep̄rayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim", "*hiṯnû*": "verb, hifil perfect, 3rd person plural - they hired/purchased", "*ʾăhāḇîm*": "noun, masculine, plural absolute - loves/lovers" }, "variants": { "*ʿālû*": "went up/ascended/have gone", "*pereʾ*": "wild donkey/wild ass", "*bôḏēḏ*": "alone/solitary/isolated", "*hiṯnû*": "hired/purchased/gave gifts", "*ʾăhāḇîm*": "loves/lovers/love gifts" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

כִּֽי־הֵ֙מָּה֙ עָל֣וּ אַשּׁ֔וּר פֶּ֖רֶא בּוֹדֵ֣ד ל֑וֹ אֶפְרַ֖יִם הִתְנ֥וּ אֲהָבִֽים

Transliteration

For they ʿālû ʾaššûr, pereʾ bôḏēḏ to him; ʾep̄rayim hiṯnû ʾăhāḇîm.

Grammar Details

• *ʿālû*: verb, qal perfect, 3rd person plural - they went up
• *ʾaššûr*: proper noun - Assyria
• *pereʾ*: noun, masculine, singular absolute - wild donkey
• *bôḏēḏ*: adjective, masculine, singular absolute - alone/solitary
• *ʾep̄rayim*: proper noun - Ephraim
• *hiṯnû*: verb, hifil perfect, 3rd person plural - they hired/purchased
• *ʾăhāḇîm*: noun, masculine, plural absolute - loves/lovers

Word Meanings

• *ʿālû*: went up/ascended/have gone
• *pereʾ*: wild donkey/wild ass
• *bôḏēḏ*: alone/solitary/isolated
• *hiṯnû*: hired/purchased/gave gifts
• *ʾăhāḇîm*: loves/lovers/love gifts

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  For they have gone up to Assyria like a wild donkey wandering alone. Ephraim has sold herself to lovers.

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  For they have gone up to Assyria, like a wild donkey alone by itself; Ephraim has hired lovers.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  For they are gone up to Assyria, [like] a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  Sens they went vp to the Assirians, they are become like a wylde asse in the deserte. Ephraim geueth rewardes to get louers,

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  For they are gone vp to Asshur: they are as a wilde asse alone by himselfe: Ephraim hath hired louers.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  For they haue gone vp to Assyria and are as a wilde asse solitarie by him selfe: Ephraim hath hired louers.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  For they are gone up to Assyria, a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  For they have gone up to Assyria, Like a wild donkey wandering alone. Ephraim has hired lovers for himself.

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  For they -- they have gone up `to' Asshur, A wild ass alone by himself `is' Ephraim, They have hired lovers!

• American Standard Version (1901)

  For they are gone up to Assyria, `like' a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  For they are gone up to Assyria, [like] a wild ass alone by himself: Ephraim hath hired lovers.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  For they have gone up to Assyria like an ass going by himself; Ephraim has given money to get lovers.

• World English Bible (2000)

  For they have gone up to Assyria, like a wild donkey wandering alone. Ephraim has hired lovers for himself.

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  Israel’s Hired Lovers They have gone up to Assyria, like a wild donkey that wanders off. Ephraim has hired prostitutes as lovers.

Referenced Verses

• Jer 2:24 : 24 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.2.24", "source": "פֶּ֣רֶה ׀ לִמֻּ֣ד מִדְבָּ֗ר בְּאַוַּ֤ת נפשו נַפְשָׁהּ֙ שָׁאֲפָ֣ה ר֔וּחַ תַּאֲנָתָ֖הּ מִ֣י יְשִׁיבֶ֑נָּה כָּל־מְבַקְשֶׁ֙יהָ֙ לֹ֣א יִיעָ֔פוּ בְּחָדְשָׁ֖הּ יִמְצָאֽוּנְהָ׃", "text": "*pereʾ* *limmud* *midbār* *bəʾawwat* *nafšāh* *šāʾăfāh* *rûaḥ* *taʾănātāh* *mî* *yəšîbennāh* *kol*-*məbaqšêhā* *lōʾ* *yîʿāfû* *bəḥodšāh* *yimṣāʾûnhā*", "grammar": { "*pereʾ*": "masculine singular noun - wild donkey", "*limmud*": "passive participle Pual, masculine singular - accustomed to/taught", "*midbār*": "masculine singular noun - wilderness/desert", "*bəʾawwat*": "preposition + construct feminine singular noun - in the desire of", "*nafšāh*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her soul/appetite (Qere, corrected reading)", "*šāʾăfāh*": "perfect Qal, 3rd feminine singular - she snuffs up/pants after", "*rûaḥ*": "feminine singular noun - wind/breath", "*taʾănātāh*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her desire/craving", "*mî*": "interrogative - who", "*yəšîbennāh*": "imperfect Hiphil, 3rd masculine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - can turn her back", "*kol*": "construct noun - all of", "*məbaqšêhā*": "masculine plural participle Piel with 3rd feminine singular suffix - those seeking her", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*yîʿāfû*": "imperfect Qal, 3rd masculine plural - they will weary/tire", "*bəḥodšāh*": "preposition + masculine singular noun with 3rd feminine singular suffix - in her month", "*yimṣāʾûnhā*": "imperfect Qal, 3rd masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - they will find her" }, "variants": { "*pereʾ*": "wild donkey/wild ass", "*limmud*": "accustomed to/taught/trained", "*midbār*": "wilderness/desert/wasteland", "*ʾawwat*": "desire/lust/craving", "*nafšāh*": "her soul/appetite/desire (textual variant: *nafšô* = his soul or *nafšāh* = her soul)", "*šāʾăfāh*": "she snuffs up/pants after/eagerly inhales", "*rûaḥ*": "wind/breath/air", "*taʾănātāh*": "her desire/craving/lust", "*yəšîbennāh*": "can turn her back/restrain her/hold her back", "*məbaqšêhā*": "those seeking her/pursuing her/searching for her", "*yîʿāfû*": "they will weary/tire/exhaust themselves", "*ḥodšāh*": "her month/her time of heat/her mating season", "*yimṣāʾûnhā*": "they will find her/encounter her" } }
• Hos 5:13 : 13 { "verseID": "Hosea.5.13", "source": "וַיַּ֨רְא אֶפְרַ֜יִם אֶת־חָלְי֗וֹ וִֽיהוּדָה֙ אֶת־מְזֹר֔וֹ וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙ אֶל־אַשּׁ֔וּר וַיִּשְׁלַ֖ח אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ יָרֵ֑ב וְה֗וּא לֹ֤א יוּכַל֙ לִרְפֹּ֣א לָכֶ֔ם וְלֹֽא־יִגְהֶ֥ה מִכֶּ֖ם מָזֽוֹר׃", "text": "*Wayyarə* *ʾEp̄rayim* *ʾeṯ*-*ḥālyô* *wî*-*Yəhûḏâ* *ʾeṯ*-*məzōrô*, *wayyēleḵ* *ʾEp̄rayim* to-*ʾAššûr* *wayyišlaḥ* to-*meleḵ* *yārēḇ*; *wə*-he not *yûḵal* to-heal to-you, *wə*-not-*yiḡhê* from-you *māzôr*.", "grammar": { "*wayyarə*": "imperfect, consecutive, qal, 3rd person masculine singular - and he saw", "*ʾEp̄rayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim", "*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker", "*ḥālyô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his sickness", "*wî*": "conjunction - and", "*Yəhûḏâ*": "proper noun - Judah", "*məzōrô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his wound", "*wayyēleḵ*": "imperfect, consecutive, qal, 3rd person masculine singular - and he went", "*ʾAššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*wayyišlaḥ*": "imperfect, consecutive, qal, 3rd person masculine singular - and he sent", "*meleḵ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - king of", "*yārēḇ*": "proper noun or participle - Jareb/contentious one", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*yûḵal*": "imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he is able", "*yiḡhê*": "imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will remove/cure", "*māzôr*": "noun, masculine singular - wound/infection" }, "variants": { "*ḥālyô*": "his sickness/his disease/his illness", "*məzōrô*": "his wound/his sore/his infection", "*yārēḇ*": "Jareb (proper name)/contentious/warrior/one who contends", "*yûḵal*": "he is able/he can/he has power", "*yiḡhê*": "he will remove/he will cure/he will heal", "*māzôr*": "wound/infection/sore" } }
• Hos 7:11 : 11 { "verseID": "Hosea.7.11", "source": "וַיְהִ֣י אֶפְרַ֔יִם כְּיוֹנָ֥ה פוֹתָ֖ה אֵ֣ין לֵ֑ב מִצְרַ֥יִם קָרָ֖אוּ אַשּׁ֥וּר הָלָֽכוּ׃", "text": "*wayəhî* *ʾep̄rayim* like *yônâ* *p̄ôṯâ* *ʾên* *lēḇ* *miṣrayim* *qārāʾû* *ʾaššûr* *hālāḵû*.", "grammar": { "*wayəhî*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular apocopated - and he became", "*ʾep̄rayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim (northern kingdom)", "*yônâ*": "noun, feminine singular with prefix *kə* - like a dove", "*p̄ôṯâ*": "qal passive participle feminine singular - deceived/simple", "*ʾên*": "negative particle construct - without", "*lēḇ*": "noun, masculine singular - heart/understanding", "*miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*qārāʾû*": "qal perfect 3rd plural - they called", "*ʾaššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*hālāḵû*": "qal perfect 3rd plural - they went" }, "variants": { "*p̄ôṯâ*": "deceived/simple/easily persuaded", "*lēḇ*": "heart/mind/understanding", "*qārāʾû*": "called/summoned/invited", "*hālāḵû*": "went/walked/proceeded" } }
• Ezek 16:33-34 : 33 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.16.33", "source": "לְכָל־זֹנ֖וֹת יִתְּנוּ־נֵ֑דֶה וְאַ֨תְּ נָתַ֤תְּ אֶת־נְדָנַ֙יִךְ֙ לְכָל־מְאַֽהֲבַ֔יִךְ וַתִּשְׁחֳדִ֣י אוֹתָ֗ם לָב֥וֹא אֵלַ֛יִךְ מִסָּבִ֖יב בְּתַזְנוּתָֽיִךְ׃", "text": "To all-*zōnôt* *yittenû*-*nēdeh* and you *nātatt* *ʾet*-*nədānayik* to all-*məʾahăbayik* and *wattišḥŏdî* *ʾôtām* to *lābôʾ* to you from *missābîb* in *bətaznûtāyik*.", "grammar": { "*zōnôt*": "prostitutes, qal participle feminine plural", "*yittenû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they give", "*nēdeh*": "gift/payment, noun absolute", "*nātatt*": "qal perfect, 2nd person feminine singular - you gave", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*nədānayik*": "your gifts, plural noun with 2nd person feminine singular suffix", "*məʾahăbayik*": "your lovers, piel participle masculine plural with 2nd person feminine singular suffix", "*wattišḥŏdî*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 2nd person feminine singular - and you bribed", "*ʾôtām*": "them, direct object marker with 3rd person masculine plural suffix", "*lābôʾ*": "to come, preposition + qal infinitive construct", "*missābîb*": "from around, preposition + adverb", "*bətaznûtāyik*": "in your prostitutions, preposition + plural noun with 2nd person feminine singular suffix" }, "variants": { "*nēdeh*": "gift/payment/price/fee", "*nədānayik*": "your gifts/your payments/your bribes", "*wattišḥŏdî*": "you bribed/you gave gifts to/you hired", "*missābîb*": "from around/from all sides/from every direction" } } 34 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.16.34", "source": "וַיְהִי־בָ֨ךְ הֵ֤פֶךְ מִן־הַנָּשִׁים֙ בְּתַזְנוּתַ֔יִךְ וְאַחֲרַ֖יִךְ לֹ֣א זוּנָּ֑ה וּבְתִתֵּ֣ךְ אֶתְנָ֗ן וְאֶתְנַ֛ן לֹ֥א נִתַּן־לָ֖ךְ וַתְּהִ֥י לְהֶֽפֶךְ׃", "text": "And *wayəhî*-in you *hēfek* from-*hannāšîm* in *bətaznûtayik* and *wəʾaḥărayik* not *zûnnāh* and in *ûbətittēk* *ʾetnān* and *wəʾetnān* not *nittan*-to you and *wattəhî* to *ləhefek*.", "grammar": { "*wayəhî*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and it was", "*hēfek*": "contrary/opposite, noun absolute", "*hannāšîm*": "the women, definite article + plural noun", "*bətaznûtayik*": "in your prostitutions, preposition + plural noun with 2nd person feminine singular suffix", "*wəʾaḥărayik*": "and after you, conjunction + preposition with 2nd person feminine singular suffix", "*zûnnāh*": "pual perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - was prostituted/was hired", "*ûbətittēk*": "and in your giving, conjunction + preposition + qal infinitive construct with 2nd person feminine singular suffix", "*ʾetnān*": "hire/payment/fee, noun absolute", "*wəʾetnān*": "and hire/payment/fee, conjunction + noun absolute", "*nittan*": "niphal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - was given", "*wattəhî*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 2nd person feminine singular - and you were", "*ləhefek*": "to the opposite/contrary, preposition + definite article + noun absolute" }, "variants": { "*hēfek*": "contrary/opposite/reverse", "*zûnnāh*": "was prostituted/was hired/was sought", "*ʾetnān*": "hire/payment/fee/wages [of prostitution]", "*ləhefek*": "to the opposite/to the contrary/in reverse" } }
• Ezek 23:5-9 : 5 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.23.5", "source": "וַתִּ֥זֶן אָהֳלָ֖ה תַּחְתָּ֑י וַתַּעְגַּב֙ עַֽל־מְאַהֲבֶ֔יהָ אֶל־אַשּׁ֖וּר קְרוֹבִֽים׃", "text": "And *wattizen* *ʾāhŏlâ* *taḥtāy* and *wattaʿgaḇ* *ʿal*-*məʾahăḇêhā* to-*ʾaššûr* *qərôḇîm*", "grammar": { "*wattizen*": "3rd feminine singular waw-consecutive imperfect of *zānâ* - and she played the harlot", "*ʾāhŏlâ*": "proper noun - Oholah", "*taḥtāy*": "preposition + 1st singular suffix - under me", "*wattaʿgaḇ*": "3rd feminine singular waw-consecutive imperfect of *ʿāgaḇ* - and she lusted after", "*ʿal*-*məʾahăḇêhā*": "preposition + masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - after/upon her lovers", "*ʾaššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*qərôḇîm*": "masculine plural adjective - neighboring/near" }, "variants": { "*taḥtāy*": "under me/while she was mine", "*ʿāgaḇ*": "to lust after/dote upon", "*məʾahăḇêhā*": "lovers/paramours", "*qərôḇîm*": "neighboring/near/approaching/who were close by" } } 6 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.23.6", "source": "לְבֻשֵׁ֤י תְכֵ֙לֶת֙ פַּח֣וֹת וּסְגָנִ֔ים בַּח֥וּרֵי חֶ֖מֶד כֻּלָּ֑ם פָּרָשִׁ֕ים רֹכְבֵ֖י סוּסִֽים׃", "text": "*ləḇušê* *təḵēlet* *paḥôt* and *səḡānîm* *baḥûrê* *ḥemed* all of them *pārāšîm* *rōḵəḇê* *sûsîm*", "grammar": { "*ləḇušê*": "masculine plural construct - clothed in/wearing", "*təḵēlet*": "feminine singular noun - blue/purple", "*paḥôt*": "masculine plural noun - governors", "*səḡānîm*": "masculine plural noun - officials/rulers", "*baḥûrê*": "masculine plural construct - young men of", "*ḥemed*": "masculine singular noun - desire/delight", "*pārāšîm*": "masculine plural noun - horsemen", "*rōḵəḇê*": "masculine plural construct participle - riders of", "*sûsîm*": "masculine plural noun - horses" }, "variants": { "*təḵēlet*": "blue/purple/violet", "*paḥôt*": "governors/captains/officials", "*səḡānîm*": "prefects/rulers/officials", "*baḥûrê*": "young men/choice men", "*ḥemed*": "desire/desirability/precious" } } 7 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.23.7", "source": "וַתִּתֵּ֤ן תַּזְנוּתֶ֙יהָ֙ עֲלֵיהֶ֔ם מִבְחַ֥ר בְּנֵֽי־אַשּׁ֖וּר כֻּלָּ֑ם וּבְכֹ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־עֽ͏ָגְבָ֛ה בְּכָל־גִּלּוּלֵיהֶ֖ם נִטְמָֽאָה׃", "text": "And *wattitēn* *taznûtêhā* upon them *miḇḥar* *bənê*-*ʾaššûr* all of them and with all whom *ʿāḡəḇâ* with all-*gillûlêhem* *niṭmāʾâ*", "grammar": { "*wattitēn*": "3rd feminine singular waw-consecutive imperfect of *nātan* - and she gave/bestowed", "*taznûtêhā*": "plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her harlotries/prostitutions", "*miḇḥar*": "construct singular - choice of/select", "*bənê*-*ʾaššûr*": "masculine plural construct noun + proper noun - sons of Assyria", "*ʿāḡəḇâ*": "3rd feminine singular Qal perfect - she lusted after", "*gillûlêhem*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their idols", "*niṭmāʾâ*": "3rd feminine singular Niphal perfect - she was defiled" }, "variants": { "*taznûtêhā*": "her harlotries/prostitutions/fornications", "*miḇḥar*": "choice/select/best", "*gillûlêhem*": "their idols/images/filthy things", "*niṭmāʾâ*": "she was defiled/polluted" } } 8 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.23.8", "source": "וְאֶת־תַּזְנוּתֶ֤יהָ מִמִּצְרַ֙יִם֙ לֹ֣א עָזָ֔בָה כִּ֤י אוֹתָהּ֙ שָׁכְב֣וּ בִנְעוּרֶ֔יהָ וְהֵ֥מָּה עִשּׂ֖וּ דַּדֵּ֣י בְתוּלֶ֑יהָ וַיִּשְׁפְּכ֥וּ תַזְנוּתָ֖ם עָלֶֽיהָ׃", "text": "And *ʾet*-*taznûtêhā* from *miṣrayim* not *ʿāzāḇâ* for *ʾôtāh* *šāḵəḇû* in *ḇinəʿûrêhā* and they *ʿiśśû* *daddê* *ḇətûlêhā* and *wayyišpəḵû* *taznûtām* upon her", "grammar": { "*ʾet*-*taznûtêhā*": "direct object marker + plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her harlotries", "*miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*ʿāzāḇâ*": "3rd feminine singular Qal perfect - she abandoned/left", "*ʾôtāh*": "direct object + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her/with her", "*šāḵəḇû*": "3rd plural Qal perfect - they lay/slept with", "*ḇinəʿûrêhā*": "preposition + plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in her youth", "*ʿiśśû*": "3rd plural Piel perfect - they handled/pressed", "*daddê*": "plural construct - breasts of", "*ḇətûlêhā*": "plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her virginity/maidenhood", "*wayyišpəḵû*": "3rd plural masculine waw-consecutive imperfect of *šāpaḵ* - and they poured out", "*taznûtām*": "plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their fornication" }, "variants": { "*ʿāzāḇâ*": "she left/abandoned/forsook", "*šāḵəḇû*": "they lay with/slept with/had sexual relations with", "*daddê*": "breasts/love/affection", "*šāpaḵ*": "to pour out/spill", "*taznûtām*": "their fornication/harlotry/prostitution" } } 9 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.23.9", "source": "לָכֵ֥ן נְתַתִּ֖יהָ בְּיַד־מְאַֽהֲבֶ֑יהָ בְּיַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י אַשּׁ֔וּר אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָגְבָ֖ה עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃", "text": "Therefore *nətattîhā* in *yad*-*məʾahăḇêhā* in *yad* *bənê* *ʾaššûr* whom *ʿāḡəḇâ* upon them", "grammar": { "*nətattîhā*": "1st singular Qal perfect + 3rd feminine singular suffix - I gave her", "*yad*-*məʾahăḇêhā*": "construct singular noun + masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - hand of her lovers", "*yad*": "singular noun - hand", "*bənê*": "masculine plural construct - sons of", "*ʾaššûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*ʿāḡəḇâ*": "3rd feminine singular Qal perfect - she lusted after" }, "variants": { "*nətattîhā*": "I gave her/delivered her", "*yad*": "hand/power/control", "*məʾahăḇêhā*": "her lovers/paramours" } }
• Hos 2:5-7 : 5 { "verseID": "Hosea.2.5", "source": "‫פֶּן־אַפְשִׁיטֶ֣נָּה עֲרֻמָּ֔ה וְהִ֨צַּגְתִּ֔יהָ כְּי֖וֹם הִוָּֽלְדָ֑הּ וְשַׂמְתִּ֣יהָ כַמִּדְבָּ֗ר וְשַׁתִּ֙הָ֙ כְּאֶ֣רֶץ צִיָּ֔ה וַהֲמִתִּ֖יהָ בַּצָּמָֽא׃‬", "text": "Lest-*ʾapšîṭennāh* *ʿărummāh* and *hiṣṣagtîhā* like-*yôm* *hiwwāldāh*, and *śamtîhā* like-the-*midbār* and *šattihā* like-*ʾereṣ* *ṣiyyāh*, and *hamittîhā* with-the-*ṣāmāʾ*.", "grammar": { "*ʾapšîṭennāh*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st singular + object suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - I will strip her", "*ʿărummāh*": "adjective, feminine, singular - naked", "*hiṣṣagtîhā*": "hiphil perfect, 1st singular + object suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - I will set/place her", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine, singular - day", "*hiwwāldāh*": "niphal infinitive construct + pronominal suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - her being born", "*śamtîhā*": "qal perfect, 1st singular + object suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - I will make her", "*midbār*": "noun, masculine, singular - wilderness", "*šattihā*": "qal perfect, 1st singular + object suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - I will set her", "*ʾereṣ*": "noun, feminine, singular - land", "*ṣiyyāh*": "noun, feminine, singular - drought/dryness", "*hamittîhā*": "hiphil perfect, 1st singular + object suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - I will kill her", "*ṣāmāʾ*": "noun, masculine, singular - thirst" }, "variants": { "*ʾapšîṭennāh*": "I will strip/undress/remove clothing from her", "*ʿărummāh*": "naked/bare/exposed", "*hiṣṣagtîhā*": "I will set/place/establish her", "*yôm*": "day/time", "*hiwwāldāh*": "her being born/her birth", "*śamtîhā*": "I will make/place/establish her", "*midbār*": "wilderness/desert/uninhabited land", "*šattihā*": "I will set/place/establish her", "*ʾereṣ*": "land/earth/ground", "*ṣiyyāh*": "drought/dryness/parched land", "*hamittîhā*": "I will kill/put to death/cause to die", "*ṣāmāʾ*": "thirst/dryness" } } 6 { "verseID": "Hosea.2.6", "source": "‫וְאֶת־בָּנֶ֖יהָ לֹ֣א אֲרַחֵ֑ם כִּֽי־בְנֵ֥י זְנוּנִ֖ים הֵֽמָּה׃‬", "text": "And *ʾet*-*bānêhā* not *ʾăraḥēm* for-*bənê* *zənûnîm* *hēmmāh*.", "grammar": { "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*bānêhā*": "noun, masculine, plural + pronominal suffix, 3rd singular, feminine - her sons/children", "*ʾăraḥēm*": "piel imperfect, 1st singular - I will have mercy", "*bənê*": "construct noun, masculine, plural - sons/children of", "*zənûnîm*": "noun, masculine, plural - harlotries", "*hēmmāh*": "independent personal pronoun, 3rd plural, masculine - they" }, "variants": { "*bānêhā*": "her sons/children/offspring", "*ʾăraḥēm*": "I will have mercy/compassion/pity", "*bənê*": "sons/children/offspring of", "*zənûnîm*": "harlotries/prostitutions/sexual immoralities", "*hēmmāh*": "they/those ones" } } 7 { "verseID": "Hosea.2.7", "source": "‫כִּ֤י זָֽנְתָה֙ אִמָּ֔ם הֹבִ֖ישָׁה הֽוֹרָתָ֑ם כִּ֣י אָמְרָ֗ה אֵלְכָ֞ה אַחֲרֵ֤י מְאַהֲבַי֙ נֹתְנֵ֤י לַחְמִי֙ וּמֵימַ֔י צַמְרִ֣י וּפִשְׁתִּ֔י שַׁמְנִ֖י וְשִׁקּוּיָֽי׃‬", "text": "For *zāntāh* *ʾimmām*, *hôbîšāh* *hôrātām*; for *ʾāmrāh*, *ʾēlkāh* after *məʾahăbay* *nōtnê* *laḥmî* and *mêmay*, *ṣamrî* and *pištî*, *šamnî* and *šiqqûyāy*.", "grammar": { "*zāntāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd singular, feminine - she committed fornication", "*ʾimmām*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 3rd plural, masculine - their mother", "*hôbîšāh*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd singular, feminine - she caused shame", "*hôrātām*": "qal participle + pronominal suffix, 3rd plural, masculine - their conceiver", "*ʾāmrāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd singular, feminine - she said", "*ʾēlkāh*": "qal cohortative, 1st singular - let me go", "*məʾahăbay*": "piel participle, masculine, plural + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my lovers", "*nōtnê*": "qal participle, masculine, plural, construct - givers of", "*laḥmî*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my bread", "*mêmay*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my water", "*ṣamrî*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my wool", "*pištî*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my flax", "*šamnî*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my oil", "*šiqqûyāy*": "noun + pronominal suffix, 1st singular - my drinks" }, "variants": { "*zāntāh*": "she committed fornication/played the harlot", "*ʾimmām*": "their mother (collective reference to the nation)", "*hôbîšāh*": "she caused shame/acted shamefully", "*hôrātām*": "their conceiver/she who conceived them", "*ʾāmrāh*": "she said/spoke/declared", "*ʾēlkāh*": "let me go/I will pursue", "*məʾahăbay*": "my lovers/those who love me/my paramours (reference to false gods)", "*nōtnê*": "givers/providers of", "*laḥmî*": "my bread/food/sustenance", "*mêmay*": "my water/drink", "*ṣamrî*": "my wool/fleece", "*pištî*": "my flax/linen", "*šamnî*": "my oil/fat", "*šiqqûyāy*": "my drinks/beverages" } }
• Hos 2:10 : 10 { "verseID": "Hosea.2.10", "source": "‫וְהִיא֙ לֹ֣א יָֽדְעָ֔ה כִּ֤י אָֽנֹכִי֙ נָתַ֣תִּי לָ֔הּ הַדָּגָ֖ן וְהַתִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְהַיִּצְהָ֑ר וְכֶ֨סֶף הִרְבֵּ֥יתִי לָ֛הּ וְזָהָ֖ב עָשׂ֥וּ לַבָּֽעַל׃‬", "text": "And *hîʾ* not *yādəʿāh* that *ʾānōkî* *nātattî* to-her the-*dāgān* and the-*tîrôš* and the-*yiṣhār*, and *kesep* *hirbêtî* to-her and *zāhāb* *ʿāśû* for-the-*baʿal*.", "grammar": { "*hîʾ*": "independent personal pronoun, 3rd singular, feminine - she", "*yādəʿāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd singular, feminine - she knew", "*ʾānōkî*": "independent personal pronoun, 1st singular - I", "*nātattî*": "qal perfect, 1st singular - I gave", "*dāgān*": "noun, masculine, singular - grain", "*tîrôš*": "noun, masculine, singular - new wine", "*yiṣhār*": "noun, masculine, singular - fresh oil", "*kesep*": "noun, masculine, singular - silver", "*hirbêtî*": "hiphil perfect, 1st singular - I multiplied", "*zāhāb*": "noun, masculine, singular - gold", "*ʿāśû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they made/did", "*baʿal*": "noun, masculine, singular - Baal" }, "variants": { "*yādəʿāh*": "she knew/recognized/acknowledged", "*nātattî*": "I gave/provided/supplied", "*dāgān*": "grain/corn/cereal", "*tîrôš*": "new wine/must", "*yiṣhār*": "fresh oil/olive oil", "*kesep*": "silver/money", "*hirbêtî*": "I multiplied/increased/made abundant", "*zāhāb*": "gold/golden objects", "*ʿāśû*": "they made/fashioned/used", "*baʿal*": "Baal/master/false god" } }
• Hos 12:1 : 1 { "verseID": "Hosea.12.1", "source": "סְבָבֻ֤נִי בְכַ֙חַשׁ֙ אֶפְרַ֔יִם וּבְמִרְמָ֖ה בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וִֽיהוּדָ֗ה עֹ֥ד רָד֙ עִם־אֵ֔ל וְעִם־קְדוֹשִׁ֖ים נֶאֱמָֽן׃", "text": "*sĕbābunî* in-*kaḥaš* *ʾeprayim* *û*-in-*mirmâ* *bêt yiśrāʾēl* *vî-yĕhûdâ* yet *rād* with-*ʾēl* *vĕ*-with-*qĕdôšîm* *neʾĕmān*", "grammar": { "*sĕbābunî*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd plural with 1st singular suffix - they surround me", "*kaḥaš*": "noun, masculine singular - deceit/falsehood/lies", "*ʾeprayim*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Ephraim (tribe/kingdom)", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*mirmâ*": "noun, feminine singular - deceit/treachery", "*bêt yiśrāʾēl*": "construct phrase - house of Israel", "*vî-yĕhûdâ*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Judah", "*rād*": "verb, qal participle masculine singular - roams/wanders/rules", "*ʾēl*": "noun, masculine singular - God/divine being", "*vĕ*": "conjunction - and", "*qĕdôšîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - holy ones/saints", "*neʾĕmān*": "verb, niphal participle masculine singular - faithful/trustworthy" }, "variants": { "*sĕbābunî*": "surround me/encompass me/encircle me", "*kaḥaš*": "deceit/lying/falsehood", "*rād*": "wanders/roams/rules/dominates", "*ʾēl*": "God/divine being/power", "*qĕdôšîm*": "holy ones/saints/holy beings" } }
• 2 Kgs 15:19 : 19 { "verseID": "2 Kings.15.19", "source": "בָּ֣א פ֤וּל מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר֙ עַל־הָאָ֔רֶץ וַיִּתֵּ֤ן מְנַחֵם֙ לְפ֔וּל אֶ֖לֶף כִּכַּר־כָּ֑סֶף לִהְי֤וֹת יָדָיו֙ אִתּ֔וֹ לְהַחֲזִ֥יק הַמַּמְלָכָ֖ה בְּיָדֽוֹ׃", "text": "*Baʾ* *Pul* *melek*-*ʾAshshur* against-the *ʾarets*, and *yitten* *Mənaḥem* to *Pul* thousand *kikkar*-*kaseph* to *lihyot* *yadaw* with him, to *haḥaziq* the *mamlakah* in *yado*.", "grammar": { "*Baʾ*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - came", "*Pul*": "proper name - Pul", "*melek*": "construct state, masculine singular - king of", "*ʾAshshur*": "proper name - Assyria", "*ʾarets*": "definite noun, feminine singular - the land", "*yitten*": "qal imperfect with waw consecutive, 3rd masculine singular - gave", "*Mənaḥem*": "proper name - Menahem", "*kikkar*": "construct state, feminine singular - talent of", "*kaseph*": "masculine singular - silver", "*lihyot*": "qal infinitive construct with prefix - to be", "*yadaw*": "feminine dual with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his hands", "*haḥaziq*": "hiphil infinitive construct with prefix - to strengthen", "*mamlakah*": "definite noun, feminine singular - the kingdom", "*yado*": "feminine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his hand" }, "variants": { "*Pul*": "Pul (Tiglath-Pileser III)", "*kikkar*": "talent (unit of weight/money)", "*haḥaziq*": "to strengthen/to establish/to hold firm" } }
• Job 39:5-8 : 5 { "verseID": "Job.39.5", "source": "מִֽי־שִׁלַּ֣ח פֶּ֣רֶא חָפְשִׁ֑י וּמֹסְר֥וֹת עָ֝ר֗וֹד מִ֣י פִתֵּֽחַ׃", "text": "*mî*-*šillaḥ* *pereʾ* *ḥopšî* *û*-*môsərôt* *ʿārôd* *mî* *pittēaḥ*", "grammar": { "*mî*": "interrogative pronoun - who", "*šillaḥ*": "piel perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he sent away/set free", "*pereʾ*": "masculine singular absolute - wild donkey", "*ḥopšî*": "masculine singular adjective - free", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*môsərôt*": "feminine plural construct - bonds/chains of", "*ʿārôd*": "masculine singular absolute - wild ass", "*mî*": "interrogative pronoun - who", "*pittēaḥ*": "piel perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he opened/untied" }, "variants": { "*mî*": "who", "*šillaḥ*": "sent away/set free/let loose", "*pereʾ*": "wild donkey/onager", "*ḥopšî*": "free/liberty", "*môsərôt*": "bonds/chains/restraints", "*ʿārôd*": "wild ass/onager", "*pittēaḥ*": "opened/untied/loosed" } } 6 { "verseID": "Job.39.6", "source": "אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי עֲרָבָ֣ה בֵית֑וֹ וּֽמִשְׁכְּנוֹתָ֥יו מְלֵֽחָה׃", "text": "*ʾăšer*-*śamtî* *ʿărābāh* *bêtô* *û*-*mišḵənôtāyw* *məlēḥāh*", "grammar": { "*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - who/which/that", "*śamtî*": "qal perfect, 1st person common singular - I set/placed", "*ʿărābāh*": "feminine singular absolute - desert plain/wilderness", "*bêtô*": "masculine singular construct with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his house", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*mišḵənôtāyw*": "masculine plural construct with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his dwelling places", "*məlēḥāh*": "feminine singular absolute - salt land/barren place" }, "variants": { "*ʾăšer*": "who/which/that", "*śamtî*": "I set/placed/established", "*ʿărābāh*": "desert plain/wilderness/steppe", "*bêtô*": "his house/home/dwelling", "*mišḵənôtāyw*": "his dwelling places/habitations", "*məlēḥāh*": "salt land/barren place/salt marsh" } } 7 { "verseID": "Job.39.7", "source": "יִ֭שְׂחַק לַהֲמ֣וֹן קִרְיָ֑ה תְּשֻׁא֥וֹת נ֝וֹגֵ֗שׂ לֹ֣א יִשְׁמָֽע׃", "text": "*yiśḥaq* *la*-*hămôn* *qiryāh* *təšuʾôt* *nôgēś* *lōʾ* *yišmāʿ*", "grammar": { "*yiśḥaq*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he laughs/mocks", "*la*": "preposition - at/to", "*hămôn*": "masculine singular construct - multitude/tumult of", "*qiryāh*": "feminine singular absolute - city/town", "*təšuʾôt*": "feminine plural construct - shoutings of", "*nôgēś*": "qal participle, masculine singular absolute - taskmaster/driver", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*yišmāʿ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he hears/obeys" }, "variants": { "*yiśḥaq*": "he laughs/mocks/scorns", "*hămôn*": "multitude/tumult/noise", "*qiryāh*": "city/town", "*təšuʾôt*": "shoutings/cries/noise", "*nôgēś*": "taskmaster/driver/oppressor", "*yišmāʿ*": "he hears/obeys/listens to" } } 8 { "verseID": "Job.39.8", "source": "יְת֣וּר הָרִ֣ים מִרְעֵ֑הוּ וְאַחַ֖ר כָּל־יָר֣וֹק יִדְרֽוֹשׁ׃", "text": "*yətûr* *hārîm* *mirʿēhû* *wə*-*ʾaḥar* *kol*-*yārôq* *yidrôš*", "grammar": { "*yətûr*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he searches/explores", "*hārîm*": "masculine plural absolute - mountains", "*mirʿēhû*": "masculine singular construct with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his pasture", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*ʾaḥar*": "preposition - after", "*kol*": "construct - every/all", "*yārôq*": "masculine singular adjective - green thing", "*yidrôš*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he seeks/searches" }, "variants": { "*yətûr*": "he searches/explores/spies out", "*hārîm*": "mountains/hills", "*mirʿēhû*": "his pasture/grazing place", "*ʾaḥar*": "after/behind", "*yārôq*": "green thing/vegetation", "*yidrôš*": "he seeks/searches/inquires after" } }
• Isa 30:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Isaiah.30.6", "source": "מַשָּׂא בַּהֲמוֹת נֶגֶב בְּאֶרֶץ צָרָה וְצוּקָה לָבִיא וָלַיִשׁ מֵהֶם אֶפְעֶה וְשָׂרָף מְעוֹפֵף יִשְׂאוּ עַל־כֶּתֶף עֲיָרִים חֵילֵהֶם וְעַל־דַּבֶּשֶׁת גְּמַלִּים אוֹצְרֹתָם עַל־עַם לֹא יוֹעִילוּ׃", "text": "*Maśśāʾ* of *bahămôt* [of the] *negeb*: in a land of *ṣārâ* and *ṣûqâ*, *lābîʾ* and *layiš* from them, *ʾepʿeh* and *śārāp* *meʿôpēp*, they *yiśʾû* upon [the] shoulder of *ʿăyārîm* their *ḥêlēhem*, and upon [the] hump of *gemallîm* their *ʾôṣerōtām*, to a people [that] will not *yôʿîlû*.", "grammar": { "*Maśśāʾ*": "masculine singular construct - burden/oracle concerning", "*bahămôt*": "feminine plural noun - beasts/animals", "*negeb*": "proper noun - Negev/South", "*ṣārâ*": "feminine singular noun - distress/trouble", "*ṣûqâ*": "feminine singular noun - distress/pressure", "*lābîʾ*": "masculine singular noun - lion", "*layiš*": "masculine singular noun - lion", "*ʾepʿeh*": "feminine singular noun - viper/adder", "*śārāp*": "masculine singular noun - fiery serpent", "*meʿôpēp*": "polel participle masculine singular - flying", "*yiśʾû*": "qal imperfect 3rd person plural - they will carry/bear", "*ʿăyārîm*": "masculine plural noun - young donkeys", "*ḥêlēhem*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their wealth/strength", "*gemallîm*": "masculine plural noun - camels", "*ʾôṣerōtām*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their treasures", "*yôʿîlû*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd person plural - they will profit/benefit" }, "variants": { "*Maśśāʾ*": "burden/oracle/prophecy", "*bahămôt*": "beasts/animals/cattle", "*negeb*": "Negev/South/southern region", "*ṣārâ*": "distress/trouble/adversity", "*ṣûqâ*": "distress/pressure/constraint", "*lābîʾ*": "lion (older male lion)", "*layiš*": "lion (strong lion)", "*ʾepʿeh*": "viper/adder/poisonous snake", "*śārāp*": "fiery serpent/seraph/burning one", "*meʿôpēp*": "flying/hovering/fluttering", "*yiśʾû*": "they will carry/bear/lift", "*ʿăyārîm*": "young donkeys/male donkeys/colts", "*ḥêlēhem*": "their wealth/strength/resources", "*gemallîm*": "camels", "*ʾôṣerōtām*": "their treasures/riches/storehouses", "*yôʿîlû*": "they will profit/benefit/be of use" } }