Isaiah 3:8

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Isaiah.3.8", "source": "כִּ֤י כָשְׁלָה֙ יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וִיהוּדָ֖ה נָפָ֑ל כִּֽי־לְשׁוֹנָ֤ם וּמַֽעַלְלֵיהֶם֙ אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה לַמְר֖וֹת עֵנֵ֥י כְבוֹדֽוֹ", "text": "For *kāšəlāh* *Yərûšālaim* and-*Yəhûdāh* *nāpāl*; for-*ləšônām* and-*maʿalləlêhem* against-*YHWH*, to-*mamrôt* *ʿênê* *kəbôdô*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*kāšəlāh*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - she has stumbled/staggered", "*Yərûšālaim*": "proper noun, feminine - Jerusalem", "*Yəhûdāh*": "proper noun - Judah", "*nāpāl*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he has fallen", "*ləšônām*": "noun, feminine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their tongue", "*maʿalləlêhem*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their deeds/practices", "*ʾel*": "preposition - against/toward", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*ləmamrôt*": "preposition with Hiphil infinitive construct - to rebel against/to defy", "*ʿênê*": "noun, feminine dual construct - eyes of", "*kəbôdô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his glory" }, "variants": { "*kāšəlāh*": "has stumbled/staggered/tottered", "*nāpāl*": "has fallen/collapsed/been brought down", "*lāšôn*": "tongue/language/speech", "*maʿalləlîm*": "deeds/practices/doings", "*mamrôt*": "to rebel against/to defy/to provoke", "*ʿênayim*": "eyes/sight/presence", "*kābôd*": "glory/honor/splendor" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

כִּ֤י כָשְׁלָה֙ יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם וִיהוּדָ֖ה נָפָ֑ל כִּֽי־לְשׁוֹנָ֤ם וּמַֽעַלְלֵיהֶם֙ אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה לַמְר֖וֹת עֵנֵ֥י כְבוֹדֽוֹ

Transliteration

For kāšəlāh Yərûšālaim and-Yəhûdāh nāpāl; for-ləšônām and-maʿalləlêhem against-YHWH, to-mamrôt ʿênê kəbôdô

Grammar Details

• *kî*: conjunction - for/because
• *kāšəlāh*: Qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - she has stumbled/staggered
• *Yərûšālaim*: proper noun, feminine - Jerusalem
• *Yəhûdāh*: proper noun - Judah
• *nāpāl*: Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he has fallen
• *ləšônām*: noun, feminine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their tongue
• *maʿalləlêhem*: noun, masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their deeds/practices
• *ʾel*: preposition - against/toward
• *YHWH*: divine name
• *ləmamrôt*: preposition with Hiphil infinitive construct - to rebel against/to defy
• *ʿênê*: noun, feminine dual construct - eyes of
• *kəbôdô*: noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his glory

Word Meanings

• *kāšəlāh*: has stumbled/staggered/tottered
• *nāpāl*: has fallen/collapsed/been brought down
• *lāšôn*: tongue/language/speech
• *maʿalləlîm*: deeds/practices/doings
• *mamrôt*: to rebel against/to defy/to provoke
• *ʿênayim*: eyes/sight/presence
• *kābôd*: glory/honor/splendor

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  For Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen, because their speech and actions are against the LORD, challenging His glorious presence.

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen: because their tongue and their doings are against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of his glory.

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen, because their speech and their actions are against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of His glory.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen: because their tongue and their doings are against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of his glory.

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  For Jerusalem{H3389} is ruined,{H3782} and Judah{H3063} is fallen;{H5307} because their tongue{H3956} and their doings{H4611} are against Jehovah,{H3068} to provoke{H4784} the eyes{H5869} of his glory.{H3519}

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  For Jerusalem{H3389} is ruined{H3782}{(H8804)}, and Judah{H3063} is fallen{H5307}{(H8804)}: because their tongue{H3956} and their doings{H4611} are against the LORD{H3068}, to provoke{H4784}{(H8687)} the eyes{H5869} of his glory{H3519}.

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  For Ierusalem and Iuda must decaye, because that both their wordes and councels are agaynst the LORDE, they prouoke the presence of his magesty vnto anger.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  Doubtlesse Ierusalem is fallen, and Iudah is fallen downe, because their tongue & workes are against the Lord, to prouoke the eyes of his glory.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  For Hierusalem and Iuda must decay: because that both their wordes and counsayles are agaynst the Lorde to prouoke the presence of his maiestie to anger.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen: because their tongue and their doings [are] against the LORD, to provoke the eyes of his glory.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen; Because their tongue and their doings are against Yahweh, To provoke the eyes of his glory.

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  For stumbled hath Jerusalem, and Judah hath fallen, For their tongue and their doings `are' against Jehovah, To provoke the eyes of His glory.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen; because their tongue and their doings are against Jehovah, to provoke the eyes of his glory.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen; because their tongue and their doings are against Jehovah, to provoke the eyes of his glory.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  For Jerusalem has become feeble, and destruction has come on Judah, because their words and their acts are against the Lord, moving the eyes of his glory to wrath.

• World English Bible (2000)

  For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen; because their tongue and their doings are against Yahweh, to provoke the eyes of his glory.

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  Jerusalem certainly stumbles, Judah falls, for their words and their actions offend the LORD; they rebel against his royal authority.

Referenced Verses

• 2 Chr 28:5-7 : 5 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.28.5", "source": "וַֽיִּתְּנֵ֜הוּ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהָיו֮ בְּיַ֣ד מֶ֣לֶךְ אֲרָם֒ וַיַּ֨כּוּ־ב֔וֹ וַיִּשְׁבּ֤וּ מִמֶּ֙נּוּ֙ שִׁבְיָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה וַיָּבִ֖יאוּ דַּרְמָ֑שֶׂק וְ֠גַם בְּיַד־מֶ֤לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ נִתָּ֔ן וַיַּךְ־בּ֖וֹ מַכָּ֥ה גְדוֹלָֽה׃", "text": "*wayyittənêhû* *YHWH* *ʾĕlōhāyw* *bəyad* *melek* *ʾărām* *wayyakkû*-*ḇô* *wayyishbû* *mimmennû* *shiḇyāh* *gədôlāh* *wayyāḇîʾû* *Darmeśeq* *wəgam* *bəyad*-*melek* *Yiśrāʾêl* *nittān* *wayyak*-*bô* *makkāh* *gədôlāh*", "grammar": { "*wayyittənêhû*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and he gave him", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh", "*ʾĕlōhāyw*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his God", "*bəyad*": "preposition + feminine singular construct - in hand of", "*melek*": "masculine singular construct - king of", "*ʾărām*": "proper noun - Aram/Syria", "*wayyakkû*-*ḇô*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine plural hiphil imperfect waw-consecutive + preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and they struck against him", "*wayyishbû*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine plural qal imperfect waw-consecutive - and they took captive", "*mimmennû*": "preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - from him", "*shiḇyāh*": "feminine singular noun - captivity/captives/group of prisoners", "*gədôlāh*": "feminine singular adjective - great", "*wayyāḇîʾû*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine plural hiphil imperfect waw-consecutive - and they brought", "*Darmeśeq*": "proper noun - Damascus", "*wəgam*": "conjunction + adverb - and also", "*bəyad*-*melek*": "preposition + feminine singular construct + masculine singular construct - in hand of king of", "*Yiśrāʾêl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*nittān*": "3rd masculine singular niphal perfect - he was given", "*wayyak*-*bô*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine singular hiphil imperfect waw-consecutive + preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and he struck against him", "*makkāh*": "feminine singular noun - blow/wound/defeat/slaughter", "*gədôlāh*": "feminine singular adjective - great" }, "variants": { "*ʾĕlōhāyw*": "his God/his gods (plural form with singular meaning)", "*shiḇyāh*": "captivity/captives/group of prisoners", "*makkāh*": "blow/wound/defeat/slaughter" } } 6 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.28.6", "source": "וַיַּהֲרֹג֩ פֶּ֨קַח בֶּן־רְמַלְיָ֜הוּ בִּֽיהוּדָ֗ה מֵאָ֨ה וְעֶשְׂרִ֥ים אֶ֛לֶף בְּי֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד הַכֹּ֣ל בְּנֵי־חָ֑יִל בְּעָזְבָ֕ם אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתָֽם׃", "text": "*wayyaharōg* *Peqaḥ* *ben*-*Rəmalyāhû* *bîhûdāh* *mêʾāh* *wəʿeśrîm* *ʾelep* *bəyôm* *ʾeḥād* *hakkōl* *bənê*-*ḥāyil* *bəʿāzḇām* *ʾet*-*YHWH* *ʾĕlōhê* *ʾaḇôtām*", "grammar": { "*wayyaharōg*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect waw-consecutive - and he killed", "*Peqaḥ*": "proper noun - Pekah", "*ben*-*Rəmalyāhû*": "construct state + proper noun - son of Remaliah", "*bîhûdāh*": "preposition + proper noun - in Judah", "*mêʾāh*": "feminine singular number - hundred", "*wəʿeśrîm*": "conjunction + plural number - and twenty", "*ʾelep*": "masculine singular noun - thousand", "*bəyôm*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - in day", "*ʾeḥād*": "masculine singular number - one", "*hakkōl*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the all/all of them", "*bənê*-*ḥāyil*": "masculine plural construct + masculine singular noun - sons of strength/men of valor", "*bəʿāzḇām*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct + 3rd masculine plural suffix - in their forsaking", "*ʾet*-*YHWH*": "direct object marker + divine name - Yahweh", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "masculine plural construct - God of", "*ʾaḇôtām*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their fathers" }, "variants": { "*bənê*-*ḥāyil*": "men of valor/valiant men/warriors", "*bəʿāzḇām*": "because they forsook/in their abandoning" } } 7 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.28.7", "source": "וַֽיַּהֲרֹ֞ג זִכְרִ֣י ׀ גִּבּ֣וֹר אֶפְרַ֗יִם אֶת־מַעֲשֵׂיָ֙הוּ֙ בֶּן־הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ וְאֶת־עַזְרִיקָ֖ם נְגִ֣יד הַבָּ֑יִת וְאֶת־אֶלְקָנָ֖ה מִשְׁנֵ֥ה הַמֶּֽלֶךְ׃", "text": "*wayyaharōg* *Ziḵrî* *gibbôr* *ʾEprayim* *ʾet*-*Maʿaśêyāhû* *ben*-*hammelek* *wəʾet*-*ʿAzrîqām* *nəgîd* *habbāyit* *wəʾet*-*ʾElqānāh* *mishnêh* *hammelek*", "grammar": { "*wayyaharōg*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect waw-consecutive - and he killed", "*Ziḵrî*": "proper noun - Zichri", "*gibbôr*": "masculine singular construct - mighty man of", "*ʾEprayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim", "*ʾet*-*Maʿaśêyāhû*": "direct object marker + proper noun - Maaseiah", "*ben*-*hammelek*": "construct state + definite article + masculine singular noun - son of the king", "*wəʾet*-*ʿAzrîqām*": "conjunction + direct object marker + proper noun - and Azrikam", "*nəgîd*": "masculine singular construct - leader of", "*habbāyit*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the house", "*wəʾet*-*ʾElqānāh*": "conjunction + direct object marker + proper noun - and Elkanah", "*mishnêh*": "masculine singular construct - second to", "*hammelek*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the king" }, "variants": { "*gibbôr*": "mighty man/warrior/hero", "*nəgîd*": "leader/ruler/commander", "*mishnêh* *hammelek*": "second to the king/deputy of the king" } }
• 2 Chr 28:18 : 18 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.28.18", "source": "וּפְלִשְׁתִּ֣ים פָּשְׁט֗וּ בְּעָרֵ֨י הַשְּׁפֵלָ֣ה וְהַנֶּגֶב֮ לִֽיהוּדָה֒ וַֽ֠יִּלְכְּדוּ אֶת־בֵּֽית־שֶׁ֨מֶשׁ וְאֶת־אַיָּל֜וֹן וְאֶת־הַגְּדֵר֗וֹת וְאֶת־שׂוֹכ֤וֹ וּבְנוֹתֶ֙יהָ֙ וְאֶת־תִּמְנָ֣ה וּבְנוֹתֶ֔יהָ וְאֶת־גִּמְז֖וֹ וְאֶת־בְּנֹתֶ֑יהָ וַיֵּשְׁב֖וּ שָֽׁם׃", "text": "*ûPəlishtîm* *pāshəṭû* *bəʿārê* *hashshəpêlāh* *wəhannegeḇ* *lîhûdāh* *wayyilkədû* *ʾet*-*Bêt*-*shemesh* *wəʾet*-*ʾAyyālôn* *wəʾet*-*haGgədêrôt* *wəʾet*-*Śôḵô* *ûḇənôtehā* *wəʾet*-*Timnāh* *ûḇənôtehā* *wəʾet*-*Gimzô* *wəʾet*-*bənōtehā* *wayyêshəḇû* *shām*", "grammar": { "*ûPəlishtîm*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Philistines", "*pāshəṭû*": "3rd masculine plural qal perfect - they raided", "*bəʿārê*": "preposition + feminine plural construct - in cities of", "*hashshəpêlāh*": "definite article + feminine singular noun - the lowland", "*wəhannegeḇ*": "conjunction + definite article + proper noun - and the Negev", "*lîhûdāh*": "preposition + proper noun - of/belonging to Judah", "*wayyilkədû*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine plural qal imperfect waw-consecutive - and they captured", "*ʾet*-*Bêt*-*shemesh*": "direct object marker + proper noun - Beth-shemesh", "*wəʾet*-*ʾAyyālôn*": "conjunction + direct object marker + proper noun - and Aijalon", "*wəʾet*-*haGgədêrôt*": "conjunction + direct object marker + definite article + proper noun - and Gederoth", "*wəʾet*-*Śôḵô*": "conjunction + direct object marker + proper noun - and Soco", "*ûḇənôtehā*": "conjunction + feminine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and its daughters/surrounding villages", "*wəʾet*-*Timnāh*": "conjunction + direct object marker + proper noun - and Timnah", "*ûḇənôtehā*": "conjunction + feminine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and its daughters/surrounding villages", "*wəʾet*-*Gimzô*": "conjunction + direct object marker + proper noun - and Gimzo", "*wəʾet*-*bənōtehā*": "conjunction + direct object marker + feminine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and its daughters/surrounding villages", "*wayyêshəḇû*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine plural qal imperfect waw-consecutive - and they dwelt/settled", "*shām*": "adverb - there" }, "variants": { "*pāshəṭû*": "raided/spread out/made a raid", "*hashshəpêlāh*": "the lowland/foothills region", "*bənôtehā*": "its daughters/surrounding villages/settlements (metaphor for satellite towns)" } }
• 2 Chr 33:6-7 : 6 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.33.6", "source": "וְהוּא֩ הֶעֱבִ֨יר אֶת־בָּנָ֤יו בָּאֵשׁ֙ בְּגֵ֣י בֶן־הִנֹּ֔ם וְעוֹנֵ֤ן וְנִחֵשׁ֙ וְֽכִשֵּׁ֔ף וְעָ֥שָׂה א֖וֹב וְיִדְּעוֹנִ֑י הִרְבָּ֗ה לַעֲשׂ֥וֹת הָרַ֛ע בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה לְהַכְעִיסֽוֹ׃", "text": "*Wehûʾ* *heʿĕvîr* *ʾet*-*bānāyw* *bāʾêsh* *begê* *ven*-*hinnom* *weʿônên* *weniḥêsh* *wekhishshêf* *weʿāsāh* *ʾôv* *weyiddeʿônî* *hirbāh* *laʿăsôt* *hāraʿ* *beʿênê* *YHWH* *lehakhʿîsô*", "grammar": { "*Wehûʾ*": "conjunction + 3rd person masculine singular pronoun - and he", "*heʿĕvîr*": "Hiphil perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - caused to pass", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*bānāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his sons", "*bāʾêsh*": "preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun - in the fire", "*begê*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - in valley of", "*ven*": "masculine singular construct - son of", "*hinnom*": "proper noun - Hinnom", "*weʿônên*": "conjunction + Poel perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - practiced soothsaying", "*weniḥêsh*": "conjunction + Piel perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - practiced divination", "*wekhishshêf*": "conjunction + Piel perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - practiced sorcery", "*weʿāsāh*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and he made/practiced", "*ʾôv*": "masculine singular noun - medium/necromancer", "*weyiddeʿônî*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - spiritist/wizard", "*hirbāh*": "Hiphil perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - multiplied/increased", "*laʿăsôt*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - to do", "*hāraʿ*": "definite article + adjective, masculine singular - the evil", "*beʿênê*": "preposition + construct plural of עַיִן - in eyes of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh", "*lehakhʿîsô*": "preposition + Hiphil infinitive construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - to provoke him to anger" }, "variants": { "*heʿĕvîr* *bāʾêsh*": "passed through fire/burned as offering", "*ʿônên*": "practiced soothsaying/used fortune-telling/observed omens", "*niḥêsh*": "practiced divination/used enchantments", "*khishshêf*": "practiced sorcery/witchcraft", "*ʾôv*": "medium/necromancer/ghost conjurer", "*yiddeʿônî*": "spiritist/wizard/familiar spirit" } } 7 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.33.7", "source": "וַיָּ֕שֶׂם אֶת־פֶּ֥סֶל הַסֶּ֖מֶל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֑ה בְּבֵ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָמַ֤ר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־דָּוִיד֙ וְאֶל־שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה בְנ֔וֹ בַּבַּ֨יִת הַזֶּ֜ה וּבִֽירוּשָׁלִַ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּחַ֙רְתִּי֙ מִכֹּל֙ שִׁבְטֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אָשִׂ֥ים אֶת־שְׁמִ֖י לְעֵילֽוֹם׃", "text": "*Wayyāsem* *ʾet*-*pesel* *hassemel* *ăsher* *ʿāsāh* *bevêt* *hāʾĕlōhîm* *ăsher* *ʾāmar* *ʾĕlōhîm* *ʾel*-*Dāwid* *weʾel*-*Shelōmōh* *venô* *babayît* *hazzeh* *ûvîrûshālaim* *ăsher* *bāḥartî* *mikkōl* *shivṭê* *Yisrāʾêl* *ʾāsîm* *ʾet*-*shemî* *leʿêlôm*", "grammar": { "*Wayyāsem*": "Qal imperfect consecutive, 3rd person masculine singular - and he placed", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*pesel*": "masculine singular construct - carved image of", "*hassemel*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the idol/image", "*ăsher*": "relative particle - which", "*ʿāsāh*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he made", "*bevêt*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - in house of", "*hāʾĕlōhîm*": "definite article + masculine plural noun - the God", "*ăsher*": "relative particle - of which", "*ʾāmar*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - said", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun - God", "*ʾel*": "preposition - to", "*Dāwid*": "proper noun - David", "*weʾel*": "conjunction + preposition - and to", "*Shelōmōh*": "proper noun - Solomon", "*venô*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his son", "*babayît*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - in the house", "*hazzeh*": "definite article + demonstrative adjective - this", "*ûvîrûshālaim*": "conjunction + preposition + proper noun - and in Jerusalem", "*ăsher*": "relative particle - which", "*bāḥartî*": "Qal perfect, 1st person common singular - I have chosen", "*mikkōl*": "preposition + noun construct - from all of", "*shivṭê*": "masculine plural construct - tribes of", "*Yisrāʾêl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*ʾāsîm*": "Qal imperfect, 1st person common singular - I will put", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*shemî*": "masculine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my name", "*leʿêlôm*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - forever" }, "variants": { "*pesel* *hassemel*": "carved image of the idol/image statue/cultic symbol", "*hāʾĕlōhîm*": "God/the true God", "*leʿêlôm*": "forever/for eternity/perpetually" } }
• 2 Chr 33:11 : 11 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.33.11", "source": "וַיָּבֵ֨א יְהוָ֜ה עֲלֵיהֶ֗ם אֶת־שָׂרֵ֤י הַצָּבָא֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ אַשּׁ֔וּר וַיִּלְכְּד֥וּ אֶת־מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה בַּחֹחִ֑ים וַיַּֽאַסְרֻ֙הוּ֙ בַּֽנְחֻשְׁתַּ֔יִם וַיּוֹלִיכֻ֖הוּ בָּבֶֽלָה׃", "text": "*Wayyāvêʾ* *YHWH* *ʿălêhem* *ʾet*-*sārê* *haṣṣāvāʾ* *ăsher* *lemelek* *ʾAshshûr* *wayyilkedû* *ʾet*-*Menasheh* *baḥōḥîm* *wayyaʾasruhû* *banneḥushtayim* *wayyôlîkhûhû* *Bāvelāh*", "grammar": { "*Wayyāvêʾ*": "Hiphil imperfect consecutive, 3rd person masculine singular - and he brought", "*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name - Yahweh", "*ʿălêhem*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - against them", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*sārê*": "masculine plural construct - commanders of", "*haṣṣāvāʾ*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the army", "*ăsher*": "relative particle - who/which", "*lemelek*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - belonging to king of", "*ʾAshshûr*": "proper noun - Assyria", "*wayyilkedû*": "Qal imperfect consecutive, 3rd person masculine plural - and they captured", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*Menasheh*": "proper noun - Manasseh", "*baḥōḥîm*": "preposition + masculine plural noun - with hooks", "*wayyaʾasruhû*": "Qal imperfect consecutive, 3rd person masculine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - and they bound him", "*banneḥushtayim*": "preposition + definite article + feminine dual noun - with bronze fetters", "*wayyôlîkhûhû*": "Hiphil imperfect consecutive, 3rd person masculine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - and they brought him", "*Bāvelāh*": "proper noun + directional heh - to Babylon" }, "variants": { "*sārê* *haṣṣāvāʾ*": "commanders of the army/military officers", "*baḥōḥîm*": "with hooks/with thorns/with nose rings", "*neḥushtayim*": "double bronze fetters/copper chains" } }
• 2 Chr 36:17-19 : 17 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.36.17", "source": "וַיַּ֨עַל עֲלֵיהֶ֜ם אֶת־מֶ֣לֶךְ *כשדיים **כַּשְׂדִּ֗ים וַיַּהֲרֹ֨ג בַּחוּרֵיהֶ֤ם בַּחֶ֙רֶב֙ בְּבֵ֣ית מִקְדָּשָׁ֔ם וְלֹ֥א חָמַ֛ל עַל־בָּח֥וּר וּבְתוּלָ֖ה זָקֵ֣ן וְיָשֵׁ֑שׁ הַכֹּ֖ל נָתַ֥ן בְּיָדֽוֹ׃", "text": "And *wayyaʿal* against-them *ʾet*-*melek* *kaśdîm* and *wayyahărōg* their-*baḥûrêhem* with-the-*ḥereb* in-*bêt* their-*miqdāšām* and-not *ḥāmal* on-*bāḥûr* and-*bĕtûlâ* *zāqēn* and-*yāšēš* the-all *nātan* in-his-hand", "grammar": { "*wayyaʿal*": "waw consecutive + Hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - and he brought up", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*melek*": "masculine singular construct noun - king of", "*kaśdîm*": "proper noun - Chaldeans", "*wayyahărōg*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - and he killed", "*baḥûrêhem*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their young men", "*ḥereb*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the sword", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of", "*miqdāšām*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their sanctuary", "*ḥāmal*": "Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he had compassion", "*bāḥûr*": "masculine singular noun - young man", "*bĕtûlâ*": "feminine singular noun - virgin", "*zāqēn*": "masculine singular adjective - old", "*yāšēš*": "masculine singular adjective - very aged", "*nātan*": "Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he gave" }, "variants": { "*kaśdîm*": "Chaldeans/Babylonians", "*wayyahărōg*": "he killed/he slew/he put to death", "*ḥāmal*": "had compassion/spared/showed pity", "*yāšēš*": "very aged/decrepit/infirm" } } 18 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.36.18", "source": "וְ֠כֹל כְּלֵ֞י בֵּ֤ית הָאֱלֹהִים֙ הַגְּדֹלִ֣ים וְהַקְּטַנִּ֔ים וְאֹֽצְרוֹת֙ בֵּ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה וְאֹצְר֥וֹת הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ וְשָׂרָ֑יו הַכֹּ֖ל הֵבִ֥יא בָבֶֽל׃", "text": "And-all *kəlê* *bêt* the-*ʾĕlōhîm* the-*gədōlîm* and-the-*qəṭannîm* and-*ʾōṣĕrôt* *bêt* *yhwh* and-*ʾōṣĕrôt* the-*melek* and-his-*śārāyw* the-all *hēbîʾ* *bābel*", "grammar": { "*kəlê*": "masculine plural construct noun - vessels of", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the God", "*gədōlîm*": "masculine plural adjective with definite article - the large", "*qəṭannîm*": "masculine plural adjective with definite article - the small", "*ʾōṣĕrôt*": "masculine plural construct noun - treasuries of", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of", "*yhwh*": "divine name - YHWH/LORD", "*ʾōṣĕrôt*": "masculine plural construct noun - treasuries of", "*melek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the king", "*śārāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his officials", "*hēbîʾ*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he brought", "*bābel*": "proper noun - Babylon" }, "variants": { "*kəlê*": "vessels/articles/utensils", "*ʾōṣĕrôt*": "treasuries/storehouses/treasures" } } 19 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.36.19", "source": "וַֽיִּשְׂרְפוּ֙ אֶת־בֵּ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֔ים וַֽיְנַתְּצ֔וּ אֵ֖ת חוֹמַ֣ת יְרוּשָׁלָ֑͏ִם וְכָל־אַרְמְנוֹתֶ֙יהָ֙ שָׂרְפ֣וּ בָאֵ֔שׁ וְכָל־כְּלֵ֥י מַחֲמַדֶּ֖יהָ לְהַשְׁחִֽית׃ ס", "text": "And *wayyiśrĕpû* *ʾet-bêt* the-*ʾĕlōhîm* and *waynatṣû* *ʾēt* *ḥômat* *yərûšālāim* and-all-her-*ʾarmĕnôtehā* *śārĕpû* with-the-*ʾēš* and-all-*kəlê* her-*maḥămaddehā* to-*hašḥît*", "grammar": { "*wayyiśrĕpû*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural - and they burned", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the God", "*waynatṣû*": "waw consecutive + Piel imperfect 3rd person masculine plural - and they broke down", "*ḥômat*": "feminine singular construct noun - wall of", "*yərûšālāim*": "proper noun - Jerusalem", "*ʾarmĕnôtehā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - her palaces", "*śārĕpû*": "Qal perfect 3rd person common plural - they burned", "*ʾēš*": "feminine singular noun with definite article and preposition - with the fire", "*kəlê*": "masculine plural construct noun - vessels of", "*maḥămaddehā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - her desirable things", "*hašḥît*": "Hiphil infinitive construct - to destroy" }, "variants": { "*waynatṣû*": "they broke down/they tore down/they demolished", "*ʾarmĕnôtehā*": "her palaces/her citadels/her fortresses", "*maḥămaddehā*": "her desirable things/her precious articles/her valuable objects" } }
• Ps 73:8-9 : 8 { "verseID": "Psalms.73.8", "source": "יָמִ֤יקוּ ׀ וִידַבְּר֣וּ בְרָ֣ע עֹ֑שֶׁק מִמָּר֥וֹם יְדַבֵּֽרוּ׃", "text": "*Yamiqu wida'bberu vera' 'osheq*; *mimmarom yedabberu*.", "grammar": { "*Yamiqu*": "verb, hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they mock/scoff", "*wida'bberu*": "conjunction + verb, piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they speak", "*vera'*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - in evil/with wickedness", "*'osheq*": "noun, masculine singular - oppression", "*mimmarom*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - from height/loftily", "*yedabberu*": "verb, piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they speak" }, "variants": { "*yamiqu*": "they mock/scoff/deride (rare word, from root meaning 'to scoff')", "*dabber*": "speak/talk/utter", "*ra'*": "evil/wickedness/harm", "*'osheq*": "oppression/extortion/violence", "*marom*": "height/high place/loftily" } } 9 { "verseID": "Psalms.73.9", "source": "שַׁתּ֣וּ בַשָּׁמַ֣יִם פִּיהֶ֑ם וּ֝לְשׁוֹנָ֗ם תִּֽהֲלַ֥ךְ בָּאָֽרֶץ׃", "text": "*Shattu vashamayim pihem*, *uleshownam tihalakh ba'aretz*.", "grammar": { "*Shattu*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd person common plural - they set/place", "*vashamayim*": "preposition + article + noun, masculine plural - in the heavens", "*pihem*": "noun, masculine singular construct + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their mouth", "*uleshownam*": "conjunction + noun, feminine singular construct + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and their tongue", "*tihalakh*": "verb, piel imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - it walks about/struts", "*ba'aretz*": "preposition + article + noun, feminine singular - in the earth" }, "variants": { "*shattu*": "they set/place/put", "*shamayim*": "heavens/sky", "*peh*": "mouth/speech", "*lashon*": "tongue/language/speech", "*halakh*": "walks/goes/struts", "*eretz*": "earth/land/ground" } } 10 { "verseID": "Psalms.73.10", "source": "לָכֵ֤ן ׀ *ישיב **יָשׁ֣וּב עַמּ֣וֹ הֲלֹ֑ם וּמֵ֥י מָ֝לֵ֗א יִמָּ֥צוּ לָֽמוֹ׃", "text": "*Lachen yashuv 'ammo halom*, *umei male yimmatzu lamo*.", "grammar": { "*Lachen*": "conjunction - therefore", "*yashuv*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular (ketiv/qere variation) - he returns/turns", "*'ammo*": "noun, masculine singular construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his people", "*halom*": "adverb - here/hither", "*umei*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural construct - and waters of", "*male*": "adjective, masculine singular - full", "*yimmatzu*": "verb, niphal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they are drained/squeezed out", "*lamo*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - to/for them" }, "variants": { "*yashuv*": "returns/turns/goes back (ketiv: *yashiv* - he will cause to return; qere: *yashuv* - he will return)", "*'am*": "people/nation", "*halom*": "here/hither", "*mei*": "waters of (construct form)", "*male*": "full/abundant", "*matsah*": "drain/squeeze/wring out", "*lamo*": "to them/for them (poetic form)" } } 11 { "verseID": "Psalms.73.11", "source": "וְֽאָמְר֗וּ אֵיכָ֥ה יָדַֽע־אֵ֑ל וְיֵ֖שׁ דֵּעָ֣ה בְעֶלְיֽוֹן׃", "text": "*We'amru*, '*Eikha yada'-El*, *weyesh de'ah ve'elyon*?", "grammar": { "*We'amru*": "conjunction + verb, qal perfect, 3rd person common plural - and they say", "*Eikha*": "interrogative - how", "*yada'-El*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular + noun, masculine singular (divine name) - God knows", "*weyesh*": "conjunction + adverb of existence - and there is", "*de'ah*": "noun, feminine singular - knowledge", "*ve'elyon*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - in Most High" }, "variants": { "*amru*": "they say/said", "*eikha*": "how/in what way", "*yada*": "knows/perceives/understands", "*El*": "God/deity/mighty one", "*yesh*": "there is/exists", "*de'ah*": "knowledge/understanding", "*elyon*": "Most High/Highest One" } }
• Isa 1:7 : 7 { "verseID": "Isaiah.1.7", "source": "אַרְצְכֶ֣ם שְׁמָמָ֔ה עָרֵיכֶ֖ם שְׂרֻפ֣וֹת אֵ֑שׁ אַדְמַתְכֶ֗ם לְנֶגְדְּכֶם֙ זָרִים֙ אֹכְלִ֣ים אֹתָ֔הּ וּשְׁמָמָ֖ה כְּמַהְפֵּכַ֥ת זָרִֽים׃", "text": "*ʾarṣᵉkem* *šᵉmāmâ* *'ārêkem* *śᵉrûpôt* *ʾēš* *ʾadmatkem* *lᵉnegdᵉkem* *zārîm* *ʾōkᵉlîm* *ʾōtāh* *ûšᵉmāmâ* *kᵉmahpēkat* *zārîm*", "grammar": { "*ʾarṣᵉkem*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - your land", "*šᵉmāmâ*": "noun, feminine singular - desolation", "*'ārêkem*": "noun, feminine plural + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - your cities", "*śᵉrûpôt*": "qal passive participle, feminine plural construct - burnt [with]", "*ʾēš*": "noun, feminine singular - fire", "*ʾadmatkem*": "noun, feminine singular + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - your ground/soil", "*lᵉnegdᵉkem*": "preposition lᵉ- + preposition + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - before you", "*zārîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - strangers/foreigners", "*ʾōkᵉlîm*": "participle, qal active, masculine plural - devour/consume", "*ʾōtāh*": "direct object marker + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - it", "*ûšᵉmāmâ*": "conjunction wə- + noun, feminine singular - and desolation", "*kᵉmahpēkat*": "preposition kᵉ- + noun, feminine singular construct - like [the] overthrow of", "*zārîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - strangers/foreigners" }, "variants": { "*šᵉmāmâ*": "desolation/waste/devastation", "*śᵉrûpôt*": "burnt/consumed by fire", "*ʾadmatkem*": "your ground/soil/land/territory", "*lᵉnegdᵉkem*": "before you/in your presence/in your sight", "*zārîm*": "strangers/foreigners/aliens", "*ʾōkᵉlîm*": "devour/consume/eat", "*mahpēkat*": "overthrow/destruction/overturning" } }
• Isa 5:18-19 : 18 { "verseID": "Isaiah.5.18", "source": "ה֛וֹי מֹשְׁכֵ֥י הֶֽעָוֺ֖ן בְּחַבְלֵ֣י הַשָּׁ֑וְא וְכַעֲב֥וֹת הָעֲגָלָ֖ה חַטָּאָֽה׃", "text": "*hôy* those who *mōškê* the *heʿāwōn* with *bəḥablê* the *haššāwʾ*, and like *wəkaʿăbôt* the *hāʿăgālâ* *ḥaṭṭāʾâ*.", "grammar": { "*hôy*": "interjection - woe", "*mōškê*": "qal participle masculine plural construct - drawing/pulling", "*heʿāwōn*": "definite article with masculine singular noun - the iniquity", "*bəḥablê*": "preposition with masculine plural construct - with cords of", "*haššāwʾ*": "definite article with masculine singular noun - the falsehood/emptiness", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*kaʿăbôt*": "preposition with feminine plural construct - like cart ropes of", "*hāʿăgālâ*": "definite article with feminine singular noun - the cart/wagon", "*ḥaṭṭāʾâ*": "feminine singular noun - sin" }, "variants": { "*mōškê*": "drawing/pulling/dragging", "*ʿāwōn*": "iniquity/guilt/punishment", "*ḥablê*": "cords/ropes/snares", "*šāwʾ*": "falsehood/emptiness/worthlessness", "*ʿăbôt*": "cart ropes/thick cords/wagon traces" } } 19 { "verseID": "Isaiah.5.19", "source": "הָאֹמְרִ֗ים יְמַהֵ֧ר ׀ יָחִ֛ישָׁה מַעֲשֵׂ֖הוּ לְמַ֣עַן נִרְאֶ֑ה וְתִקְרַ֣ב וְתָב֗וֹאָה עֲצַ֛ת קְד֥וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל וְנֵדָֽעָה׃", "text": "Those who *hāʾōmərîm*, \"Let him *yəmahēr* ׀ *yāḥîšâ* his *maʿăśēhû* so that we may *nirʾeh*; and let it *wətiqrab* and *wətābôʾâ*, the *ʿăṣat* of the *qədôš* of *yiśrāʾēl*, that we may *wənēdāʿâ*.\"", "grammar": { "*hāʾōmərîm*": "definite article with qal participle masculine plural - the ones saying", "*yəmahēr*": "piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular jussive - let him hasten", "*yāḥîšâ*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular cohortative - let him speed", "*maʿăśēhû*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his work", "*ləmaʿan*": "conjunction - so that", "*nirʾeh*": "qal imperfect 1st person common plural - we may see", "*wətiqrab*": "conjunction with qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular jussive - and let it draw near", "*wətābôʾâ*": "conjunction with qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular cohortative - and let it come", "*ʿăṣat*": "feminine singular construct - counsel of", "*qədôš*": "masculine singular adjective construct - holy one of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*wənēdāʿâ*": "conjunction with qal imperfect 1st person common plural cohortative - that we may know" }, "variants": { "*yəmahēr*": "hasten/hurry/be quick", "*yāḥîšâ*": "speed/hurry/make haste", "*ʿăṣat*": "counsel/plan/purpose" } }
• Isa 9:17 : 17 { "verseID": "Isaiah.9.17", "source": "כִּֽי־בָעֲרָ֤ה כָאֵשׁ֙ רִשְׁעָ֔ה שָׁמִ֥יר וָשַׁ֖יִת תֹּאכֵ֑ל וַתִּצַּת֙ בְּסִֽבְכֵ֣י הַיַּ֔עַר וַיִּֽתְאַבְּכ֖וּ גֵּא֥וּת עָשָֽׁן׃", "text": "For-*bāʿărāh* like *ʾēš* *rišʿāh* *šāmîr* and *šayit* *tōʾḵēl* and *tiṣṣat* in *siḇəḵê* the *yaʿar* and *yitʾabbəḵû* *gēʾût* *ʿāšān*.", "grammar": { "*bāʿărāh*": "verb, Qal, perfect, 3rd person, feminine, singular - burns", "*ʾēš*": "noun, feminine, singular, absolute - fire", "*rišʿāh*": "noun, feminine, singular, absolute - wickedness", "*šāmîr*": "noun, masculine, singular, absolute - brier/thorn", "*šayit*": "noun, masculine, singular, absolute - thorn", "*tōʾḵēl*": "verb, Qal, imperfect, 3rd person, feminine, singular - it devours", "*tiṣṣat*": "verb, Niphal, imperfect, consecutive, 3rd person, feminine, singular - it was kindled", "*siḇəḵê*": "noun, masculine, plural, construct - thickets of", "*yaʿar*": "noun, masculine, singular, absolute with definite article - the forest", "*yitʾabbəḵû*": "verb, Hithpael, imperfect, consecutive, 3rd person, masculine, plural - they rolled up", "*gēʾût*": "noun, feminine, singular, construct - pride of/rising of", "*ʿāšān*": "noun, masculine, singular, absolute - smoke" }, "variants": { "*bāʿărāh*": "burns/consumes/kindles", "*ʾēš*": "fire/flame", "*rišʿāh*": "wickedness/evil/iniquity", "*šāmîr*": "brier/thorn/bramble", "*šayit*": "thorn/bramble", "*tōʾḵēl*": "devours/consumes/eats", "*tiṣṣat*": "was kindled/was set on fire", "*siḇəḵê*": "thickets of/dense growth of", "*yaʿar*": "forest/wooded area", "*yitʾabbəḵû*": "rolled up/mounted up/swirled upward", "*gēʾût*": "pride of/rising of/column of", "*ʿāšān*": "smoke/vapor" } }
• Isa 57:4 : 4 { "verseID": "Isaiah.57.4", "source": "עַל־מִי֙ תִּתְעַנָּ֔גוּ עַל־מִ֛י תַּרְחִ֥יבוּ פֶ֖ה תַּאֲרִ֣יכוּ לָשׁ֑וֹן הֲלֽוֹא־אַתֶּ֥ם יִלְדֵי־פֶ֖שַׁע זֶ֥רַע שָֽׁקֶר׃", "text": "*ʿal-mî* *titʿannāgû* *ʿal-mî* *tarḥîbû* *peh* *taʾărîḵû* *lāšôn* *hălôʾ-ʾattem* *yildê-pešaʿ* *zeraʿ* *šāqer*.", "grammar": { "*ʿal-mî*": "preposition + interrogative pronoun - against whom", "*titʿannāgû*": "hithpael imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - you make yourselves sport/delight yourselves", "*tarḥîbû*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - you make wide/open wide", "*peh*": "noun, masculine, singular - mouth", "*taʾărîḵû*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - you make long/extend", "*lāšôn*": "noun, feminine, singular - tongue", "*hălôʾ-ʾattem*": "interrogative particle + negation + 2nd person masculine plural pronoun - are you not", "*yildê-pešaʿ*": "noun, masculine, plural construct + noun - children of transgression", "*zeraʿ*": "noun, masculine, singular construct - seed of", "*šāqer*": "noun, masculine, singular - falsehood/lie" }, "variants": { "*titʿannāgû*": "amuse yourselves/mock/delight yourselves/make sport", "*tarḥîbû*": "open wide/enlarge/make wide", "*taʾărîḵû*": "stick out/extend/prolong", "*pešaʿ*": "transgression/rebellion/sin", "*šāqer*": "falsehood/deception/lie" } }
• Isa 65:3-5 : 3 { "verseID": "Isaiah.65.3", "source": "הָעָ֗ם הַמַּכְעִיסִ֥ים אוֹתִ֛י עַל־פָּנַ֖י תָּמִ֑יד זֹֽבְחִים֙ בַּגַּנּ֔וֹת וּֽמְקַטְּרִ֖ים עַל־הַלְּבֵנִֽים׃", "text": "the-*ʿam* the-*makhʿisim* *ʾoti* to-*panay* *tamid* *zovehim* in-the-*gannot* and-*meqatterim* on-the-*levenim*", "grammar": { "*ʿam*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the people", "*makhʿisim*": "Hiphil participle, masculine plural - provoking to anger", "*ʾoti*": "direct object marker with 1st person singular suffix - me", "*panay*": "plural noun with 1st person singular suffix - my face", "*tamid*": "adverb - continually/always", "*zovehim*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - sacrificing", "*gannot*": "feminine plural noun - gardens", "*meqatterim*": "Piel participle, masculine plural - burning incense", "*levenim*": "feminine plural noun - bricks/tiles" }, "variants": { "*ʿam*": "people/nation/folk", "*makhʿisim*": "provoking to anger/vexing/irritating", "*panay*": "my face/my presence", "*tamid*": "continually/always/regularly", "*zovehim*": "sacrificing/slaughtering/offering", "*gannot*": "gardens/enclosed areas", "*meqatterim*": "burning incense/making smoke offerings/fumigating", "*levenim*": "bricks/tiles/paving stones" } } 4 { "verseID": "Isaiah.65.4", "source": "הַיֹּֽשְׁבִים֙ בַּקְּבָרִ֔ים וּבַנְּצוּרִ֖ים יָלִ֑ינוּ הָאֹֽכְלִים֙ בְּשַׂ֣ר הַחֲזִ֔יר *ופרק **וּמְרַ֥ק פִּגֻּלִ֖ים כְּלֵיהֶֽם׃", "text": "the-*yoshvim* in-the-*qevarim* and-in-the-*netsurim* *yalinu* the-*ʾokhlim* *besar* the-*hazir* and-*meraq* *piggulim* *keleyhem*", "grammar": { "*yoshvim*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - sitting/dwelling", "*qevarim*": "masculine plural noun - graves/tombs", "*netsurim*": "Qal passive participle, masculine plural - guarded/secret places", "*yalinu*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person plural - they spend the night", "*ʾokhlim*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - eating", "*besar*": "masculine singular construct - flesh of", "*hazir*": "masculine singular noun - pig/swine", "*meraq*": "masculine singular construct - broth of", "*piggulim*": "masculine plural noun - foul/unclean things", "*keleyhem*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their vessels" }, "variants": { "*yoshvim*": "dwelling/sitting/remaining", "*qevarim*": "graves/tombs/sepulchers", "*netsurim*": "secret places/hidden places/protected places", "*yalinu*": "they spend the night/they lodge/they remain overnight", "*ʾokhlim*": "eating/consuming/devouring", "*besar*": "flesh/meat/body", "*hazir*": "pig/swine/hog", "*meraq*": "broth/soup/juice", "*piggulim*": "abominable things/unclean things/foul meat", "*keleyhem*": "their vessels/their tools/their implements" } } 5 { "verseID": "Isaiah.65.5", "source": "הָאֹֽמְרִים֙ קְרַ֣ב אֵלֶ֔יךָ אַל־תִּגַּשׁ־בִּ֖י כִּ֣י קְדַשְׁתִּ֑יךָ אֵ֚לֶּה עָשָׁ֣ן בְּאַפִּ֔י אֵ֥שׁ יֹקֶ֖דֶת כָּל־הַיּֽוֹם׃", "text": "the-*ʾomrim* *qerav* to-*ʾeleykha* not-*tiggash*-in-me for *qedashtikha* these *ʿashan* in-*ʾappi* *ʾesh* *yoqedet* all-the-*yom*", "grammar": { "*ʾomrim*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - saying", "*qerav*": "Qal imperative, masculine singular - come near", "*ʾeleykha*": "preposition with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - to you", "*tiggash*": "Qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - approach", "*qedashtikha*": "Piel perfect, 1st person singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - I have sanctified you", "*ʿashan*": "masculine singular noun - smoke", "*ʾappi*": "masculine singular noun with 1st person singular suffix - my nose/anger", "*ʾesh*": "feminine singular noun - fire", "*yoqedet*": "Qal participle, feminine singular - burning", "*yom*": "masculine singular noun - day" }, "variants": { "*ʾomrim*": "saying/speaking/commanding", "*qerav*": "come near/approach/draw near", "*tiggash*": "approach/come near/draw near", "*qedashtikha*": "I have sanctified you/I am holier than you/I have made you holy", "*ʿashan*": "smoke/vapor", "*ʾappi*": "my nose/my nostrils/my anger", "*ʾesh*": "fire/flame/burning", "*yoqedet*": "burning/kindling/blazing", "*yom*": "day/time/period" } }
• Jer 26:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.26.6", "source": "וְנָתַתִּ֛י אֶת־הַבַּ֥יִת הַזֶּ֖ה כְּשִׁלֹ֑ה וְאֶת־הָעִ֤יר הַזֹּאת֙ אֶתֵּ֣ן לִקְלָלָ֔ה לְכֹ֖ל גּוֹיֵ֥י הָאָֽרֶץ׃", "text": "And-*nāṯattî* *ʾeṯ*-the-*bayiṯ* the-this like-*Šîlōh* and-*ʾeṯ*-the-*ʿîr* the-this *ʾettēn* to-*qəlālāh* to-all *gôyê* the-*ʾāreṣ*.", "grammar": { "*nāṯattî*": "Qal perfect, 1st person singular with waw-consecutive - I will make/give", "*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker", "*bayiṯ*": "masculine singular with definite article - the house/temple", "*Šîlōh*": "proper name - Shiloh", "*ʿîr*": "feminine singular with definite article - the city", "*ʾettēn*": "Qal imperfect, 1st person singular - I will give/make", "*qəlālāh*": "feminine singular - curse/cursing", "*gôyê*": "construct state, masculine plural - nations of", "*ʾāreṣ*": "feminine singular with definite article - the earth/land" }, "variants": { "*bayiṯ*": "house/temple/dwelling", "*Šîlōh*": "ancient sacred site where the tabernacle was once located", "*qəlālāh*": "curse/reproach/object of cursing", "*gôy*": "nation/people/gentiles" } }
• Jer 26:18 : 18 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.26.18", "source": "*מיכיה **מִיכָה֙ הַמּ֣וֹרַשְׁתִּ֔י הָיָ֣ה נִבָּ֔א בִּימֵ֖י חִזְקִיָּ֣הוּ מֶֽלֶךְ־יְהוּדָ֑ה וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֶל־כָּל־עַם֩ יְהוּדָ֨ה לֵאמֹ֜ר כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר ׀ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֗וֹת צִיּ֞וֹן שָׂדֶ֤ה תֵֽחָרֵשׁ֙ וִירוּשָׁלַ֙יִם֙ עִיִּ֣ים תִּֽהְיֶ֔ה וְהַ֥ר הַבַּ֖יִת לְבָמ֥וֹת יָֽעַר׃", "text": "*Mîḵāh* the-*Môraštî* *hāyāh* *nibbāʾ* in-days-of *Ḥizqiyyāhû* king-of-*Yəhûḏāh* and-*wayyōʾmer* to-all-*ʿam* *Yəhûḏāh* saying, Thus-*ʾāmar* *Yəhwāh* *Ṣəḇāʾôṯ*, *Ṣiyyôn* *śāḏeh* *tēḥārēš* and-*Yərûšālayim* *ʿiyyîm* *tihyeh* and-mountain-of-the-*bayiṯ* to-*bāmôṯ* *yāʿar*.", "grammar": { "*Mîḵāh*": "proper name - Micah", "*Môraštî*": "gentilic adjective with definite article - the Morashtite", "*hāyāh*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - was", "*nibbāʾ*": "Niphal participle, masculine singular - prophesying", "*Ḥizqiyyāhû*": "proper name - Hezekiah", "*Yəhûḏāh*": "proper name - Judah", "*wayyōʾmer*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular with waw-consecutive - he said", "*ʿam*": "construct state, masculine singular - people of", "*ʾāmar*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - said", "*Ṣəḇāʾôṯ*": "masculine plural - hosts/armies", "*Ṣiyyôn*": "proper name - Zion", "*śāḏeh*": "masculine singular - field", "*tēḥārēš*": "Niphal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - will be plowed", "*Yərûšālayim*": "proper name - Jerusalem", "*ʿiyyîm*": "masculine plural - ruins/heaps", "*tihyeh*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - will be/become", "*bayiṯ*": "masculine singular with definite article - the house/temple", "*bāmôṯ*": "feminine plural - high places", "*yāʿar*": "masculine singular - forest" }, "variants": { "*ḥāraš*": "plow/engrave/devise", "*ʿî*": "heap/ruin", "*bāmāh*": "high place/height/shrine", "*yāʿar*": "forest/thicket/wooded height", "*Yəhwāh Ṣəḇāʾôṯ*": "LORD of hosts/armies - divine title" } }
• Lam 5:16-17 : 16 { "verseID": "Lamentations.5.16", "source": "נָֽפְלָה֙ עֲטֶ֣רֶת רֹאשֵׁ֔נוּ אֽוֹי־נָ֥א לָ֖נוּ כִּ֥י חָטָֽאנוּ׃", "text": "*nāp̄əlâ* *ʿăṭereṯ* *rōʾšēnû*, *ʾôy*-*nāʾ* to-us because *ḥāṭāʾnû*", "grammar": { "*nāp̄əlâ*": "qal perfect 3rd feminine singular - it has fallen", "*ʿăṭereṯ*": "noun feminine singular construct - crown of", "*rōʾšēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our head", "*ʾôy*": "interjection - woe", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please/now", "*ḥāṭāʾnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have sinned" }, "variants": { "*nāp̄əlâ*": "it has fallen/dropped/descended", "*ʿăṭereṯ*": "crown/garland/diadem", "*rōʾšēnû*": "our head (symbol of honor and dignity)", "*ʾôy*-*nāʾ*": "woe now/alas/grief to us", "*ḥāṭāʾnû*": "we have sinned/transgressed/erred" } } 17 { "verseID": "Lamentations.5.17", "source": "עַל־זֶ֗ה הָיָ֤ה דָוֶה֙ לִבֵּ֔נוּ עַל־אֵ֖לֶּה חָשְׁכ֥וּ עֵינֵֽינוּ׃", "text": "For-*zeh* *hāyâ* *ḏāweh* *libbēnû*, for-*ʾēlleh* *ḥāšəḵû* *ʿênênû*", "grammar": { "*zeh*": "demonstrative pronoun masculine singular - this", "*hāyâ*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - it has become", "*ḏāweh*": "adjective masculine singular - faint/sick", "*libbēnû*": "noun masculine singular construct with 1st person plural suffix - our heart", "*ʾēlleh*": "demonstrative pronoun plural - these", "*ḥāšəḵû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they have grown dim", "*ʿênênû*": "noun feminine dual construct with 1st person plural suffix - our eyes" }, "variants": { "*ḏāweh*": "faint/sick/ill", "*libbēnû*": "our heart/mind/inner being", "*ḥāšəḵû*": "they have grown dim/darkened/become dim", "*ʿênênû*": "our eyes (dimming eyes signifies grief or weakness)" } }
• Ezek 8:4-6 : 4 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.8.4", "source": "וְהִ֨נֵּה־שָׁ֔ם כְּב֖וֹד אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כַּמַּרְאֶ֕ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר רָאִ֖יתִי בַּבִּקְעָֽה׃", "text": "And *hinnēh*-there *kəbôd* *ʾĕlōhê* *yiśrāʾēl* like the *marʾeh* which *rāʾîtî* in the *biqʿâ*.", "grammar": { "*hinnēh*": "demonstrative particle - behold/look", "*kəbôd*": "masculine singular construct noun - glory of", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "masculine plural construct noun - God of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*marʾeh*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the appearance", "*rāʾîtî*": "1st person singular qal perfect - I saw", "*biqʿâ*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the valley/plain" }, "variants": { "*kəbôd*": "glory/honor/splendor", "*marʾeh*": "appearance/vision/sight", "*biqʿâ*": "valley/plain/broad valley" } } 5 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.8.5", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֔י בֶּן־אָדָ֕ם שָׂא־נָ֥א עֵינֶ֖יךָ דֶּ֣רֶךְ צָפ֑וֹנָה וָאֶשָּׂ֤א עֵינַי֙ דֶּ֣רֶךְ צָפ֔וֹנָה וְהִנֵּ֤ה מִצָּפוֹן֙ לְשַׁ֣עַר הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חַ סֵ֛מֶל הַקִּנְאָ֥ה הַזֶּ֖ה בַּבִּאָֽה׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* to me, *ben*-*ʾādām*, *śāʾ*-*nāʾ* *ʿênêkā* *derek* *ṣāpônâ*; and *wāʾeśśāʾ* *ʿênay* *derek* *ṣāpônâ*, and *hinnēh* from *ṣāpôn* to *šaʿar* the *mizbēaḥ* *sēmel* the *qinʾâ* the *zeh* in the *bîʾâ*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive with 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect - and he said", "*ben*": "masculine singular construct noun - son of", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun - man/mankind", "*śāʾ*": "masculine singular qal imperative - lift up", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please/now", "*ʿênêkā*": "feminine dual noun with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your eyes", "*derek*": "masculine singular construct noun - way/direction of", "*ṣāpônâ*": "feminine singular noun with directional heh - northward", "*wāʾeśśāʾ*": "waw-consecutive with 1st person singular qal imperfect - and I lifted up", "*ʿênay*": "feminine dual noun with 1st singular suffix - my eyes", "*hinnēh*": "demonstrative particle - behold/look", "*ṣāpôn*": "masculine singular noun - north", "*šaʿar*": "masculine singular construct noun - gate of", "*mizbēaḥ*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the altar", "*sēmel*": "masculine singular construct noun - image of", "*qinʾâ*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the jealousy", "*zeh*": "masculine singular demonstrative pronoun with definite article - this", "*bîʾâ*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the entrance" }, "variants": { "*ben*-*ʾādām*": "son of man/mortal human", "*derek*": "way/direction/road/path", "*sēmel*": "image/statue/idol", "*qinʾâ*": "jealousy/zeal/envy", "*bîʾâ*": "entrance/entry" } } 6 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.8.6", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֔י בֶּן־אָדָ֕ם הֲרֹאֶ֥ה אַתָּ֖ה *מהם **מָ֣ה **הֵ֣ם עֹשִׂ֑ים תּוֹעֵב֨וֹת גְּדֹל֜וֹת אֲשֶׁ֥ר בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל ׀ עֹשִׂ֣ים פֹּ֗ה לְרָֽחֳקָה֙ מֵעַ֣ל מִקְדָּשִׁ֔י וְעוֹד֙ תָּשׁ֣וּב תִּרְאֶ֔ה תּוֹעֵב֖וֹת גְּדֹלֽוֹת׃ ס", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* to me, *ben*-*ʾādām*, *hărōʾeh* *ʾattâ* what they *ʿōśîm*? *tôʿēbôt* *gədōlôt* which *bêt*-*yiśrāʾēl* *ʿōśîm* here to *rāḥŏqâ* from upon *miqdāšî*; and yet *tāšûb* *tirʾeh* *tôʿēbôt* *gədōlôt*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive with 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect - and he said", "*ben*": "masculine singular construct noun - son of", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun - man/mankind", "*hărōʾeh*": "interrogative particle with masculine singular qal participle - are you seeing?", "*ʾattâ*": "2nd masculine singular personal pronoun - you", "*ʿōśîm*": "masculine plural qal participle - doing/making", "*tôʿēbôt*": "feminine plural construct noun - abominations of", "*gədōlôt*": "feminine plural adjective - great", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*rāḥŏqâ*": "feminine singular infinitive construct with directional heh - to be far/to distance", "*miqdāšî*": "masculine singular noun with 1st singular suffix - my sanctuary", "*tāšûb*": "2nd masculine singular qal imperfect - you will return/again", "*tirʾeh*": "2nd masculine singular qal imperfect - you will see" }, "variants": { "*ben*-*ʾādām*": "son of man/mortal human", "*tôʿēbôt*": "abominations/detestable things", "*rāḥŏqâ*": "to be far/distance/remove away from", "*miqdāšî*": "my sanctuary/holy place/temple", "*tāšûb*": "you will return/again/continue to" } }
• Ezek 8:12 : 12 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.8.12", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַי֮ הֲרָאִ֣יתָ בֶן־אָדָם֒ אֲשֶׁ֨ר זִקְנֵ֤י בֵֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ עֹשִׂ֣ים בַּחֹ֔שֶׁךְ אִ֖ישׁ בְּחַדְרֵ֣י מַשְׂכִּית֑וֹ כִּ֣י אֹמְרִ֗ים אֵ֤ין יְהוָה֙ רֹאֶ֣ה אֹתָ֔נוּ עָזַ֥ב יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* to me, *hărāʾîtā* *ben*-*ʾādām*, which *ziqnê* *bêt*-*yiśrāʾēl* *ʿōśîm* in the *ḥōšek*, *ʾîš* in *ḥadrê* *maśkîtô*; for *ʾōmərîm*, not *YHWH* *rōʾeh* us, *ʿāzab* *YHWH* *ʾet*-the *ʾāreṣ*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive with 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect - and he said", "*hărāʾîtā*": "interrogative particle with 2nd masculine singular qal perfect - have you seen?", "*ben*": "masculine singular construct noun - son of", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun - man/mankind", "*ziqnê*": "masculine plural construct noun - elders of", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct noun - house of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*ʿōśîm*": "masculine plural qal participle - doing", "*ḥōšek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the darkness", "*ʾîš*": "masculine singular noun - each man", "*ḥadrê*": "masculine plural construct noun - chambers of", "*maśkîtô*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his carved image/imagination", "*ʾōmərîm*": "masculine plural qal participle - saying", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*rōʾeh*": "masculine singular qal participle - seeing", "*ʿāzab*": "3rd masculine singular qal perfect - has forsaken/abandoned", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾāreṣ*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the land" }, "variants": { "*ben*-*ʾādām*": "son of man/mortal human", "*ziqnê*": "elders/old men", "*ḥōšek*": "darkness/secrecy", "*ḥadrê*": "chambers/rooms/inner rooms", "*maśkîtô*": "his carved image/imagination/inner chamber", "*ʿāzab*": "forsaken/abandoned/left" } }
• Ezek 8:17-18 : 17 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.8.17", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַי֮ הֲרָאִ֣יתָ בֶן־אָדָם֒ הֲנָקֵל֙ לְבֵ֣ית יְהוּדָ֔ה מֵעֲשׂ֕וֹת אֶת־הַתּוֹעֵב֖וֹת אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָֽשׂוּ־פֹ֑ה כִּֽי־מָלְא֨וּ אֶת־הָאָ֜רֶץ חָמָ֗ס וַיָּשֻׁ֙בוּ֙ לְהַכְעִיסֵ֔נִי וְהִנָּ֛ם שֹׁלְחִ֥ים אֶת־הַזְּמוֹרָ֖ה אֶל־אַפָּֽם׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* to-me *hărāʾîtā* *ben-ʾādām* *hănāqēl* to-*bêt* *yĕhûdāh* from-*ʿăśôt* *ʾet*-the-*tôʿēbôt* which *ʿāśû*-here for-*kî*-they-*mālʾû* *ʾet*-the-*ʾāreṣ* *ḥāmās* and-*wayyāšubû* to-*haḵĕʿîsēnî* and-*hinnām* *šōlĕḥîm* *ʾet*-the-*zĕmôrāh* to-*ʾappām*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and he said", "*hărāʾîtā*": "Qal perfect 2nd person masculine singular - have you seen", "*ben-ʾādām*": "construct form - son of man", "*hănāqēl*": "Qal infinitive absolute with interrogative he - is it light/trivial", "*bêt*": "construct form - house of", "*yĕhûdāh*": "proper noun - Judah", "*ʿăśôt*": "Qal infinitive construct - to do/make", "*tôʿēbôt*": "feminine plural noun - abominations", "*ʿāśû*": "Qal perfect 3rd person common plural - they did/made", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*mālʾû*": "Qal perfect 3rd person common plural - they filled", "*ʾāreṣ*": "feminine singular noun - land/earth", "*ḥāmās*": "masculine singular noun - violence", "*wayyāšubû*": "Qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural with waw consecutive - and they returned", "*haḵĕʿîsēnî*": "Hiphil infinitive construct with 1st person common singular suffix - to provoke me", "*hinnām*": "demonstrative particle with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - behold they", "*šōlĕḥîm*": "Qal participle masculine plural - sending", "*zĕmôrāh*": "feminine singular noun - branch/twig", "*ʾappām*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their nose" }, "variants": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "and he said/spoke/commanded", "*hărāʾîtā*": "have you seen/observed/noticed", "*ben-ʾādām*": "son of man/human/Adam (as title for prophet)", "*hănāqēl*": "is it light/trivial/insignificant", "*bêt*": "house/household/family", "*yĕhûdāh*": "Judah (tribe/kingdom)", "*ʿăśôt*": "to do/make/perform", "*tôʿēbôt*": "abominations/detestable things/offensive practices", "*ʿāśû*": "they did/made/performed", "*kî*": "for/because/that", "*mālʾû*": "they filled/completed/satisfied", "*ʾāreṣ*": "land/earth/ground", "*ḥāmās*": "violence/wrong/injustice", "*wayyāšubû*": "and they returned/turned back/repeated", "*haḵĕʿîsēnî*": "to provoke/irritate/anger me", "*hinnām*": "behold they/look they are", "*šōlĕḥîm*": "sending/stretching out/extending", "*zĕmôrāh*": "branch/twig/shoot (possible ritual object)", "*ʾappām*": "their nose/nostril/face" } } 18 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.8.18", "source": "וְגַם־אֲנִי֙ אֶעֱשֶׂ֣ה בְחֵמָ֔ה לֹֽא־תָח֥וֹס עֵינִ֖י וְלֹ֣א אֶחְמֹ֑ל וְקָרְא֤וּ בְאָזְנַי֙ ק֣וֹל גָּד֔וֹל וְלֹ֥א אֶשְׁמַ֖ע אוֹתָֽם׃", "text": "And-also-I *ʾeʿĕśeh* in-*ḥēmāh* not-*tāḥôs* *ʿênî* and-not *ʾeḥmōl* and-*qārʾû* in-*ʾoznay* *qôl* *gādôl* and-not *ʾešmaʿ* them.", "grammar": { "*ʾeʿĕśeh*": "Qal imperfect 1st person common singular - I will do/act", "*ḥēmāh*": "feminine singular noun - wrath/fury", "*tāḥôs*": "Qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular - it will spare/pity", "*ʿênî*": "feminine singular noun with 1st person common singular suffix - my eye", "*ʾeḥmōl*": "Qal imperfect 1st person common singular - I will have compassion", "*qārʾû*": "Qal perfect 3rd person common plural - they will call/cry out", "*ʾoznay*": "feminine dual noun with 1st person common singular suffix - my ears", "*qôl*": "masculine singular noun - voice/sound", "*gādôl*": "masculine singular adjective - great/loud", "*ʾešmaʿ*": "Qal imperfect 1st person common singular - I will hear" }, "variants": { "*ʾeʿĕśeh*": "I will do/act/make", "*ḥēmāh*": "wrath/fury/rage", "*tāḥôs*": "it will spare/pity/show mercy", "*ʿênî*": "my eye/sight/look", "*ʾeḥmōl*": "I will have compassion/pity/mercy", "*qārʾû*": "they will call/cry out/proclaim", "*ʾoznay*": "my ears/hearing", "*qôl*": "voice/sound/noise", "*gādôl*": "great/loud/mighty", "*ʾešmaʿ*": "I will hear/listen/obey" } }
• Ezek 9:9 : 9 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.9.9", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלַ֗י עֲוֺ֨ן בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל וִֽיהוּדָה֙ גָּדוֹל֙ בִּמְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֔ד וַתִּמָּלֵ֤א הָאָ֙רֶץ֙ דָּמִ֔ים וְהָעִ֖יר מָלְאָ֣ה מֻטֶּ֑ה כִּ֣י אָמְר֗וּ עָזַ֤ב יְהוָה֙ אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ וְאֵ֥ין יְהוָ֖ה רֹאֶֽה׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer ʾēlay ʿăwōn bêt-yiśrāʾēl wîhûdāh gādôl bimʾōd mĕʾōd*, and *wattimmālēʾ hāʾāreṣ dāmîm*, and *hāʿîr mālĕʾāh muṭṭeh*; for *kî ʾāmrû ʿāzab YHWH* *ʾet-hāʾāreṣ wĕʾên YHWH rōʾeh*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*ʾēlay*": "preposition + 1st common singular suffix - to me", "*ʿăwōn*": "noun, masculine singular construct - iniquity of", "*bêt*": "noun, masculine singular construct - house of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*wîhûdāh*": "waw-conjunction + proper noun - and Judah", "*gādôl*": "adjective, masculine singular - great", "*bimʾōd mĕʾōd*": "preposition + adverb + adverb - exceedingly great", "*wattimmālēʾ*": "waw-consecutive imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - and it is filled", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the land", "*dāmîm*": "noun, masculine plural - blood/bloodshed", "*hāʿîr*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the city", "*mālĕʾāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - is full of", "*muṭṭeh*": "hophal participle, masculine singular - perversion/injustice", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*ʾāmrû*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they say", "*ʿāzab*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - has forsaken", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD/Yahweh", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the land", "*wĕʾên*": "waw-conjunction + particle of negation - and there is not", "*rōʾeh*": "qal participle, masculine singular - seeing" }, "variants": { "*muṭṭeh*": "perversion/injustice/perversity/crookedness", "*ʿāzab*": "has forsaken/has abandoned/has left" } }
• Hos 7:16 : 16 { "verseID": "Hosea.7.16", "source": "יָשׁ֣וּבוּ ׀ לֹ֣א עָ֗ל הָיוּ֙ כְּקֶ֣שֶׁת רְמִיָּ֔ה יִפְּל֥וּ בַחֶ֛רֶב שָׂרֵיהֶ֖ם מִזַּ֣עַם לְשׁוֹנָ֑ם ז֥וֹ לַעְגָּ֖ם בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃", "text": "*yāšûḇû* *lōʾ* *ʿāl* *hāyû* like *qešeṯ* *rəmîyâ* *yippəlû* by *ḥereḇ* *śārêhem* from *zaʿam* *ləšônām* this *laʿgām* in *ʾereṣ* *miṣrāyim*.", "grammar": { "*yāšûḇû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they return/turn", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*ʿāl*": "noun, masculine singular - height/Most High", "*hāyû*": "qal perfect 3rd plural - they were/have become", "*qešeṯ*": "noun, feminine singular with prefix *kə* - like a bow", "*rəmîyâ*": "noun, feminine singular - deceit/treachery", "*yippəlû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they will fall", "*ḥereḇ*": "noun, feminine singular with prefix *ba* - by the sword", "*śārêhem*": "noun, masculine plural + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their princes", "*zaʿam*": "noun, masculine singular with prefix *min* - from the rage/indignation", "*ləšônām*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their tongue", "*zô*": "demonstrative pronoun feminine singular - this", "*laʿgām*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their derision/mockery", "*ʾereṣ*": "noun, feminine singular construct with prefix *bə* - in the land of", "*miṣrāyim*": "proper noun - Egypt" }, "variants": { "*yāšûḇû*": "return/turn/repent", "*ʿāl*": "height/Most High/upward", "*rəmîyâ*": "deceit/treachery/slackness", "*yippəlû*": "fall/be killed/be overthrown", "*zaʿam*": "rage/indignation/curse", "*laʿgām*": "their derision/mockery/scorn" } }
• Mic 3:12 : 12 { "verseID": "Micah.3.12", "source": "לָכֵן֙ בִּגְלַלְכֶ֔ם צִיּ֖וֹן שָׂדֶ֣ה תֵֽחָרֵ֑שׁ וִירוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ עִיִּ֣ין תִּֽהְיֶ֔ה וְהַ֥ר הַבַּ֖יִת לְבָמ֥וֹת יָֽעַר׃ פ", "text": "Therefore on-account-of-you *ṣiyyôn* *śādeh* *tēḥārēš* and-*yĕrûšālaim* *ʿiyyîn* *tihyeh* and-*har* the-*bayit* for-*bāmôt* *yāʿar*", "grammar": { "*ṣiyyôn*": "proper name - Zion", "*śādeh*": "masculine singular noun - field", "*tēḥārēš*": "3rd person feminine singular niphal imperfect - she will be plowed", "*yĕrûšālaim*": "proper name - Jerusalem", "*ʿiyyîn*": "masculine plural noun - ruins/heaps", "*tihyeh*": "3rd person feminine singular qal imperfect - she will be", "*har*": "masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*bayit*": "masculine singular noun - house", "*bāmôt*": "feminine plural construct - high places of", "*yāʿar*": "masculine singular noun - forest" }, "variants": { "*śādeh*": "field/country/land", "*tēḥārēš*": "she will be plowed/cultivated", "*ʿiyyîn*": "ruins/heaps/rubble", "*tihyeh*": "she will be/become", "*har*": "mountain/hill", "*bayit*": "house/temple", "*bāmôt*": "high places/heights", "*yāʿar*": "forest/thicket/wooded height" } }
• Hab 1:13 : 13 { "verseID": "Habakkuk.1.13", "source": "טְה֤וֹר עֵינַ֙יִם֙ מֵרְא֣וֹת רָ֔ע וְהַבִּ֥יט אֶל־עָמָ֖ל לֹ֣א תוּכָ֑ל לָ֤מָּה תַבִּיט֙ בּֽוֹגְדִ֔ים תַּחֲרִ֕ישׁ בְּבַלַּ֥ע רָשָׁ֖ע צַדִּ֥יק מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃", "text": "*Ṭəhôr* *ʿênayim* from-*mērəʾôṯ* *rāʿ* and-*habbîṭ* to-*ʿāmāl* not *ṯûḵāl* why *tabbîṭ* *bôḡəḏîm* *taḥărîš* when-*bəballaʿ* *rāšāʿ* *ṣaddîq* than-him", "grammar": { "*ṭəhôr*": "adjective, masculine singular - pure/clean", "*ʿênayim*": "noun, feminine dual construct - eyes of", "*mērəʾôṯ*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - from seeing", "*rāʿ*": "adjective, masculine singular - evil", "*wə-habbîṭ*": "conjunction + Hiphil infinitive construct - and to look", "*ʾel-ʿāmāl*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - at trouble/misery", "*lōʾ ṯûḵāl*": "negative particle + verb, Qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you cannot", "*lāmmāh*": "interrogative adverb - why", "*tabbîṭ*": "verb, Hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you look", "*bôḡəḏîm*": "verb, Qal participle, masculine plural - treacherous ones", "*taḥărîš*": "verb, Hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you are silent", "*bəballaʿ*": "preposition + Piel infinitive construct - when swallows up", "*rāšāʿ*": "adjective, masculine singular - wicked person", "*ṣaddîq*": "adjective, masculine singular - righteous person", "*mimmenû*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - than him" }, "variants": { "*ṭəhôr*": "pure/clean/clear", "*ʿênayim*": "eyes/sight", "*mērəʾôṯ*": "from seeing/from looking at", "*rāʿ*": "evil/bad/wrong/harm", "*habbîṭ*": "to look/to gaze/to observe", "*ʿāmāl*": "trouble/misery/toil/mischief", "*ṯûḵāl*": "you can/you are able", "*tabbîṭ*": "you look/you gaze/you observe", "*bôḡəḏîm*": "treacherous ones/faithless ones/traitors", "*taḥărîš*": "you are silent/you remain quiet/you hold your peace", "*bəballaʿ*": "when swallows up/when devours", "*rāšāʿ*": "wicked person/unrighteous one", "*ṣaddîq*": "righteous person/just one" } }
• Mal 3:13-15 : 13 { "verseID": "Malachi.3.13", "source": "חָזְק֥וּ עָלַ֛י דִּבְרֵיכֶ֖ם אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֕ם מַה־נִּדְבַּ֖רְנוּ עָלֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "*Ḥazqu* *ʿalay* *divrekhem* *ʾamar* *YHWH* *wa-ʾamartem* *mah*-*nidbarnu* *ʿalekha*.", "grammar": { "*Ḥazqu*": "Qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they have been strong/harsh", "*ʿalay*": "preposition with 1st person singular suffix - against me", "*divrekhem*": "noun, masculine plural with 2nd masculine plural suffix - your words", "*ʾamar*": "Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - says/said", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*wa-ʾamartem*": "waw consecutive + Qal perfect, 2nd masculine plural - and you say", "*mah*": "interrogative pronoun - what", "*nidbarnu*": "Niphal perfect, 1st common plural - have we spoken", "*ʿalekha*": "preposition with 2nd masculine singular suffix - against you" }, "variants": { "*Ḥazqu*": "been strong/been harsh/been severe/prevailed", "*divrekhem*": "your words/your statements/your speech", "*mah-nidbarnu*": "what have we spoken/how have we talked", "*ʿalekha*": "against you/concerning you/about you" } } 14 { "verseID": "Malachi.3.14", "source": "אֲמַרְתֶּ֕ם שָׁ֖וְא עֲבֹ֣ד אֱלֹהִ֑ים וּמַה־בֶּ֗צַע כִּ֤י שָׁמַ֙רְנוּ֙ מִשְׁמַרְתּ֔וֹ וְכִ֤י הָלַ֙כְנוּ֙ קְדֹ֣רַנִּ֔ית מִפְּנֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֽוֹת׃", "text": "*ʾAmartem* *shawʾ* *ʿavod* *ʾElohim* *u-mah*-*betsaʿ* *ki* *shamarnu* *mishmaarto* *we-khi* *halakhnu* *qedoranit* *mi-pene* *YHWH* *tsevaʾot*.", "grammar": { "*ʾAmartem*": "Qal perfect, 2nd masculine plural - you have said", "*shawʾ*": "noun, masculine singular - futile/worthless", "*ʿavod*": "Qal infinitive construct - to serve", "*ʾElohim*": "noun, masculine plural - God", "*u-mah*": "waw conjunction + interrogative pronoun - and what", "*betsaʿ*": "noun, masculine singular - profit/gain", "*ki*": "conjunction - that/because", "*shamarnu*": "Qal perfect, 1st common plural - we have kept", "*mishmaarto*": "noun, feminine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his charge/requirement", "*we-khi*": "waw conjunction + conjunction - and that/because", "*halakhnu*": "Qal perfect, 1st common plural - we have walked", "*qedoranit*": "adverb - in mourning/mournfully", "*mi-pene*": "preposition + noun, plural construct - from before/because of", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*tsevaʾot*": "noun, feminine plural - hosts/armies" }, "variants": { "*shawʾ*": "futile/worthless/vain/empty", "*ʿavod*": "to serve/to worship/to minister to", "*ʾElohim*": "God/gods/divine being", "*betsaʿ*": "profit/gain/advantage", "*shamarnu*": "kept/observed/guarded", "*mishmaarto*": "his charge/his service/his ordinance/his command", "*halakhnu*": "walked/gone/conducted ourselves", "*qedoranit*": "in mourning/mournfully/in black/glumly", "*mi-pene*": "from before/because of/on account of" } } 15 { "verseID": "Malachi.3.15", "source": "וְעַתָּ֕ה אֲנַ֖חְנוּ מְאַשְּׁרִ֣ים זֵדִ֑ים גַּם־נִבְנוּ֙ עֹשֵׂ֣י רִשְׁעָ֔ה גַּ֧ם בָּחֲנ֛וּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים וַיִּמָּלֵֽטוּ׃", "text": "*We-ʿattah* *ʾanaḥnu* *meʾashsherim* *zedim* *gam*-*nivnu* *ʿose* *rishʿah* *gam* *baḥanu* *ʾElohim* *wa-yimmaletu*.", "grammar": { "*We-ʿattah*": "waw conjunction + adverb - and now", "*ʾanaḥnu*": "1st person common plural pronoun - we", "*meʾashsherim*": "Piel participle, masculine plural - calling blessed/pronouncing happy", "*zedim*": "adjective, masculine plural - proud/arrogant/presumptuous ones", "*gam*": "adverb - also/even", "*nivnu*": "Niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - they are built up", "*ʿose*": "Qal participle, masculine plural construct - doers of", "*rishʿah*": "noun, feminine singular - wickedness", "*gam*": "adverb - also/even", "*baḥanu*": "Qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they have tested", "*ʾElohim*": "noun, masculine plural - God", "*wa-yimmaletu*": "waw consecutive + Niphal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they escape" }, "variants": { "*meʾashsherim*": "calling blessed/pronouncing happy/considering fortunate", "*zedim*": "proud/arrogant/presumptuous ones", "*nivnu*": "built up/established/prospered", "*ʿose rishʿah*": "doers of wickedness/evildoers/practitioners of evil", "*baḥanu*": "tested/tried/challenged", "*ʾElohim*": "God/gods/divine being", "*yimmaletu*": "escape/are delivered/are rescued" } }
• Matt 12:36-37 : 36 { "verseID": "Matthew.12.36", "source": "Λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν, Ὅτι πᾶν ῥῆμα ἀργόν ὃ ἐὰν λαλήσωσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, ἀποδώσουσιν περὶ αὐτοῦ λόγον ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως.", "text": "*Legō* *de* to you, That every *rhēma* *argon* which if *lalēsōsin* the *anthrōpoi*, *apodōsousin* concerning it *logon* in *hēmera* *kriseōs*.", "grammar": { "*Legō*": "present, active, indicative, 1st singular - I say/tell", "*de*": "postpositive conjunction - but/and", "*rhēma*": "accusative, neuter, singular - word/saying", "*argon*": "accusative, neuter, singular - idle/useless", "*lalēsōsin*": "aorist, active, subjunctive, 3rd plural - they might speak", "*anthrōpoi*": "nominative, masculine, plural - men/people", "*apodōsousin*": "future, active, indicative, 3rd plural - they will give account", "*logon*": "accusative, masculine, singular - account/reckoning", "*hēmera*": "dative, feminine, singular - day", "*kriseōs*": "genitive, feminine, singular - of judgment" }, "variants": { "*rhēma*": "word/statement/saying/utterance", "*argon*": "idle/useless/unproductive/careless", "*lalēsōsin*": "speak/say/utter", "*anthrōpoi*": "men/people/humans", "*apodōsousin*": "will render/will give account/will pay", "*logon*": "account/reckoning/explanation", "*hēmera*": "day/time", "*kriseōs*": "judgment/decision/evaluation" } } 37 { "verseID": "Matthew.12.37", "source": "Ἐκ γὰρ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου καταδικασθήσῃ.", "text": "For from the *logōn* of you *dikaiōthēsē*, and from the *logōn* of you *katadikasthēsē*.", "grammar": { "*logōn*": "genitive, masculine, plural - of words", "*dikaiōthēsē*": "future, passive, indicative, 2nd singular - you will be justified", "*katadikasthēsē*": "future, passive, indicative, 2nd singular - you will be condemned" }, "variants": { "*logōn*": "words/statements/sayings", "*dikaiōthēsē*": "will be justified/will be declared righteous/will be acquitted", "*katadikasthēsē*": "will be condemned/will be pronounced guilty/will be sentenced" } }
• 1 Cor 10:22 : 22 { "verseID": "1 Corinthians.10.22", "source": "Ἢ παραζηλοῦμεν τὸν Κύριον; μὴ ἰσχυρότεροι αὐτοῦ ἐσμεν;", "text": "Or do we *parazēloumen* the *Kyrion*? not *ischyroteroi* than him *esmen*?", "grammar": { "*parazēloumen*": "present indicative, 1st person plural - we provoke to jealousy", "*Kyrion*": "accusative, masculine, singular - Lord", "*ischyroteroi*": "nominative, masculine, plural, comparative - stronger", "*esmen*": "present indicative, 1st person plural - we are" }, "variants": { "*parazēloumen*": "provoke to jealousy/make jealous/arouse jealousy", "*Kyrion*": "Lord/master", "*ischyroteroi*": "stronger/mightier/more powerful" } }
• Jude 1:15 : 15 { "verseID": "Jude.1.15", "source": "Ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ πάντων, καὶ ἐλέγξαι πάντας τοὺς ἀσεβεῖς αὐτῶν περὶ πάντων τῶν ἔργων ἀσεβείας αὐτῶν ὧν ἠσέβησαν, καὶ περὶ πάντων τῶν σκληρῶν ὧν ἐλάλησαν κατʼ αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀσεβεῖς.", "text": "*Poiēsai krisin kata pantōn*, and *elegxai pantas tous asebeis autōn peri pantōn tōn ergōn asebeias autōn hōn ēsebēsan*, and *peri pantōn tōn sklērōn hōn elalēsan kat' autou hamartōloi asebeis*.", "grammar": { "*Poiēsai*": "aorist active infinitive - to execute", "*krisin kata pantōn*": "accusative, feminine, singular with prepositional phrase - judgment against all", "*elegxai*": "aorist active infinitive - to convict", "*pantas tous asebeis autōn*": "accusative, masculine, plural - all their ungodly ones", "*peri pantōn tōn ergōn asebeias autōn*": "prepositional phrase with genitive - concerning all the works of their ungodliness", "*hōn ēsebēsan*": "relative pronoun with aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - which they committed ungodly", "*peri pantōn tōn sklērōn*": "prepositional phrase with genitive - concerning all the harsh things", "*hōn elalēsan*": "relative pronoun with aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - which they spoke", "*kat' autou*": "prepositional phrase - against him", "*hamartōloi asebeis*": "nominative, masculine, plural - sinful ungodly" }, "variants": { "*Poiēsai*": "execute/perform/do", "*krisin*": "judgment/decision/trial", "*elegxai*": "convict/refute/expose", "*asebeis*": "ungodly/impious", "*ergōn*": "works/deeds/actions", "*asebeias*": "ungodliness/impiety", "*ēsebēsan*": "committed ungodly/acted impiously", "*sklērōn*": "harsh/hard/rough", "*elalēsan*": "spoke/said", "*hamartōloi*": "sinful/sinners" } }