Job 4:19

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Job.4.19", "source": "אַ֤ף ׀ שֹׁכְנֵ֬י בָֽתֵּי־חֹ֗מֶר אֲשֶׁר־בֶּעָפָ֥ר יְסוֹדָ֑ם יְ֝דַכְּא֗וּם לִפְנֵי־עָֽשׁ׃", "text": "How much more *ʾap* *šōḵənê* *bāttê-ḥōmer* who *ʾăšer-be-ʿāpār* *yəsôdām* *yədakkəʾûm* before *lipnê-ʿāš*", "grammar": { "*ʾap*": "conjunction/adverb - how much more/also/even", "*šōḵənê*": "Qal participle, masculine plural construct - dwellers of", "*bāttê-ḥōmer*": "noun, masculine plural construct + noun, masculine singular - houses of clay", "*ʾăšer-be-ʿāpār*": "relative pronoun + preposition + noun, masculine singular - which in dust", "*yəsôdām*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their foundation", "*yədakkəʾûm*": "Piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - they crush them", "*lipnê-ʿāš*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - before the moth" }, "variants": { "*šōḵənê*": "dwellers/inhabitants/residents", "*bāttê-ḥōmer*": "houses of clay/dirt/material", "*ʿāpār*": "dust/dirt/earth", "*yəsôdām*": "their foundation/basis/beginning", "*yədakkəʾûm*": "they crush them/oppress them/break them", "*ʿāš*": "moth/insect" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

אַ֤ף ׀ שֹׁכְנֵ֬י בָֽתֵּי־חֹ֗מֶר אֲשֶׁר־בֶּעָפָ֥ר יְסוֹדָ֑ם יְ֝דַכְּא֗וּם לִפְנֵי־עָֽשׁ׃

Transliteration

How much more ʾap šōḵənê bāttê-ḥōmer who ʾăšer-be-ʿāpār yəsôdām yədakkəʾûm before lipnê-ʿāš

Grammar Details

• *ʾap*: conjunction/adverb - how much more/also/even
• *šōḵənê*: Qal participle, masculine plural construct - dwellers of
• *bāttê-ḥōmer*: noun, masculine plural construct + noun, masculine singular - houses of clay
• *ʾăšer-be-ʿāpār*: relative pronoun + preposition + noun, masculine singular - which in dust
• *yəsôdām*: noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their foundation
• *yədakkəʾûm*: Piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - they crush them
• *lipnê-ʿāš*: preposition + noun, masculine singular - before the moth

Word Meanings

• *šōḵənê*: dwellers/inhabitants/residents
• *bāttê-ḥōmer*: houses of clay/dirt/material
• *ʿāpār*: dust/dirt/earth
• *yəsôdām*: their foundation/basis/beginning
• *yədakkəʾûm*: they crush them/oppress them/break them
• *ʿāš*: moth/insect

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  How much more those who dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, who are crushed before the moth!

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, which are crushed before the moth?

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  How much less in those who dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, who are crushed before the moth?

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, which are crushed before the moth?

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  How much more{H637} them that dwell{H7931} in houses{H1004} of clay,{H2563} Whose foundation{H3247} is in the dust,{H6083} Who are crushed{H1792} before{H6440} the moth!{H6211}

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  How much less{H637} in them that dwell{H7931}{(H8802)} in houses{H1004} of clay{H2563}, whose foundation{H3247} is in the dust{H6083}, which are crushed{H1792}{(H8762)} before{H6440} the moth{H6211}?

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  How moch more the shal they (that dwell in houses of claye, whose foundacion is but earth) be moth eaten?

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  Howe much more in them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, which shalbe destroyed before the moth?

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  Howe much more in them that dwel in houses of clay, and whose foundation is but dust, which shall be consumed as it were with a moth?

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  How much less [in] them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation [is] in the dust, [which] are crushed before the moth?

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  How much more, those who dwell in houses of clay, Whose foundation is in the dust, Who are crushed before the moth!

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  Also -- the inhabitants of houses of clay, (Whose foundation `is' in the dust, They bruise them before a moth.)

• American Standard Version (1901)

  How much more them that dwell in houses of clay, Whose foundation is in the dust, Who are crushed before the moth!

• American Standard Version (1901)

  How much more them that dwell in houses of clay, Whose foundation is in the dust, Who are crushed before the moth!

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  How much more those living in houses of earth, whose bases are in the dust! They are crushed more quickly than an insect;

• World English Bible (2000)

  How much more, those who dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, who are crushed before the moth!

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  how much more to those who live in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, who are crushed like a moth?

Referenced Verses

• Job 10:9 : 9 { "verseID": "Job.10.9", "source": "זְכָר־נָ֭א כִּי־כַחֹ֣מֶר עֲשִׂיתָ֑נִי וְֽאֶל־עָפָ֥ר תְּשִׁיבֵֽנִי׃", "text": "*zəkār*-*nāʾ* that like *kaḥōmer* *ʿăśîtānî* and to *ʿāpār* *təšîbēnî*", "grammar": { "*zəkār*": "Qal imperative, masculine singular - remember", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please", "*kaḥōmer*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - like clay", "*ʿăśîtānî*": "Qal perfect, 2nd masculine singular with 1st person suffix - you made me", "*ʿāpār*": "noun, masculine singular - dust", "*təšîbēnî*": "Hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine singular with 1st person suffix - you will return me" }, "variants": { "*kaḥōmer*": "like clay/like dirt/like mud", "*ʿăśîtānî*": "you made me/you formed me/you created me", "*ʿāpār*": "dust/dirt/earth", "*təšîbēnî*": "you will return me/you will cause me to return/you will bring me back" } }
• Gen 2:7 : 7 { "verseID": "Genesis.2.7", "source": "וַיִּיצֶר֩ יְהוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה וַיִּפַּ֥ח בְּאַפָּ֖יו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים וַֽיְהִ֥י הָֽאָדָ֖ם לְנֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה׃", "text": "*wayyîṣer YHWH ʾĕlōhîm ʾeṯ-hāʾāḏām ʿāp̄ār min-hāʾăḏāmāh wayyippaḥ bəʾappāyw nišmaṯ ḥayyîm wayəhî hāʾāḏām lənep̄eš ḥayyāh*", "grammar": { "*wayyîṣer*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd singular masculine - and he formed", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/LORD", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "noun, masculine, plural (with singular meaning) - God", "*ʾeṯ-hāʾāḏām*": "direct object marker + definite article + noun, masculine, singular - the man", "*ʿāp̄ār*": "noun, masculine, singular - dust", "*min-hāʾăḏāmāh*": "preposition + definite article + noun, feminine, singular - from the ground", "*wayyippaḥ*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd singular masculine - and he breathed", "*bəʾappāyw*": "preposition + noun, masculine, dual + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - into his nostrils", "*nišmaṯ*": "noun, feminine, singular construct - breath of", "*ḥayyîm*": "noun, masculine, plural - life", "*wayəhî*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd singular masculine - and he became", "*hāʾāḏām*": "definite article + noun, masculine, singular - the man", "*lənep̄eš*": "preposition + noun, feminine, singular construct - to/for a being of", "*ḥayyāh*": "adjective, feminine, singular - living" }, "variants": { "*wayyîṣer*": "formed/fashioned/shaped", "*hāʾāḏām*": "the man/the human/Adam", "*ʿāp̄ār*": "dust/soil/earth/clay", "*hāʾăḏāmāh*": "the ground/the soil/the earth", "*wayyippaḥ*": "breathed/blew", "*bəʾappāyw*": "in his nostrils/in his nose", "*nišmaṯ ḥayyîm*": "breath of life/living breath", "*nep̄eš ḥayyāh*": "living being/living creature/living soul" } }
• Gen 3:19 : 19 { "verseID": "Genesis.3.19", "source": "בְּזֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֙יךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְךָ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ כִּֽי־עָפָ֣ר אַ֔תָּה וְאֶל־עָפָ֖ר תָּשֽׁוּב׃", "text": "In *zēʿat* *ʾappêkā* *tōʾkal* *leḥem* until *šûbĕkā* to the *ʾădāmāh*, for from it *luqqāḥtā*; for *ʿāp̄ār* *ʾattāh*, and to *ʿāp̄ār* *tāšûb*.", "grammar": { "*zēʿat*": "noun, feminine, construct - sweat of", "*ʾappêkā*": "noun, masculine, dual + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your face/nostrils", "*tōʾkal*": "verb, qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular - you will eat", "*leḥem*": "noun, masculine, singular - bread/food", "*šûbĕkā*": "verb, qal infinitive construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your return", "*ʾădāmāh*": "noun, feminine, singular - ground/earth", "*luqqāḥtā*": "verb, pual perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you were taken", "*ʿāp̄ār*": "noun, masculine, singular - dust", "*ʾattāh*": "pronoun, 2nd masculine singular - you", "*tāšûb*": "verb, qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular - you will return" }, "variants": { "*ʾappayim*": "face/nostrils/nose", "*leḥem*": "bread/food/sustenance" } }
• Job 33:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Job.33.6", "source": "הֵן־אֲנִ֣י כְפִ֣יךָ לָאֵ֑ל מֵ֝חֹ֗מֶר קֹרַ֥צְתִּי גַם־אָֽנִי׃", "text": "*hēn*-*ʾănî* *kəpîkā* *lāʾēl* *mēḥōmer* *qōraṣtî* *gam*-*ʾānî*", "grammar": { "*hēn*": "demonstrative particle - behold/look", "*ʾănî*": "personal pronoun, 1st person singular - I", "*kəpîkā*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - like your mouth/as your speech", "*lāʾēl*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - to/for God", "*mēḥōmer*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - from clay", "*qōraṣtî*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular passive - I was pinched off/formed", "*gam*": "particle - also/too", "*ʾānî*": "personal pronoun, 1st person singular - I" }, "variants": { "*hēn*": "behold/look/indeed", "*kəpîkā*": "like your mouth/as your speech/according to your words", "*lāʾēl*": "to God/for God/before God", "*mēḥōmer*": "from clay/from dust/from mud", "*qōraṣtî*": "I was pinched off/I was formed/I was shaped", "*gam*": "also/too/likewise" } }
• Job 13:12 : 12 { "verseID": "Job.13.12", "source": "זִֽ֭כְרֹנֵיכֶם מִשְׁלֵי־אֵ֑פֶר לְגַבֵּי־חֹ֝֗מֶר גַּבֵּיכֶֽם׃", "text": "*zikrōnêkem* *mišlê*-*ʾēper* *legabbê*-*ḥōmer* *gabbêkem*", "grammar": { "*zikrōnêkem*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 2nd person masculine plural suffix - your memorable sayings", "*mišlê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - proverbs of", "*ʾēper*": "noun, masculine singular - ashes/dust", "*legabbê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - to mounds of", "*ḥōmer*": "noun, masculine singular - clay/mud", "*gabbêkem*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 2nd person masculine plural suffix - your defenses/bulwarks" }, "variants": { "*zikrōnêkem*": "your memorable sayings/your maxims/your remembrances", "*mišlê*-*ʾēper*": "proverbs of ashes/maxims of dust", "*gabbê*-*ḥōmer*": "mounds of clay/heaps of mud", "*gabbêkem*": "your defenses/your strongholds/your arguments" } }
• Job 13:28 : 28 { "verseID": "Job.13.28", "source": "וְ֭הוּא כְּרָקָ֣ב יִבְלֶ֑ה כְּ֝בֶ֗גֶד אֲכָ֣לוֹ עָֽשׁ׃", "text": "*wehûʾ* *kerāqāb* *yibleh* *kebeged* *ʾăkālô* *ʿāš*", "grammar": { "*wehûʾ*": "conjunction + pronoun, 3rd person masculine singular - and he", "*kerāqāb*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - like rot/decay", "*yibleh*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he wastes away", "*kebeged*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - like a garment", "*ʾăkālô*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - it has eaten it", "*ʿāš*": "noun, masculine singular - moth" }, "variants": { "*rāqāb*": "rot/decay/rottenness", "*yibleh*": "wastes away/decays/wears out", "*ʾăkālô*": "has eaten it/has consumed it" } }
• Gen 18:27 : 27 { "verseID": "Genesis.18.27", "source": "וַיַּ֥עַן אַבְרָהָ֖ם וַיֹּאמַ֑ר הִנֵּה־נָ֤א הוֹאַ֙לְתִּי֙ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־אֲדֹנָ֔י וְאָנֹכִ֖י עָפָ֥ר וָאֵֽפֶר׃", "text": "And-*wayyaʿan* *ʾAḇrāhām* and-*wayyōʾmar* *hinnēh*-*nāʾ* *hôʾaltî* to-*ləḏabbēr* to-*ʾăḏōnāy* and-I *ʿāpār* and-*ʾēper*.", "grammar": { "*wayyaʿan*": "qal waw-consecutive imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - answered", "*wayyōʾmar*": "qal waw-consecutive imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - said", "*hinnēh*": "demonstrative particle - behold", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please", "*hôʾaltî*": "hiphil perfect, 1st person singular - I have undertaken", "*ləḏabbēr*": "piel infinitive construct with prefix - to speak", "*ʾăḏōnāy*": "noun with 1st person singular suffix - my Lord", "*ʿāpār*": "noun, masculine singular - dust", "*ʾēper*": "noun, masculine singular - ashes" }, "variants": { "*hôʾaltî*": "I have undertaken/dared/presumed", "*ʿāpār wāʾēper*": "dust and ashes (idiom for human frailty/mortality)" } }
• 2 Cor 4:7 : 7 { "verseID": "2 Corinthians.4.7", "source": "Ἔχομεν δὲ τὸν θησαυρὸν τοῦτον ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν, ἵνα ἡ ὑπερβολὴ τῆς δυνάμεως ᾖ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ μὴ ἐξ ἡμῶν.", "text": "*Echomen de ton thēsauron touton en ostrakinois skeuesin*, that the *hyperbolē tēs dynameōs ē tou Theou*, and not from us.", "grammar": { "*Echomen*": "present active indicative, 1st person plural - we have", "*de*": "postpositive conjunction - but/and/now", "*thēsauron*": "accusative masculine singular - treasure", "*touton*": "demonstrative pronoun, accusative masculine singular - this", "*en*": "preposition + dative - in", "*ostrakinois*": "dative neuter plural adjective - earthen/clay", "*skeuesin*": "dative neuter plural - vessels/containers", "*hyperbolē*": "nominative feminine singular - excellence/surpassing greatness", "*dynameōs*": "genitive feminine singular - power/might", "*ē*": "present subjunctive, 3rd person singular - may be", "*tou Theou*": "genitive masculine singular - of God", "*ex*": "preposition + genitive - from/out of", "*hēmōn*": "genitive, 1st person plural pronoun - of us" }, "variants": { "*thēsauron*": "treasure/wealth/valuable thing", "*ostrakinois*": "earthen/made of clay/fragile", "*skeuesin*": "vessels/containers/jars", "*hyperbolē*": "excellence/surpassing greatness/exceeding", "*dynameōs*": "power/might/strength/ability" } }
• 2 Cor 5:1 : 1 { "verseID": "2 Corinthians.5.1", "source": "¶Οἴδαμεν γὰρ ὅτι ἐὰν ἡ ἐπίγειος ἡμῶν οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους καταλυθῇ, οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἔχομεν, οἰκίαν ἀχειροποίητον, αἰώνιον ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.", "text": "*Oidamen* *gar* that *ean* the *epigeios* of us *oikia* of the *skēnous* *katalythē*, *oikodomēn* from *Theos* we *echomen*, *oikian* *acheiropoiēton*, *aiōnion* in the *ouranois*.", "grammar": { "*Oidamen*": "perfect active indicative, 1st person plural - we know [completed action with continuing results]", "*gar*": "conjunction - for/because [explanatory]", "*ean*": "conditional conjunction - if [introducing hypothetical condition]", "*epigeios*": "adjective, nominative feminine singular - earthly/terrestrial", "*oikia*": "noun, nominative feminine singular - house/dwelling", "*skēnous*": "noun, genitive neuter singular - tent/tabernacle [metaphorical for body]", "*katalythē*": "aorist passive subjunctive, 3rd person singular - be destroyed/dissolved", "*oikodomēn*": "noun, accusative feminine singular - building/edifice", "*Theos*": "noun, genitive masculine singular - God", "*echomen*": "present active indicative, 1st person plural - we have", "*oikian*": "noun, accusative feminine singular - house/dwelling", "*acheiropoiēton*": "adjective, accusative feminine singular - not made with hands", "*aiōnion*": "adjective, accusative feminine singular - eternal", "*ouranois*": "noun, dative masculine plural - heavens" }, "variants": { "*Oidamen*": "know/understand/perceive", "*skēnous*": "tent/tabernacle/temporary dwelling", "*katalythē*": "be destroyed/dissolved/taken down", "*oikodomēn*": "building/structure/edifice", "*acheiropoiēton*": "not made with hands/not of human construction" } }
• 1 Pet 1:24 : 24 { "verseID": "1 Peter.1.24", "source": "Διότι πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. Ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος αὐτοῦ ἐξέπεσεν:", "text": "Because all *sarx* as *chortos*, and all *doxa* of *anthrōpou* as *anthos* of *chortou*. Was *exēranthē* the *chortos*, and the *anthos* of it *exepesen*:", "grammar": { "*sarx*": "nominative, feminine, singular - subject", "*chortos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - comparison", "*doxa*": "nominative, feminine, singular - subject", "*anthrōpou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - possession/relationship", "*anthos*": "nominative, neuter, singular - comparison", "*chortou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - possession/relationship", "*exēranthē*": "aorist, passive, indicative, 3rd person, singular - completed action", "*chortos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - subject", "*anthos*": "nominative, neuter, singular - subject", "*exepesen*": "aorist, active, indicative, 3rd person, singular - completed action" }, "variants": { "*sarx*": "flesh/body/human nature", "*chortos*": "grass/hay/vegetation", "*doxa*": "glory/splendor/honor", "*anthrōpou*": "human/man/person", "*anthos*": "flower/blossom", "*exēranthē*": "was withered/dried up/scorched", "*exepesen*": "fell off/dropped/fell away" } }
• Job 14:2 : 2 { "verseID": "Job.14.2", "source": "כְּצִ֣יץ יָ֭צָא וַיִּמָּ֑ל וַיִּבְרַ֥ח כַּ֝צֵּ֗ל וְלֹ֣א יַעֲמֽוֹד׃", "text": "*kəṣîṣ* *yāṣāʾ* *wayyimmāl* *wayyibraḥ* *kaṣṣēl* *wəlōʾ* *yaʿămôd*", "grammar": { "*kəṣîṣ*": "preposition + noun, masculine, singular - like a flower/blossom", "*yāṣāʾ*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - he comes forth", "*wayyimmāl*": "conjunction + verb, niphal imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - and he is cut down/withers", "*wayyibraḥ*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - and he flees away", "*kaṣṣēl*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine, singular - like the shadow", "*wəlōʾ*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*yaʿămôd*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - he stands/remains" }, "variants": { "*ṣîṣ*": "flower/blossom/bloom", "*yāṣāʾ*": "comes forth/emerges/sprouts", "*wayyimmāl*": "withers/fades/is cut down", "*wayyibraḥ*": "flees away/vanishes/escapes", "*ṣēl*": "shadow/shade/protection", "*yaʿămôd*": "stands/endures/remains/continues" } }
• Job 22:16 : 16 { "verseID": "Job.22.16", "source": "אֲשֶֽׁר־קֻמְּט֥וּ וְלֹא־עֵ֑ת נָ֝הָ֗ר יוּצַ֥ק יְסוֹדָֽם׃", "text": "*ʾăšer-qummᵉṭû wə-lōʾ-ʿēt nāhār yûṣaq yəsôdām*", "grammar": { "*ʾăšer-qummᵉṭû*": "relative pronoun + Pual perfect, 3rd common plural - who were snatched away", "*wə-lōʾ-ʿēt*": "conjunction + negative particle + noun, feminine singular - and not time", "*nāhār*": "noun, masculine singular - river/stream", "*yûṣaq*": "Hophal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - was poured out", "*yəsôdām*": "noun, masculine singular construct + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their foundation" }, "variants": { "*qummᵉṭû*": "to be seized/snatched away/cut off", "*ʿēt*": "time/proper time", "*nāhār*": "river/stream/flood", "*yûṣaq*": "to be poured out/melted/cast", "*yəsôdām*": "their foundation/base" } }
• Ps 39:11 : 11 { "verseID": "Psalms.39.11", "source": "הָסֵ֣ר מֵעָלַ֣י נִגְעֶ֑ךָ מִתִּגְרַ֥ת יָ֝דְךָ֗ אֲנִ֣י כָלִֽיתִי׃", "text": "*hāsēr* from-upon-me *nigʿekā* from-*tigrāt* *yādəkā* *ʾănî* *kālîtî*", "grammar": { "*hāsēr*": "verb, hiphil imperative masculine singular - remove", "*nigʿekā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix and prefixed 'mē'+'al' with 1st person singular suffix - your stroke from upon me", "*tigrāt*": "noun, feminine singular construct with prefixed preposition 'min' - from the blow of", "*yādəkā*": "noun, feminine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your hand", "*ʾănî*": "pronoun, 1st person singular - I", "*kālîtî*": "verb, qal perfect 1st person singular - I am consumed/perish" }, "variants": { "*hāsēr*": "remove/take away/turn aside", "*nigʿekā*": "your stroke/plague/affliction", "*tigrāt*": "blow/attack/contention", "*kālîtî*": "I am consumed/perish/come to an end" } }
• Ps 90:5-7 : 5 { "verseID": "Psalms.90.5", "source": "זְ֭רַמְתָּם שֵׁנָ֣ה יִהְי֑וּ בַּ֝בֹּ֗קֶר כֶּחָצִ֥יר יַחֲלֹֽף׃", "text": "You *zĕramtām* *šēnâ* they *yihyû*; in *boqer* like *ḥāṣîr* *yaḥălōp̄*.", "grammar": { "*zĕramtām*": "qal perfect, 2nd masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - you flood/sweep/carry away them", "*šēnâ*": "feminine singular - sleep", "*yihyû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they are/become", "*babboqer*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - in the morning", "*keḥāṣîr*": "preposition + masculine singular - like grass", "*yaḥălōp̄*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - sprouts up/passes away/changes" }, "variants": { "*zĕramtām*": "you flood them away/you sweep them away/you end them", "*šēnâ*": "sleep/slumber/unconsciousness", "*yihyû*": "they become/they are/they exist", "*boqer*": "morning/daybreak", "*ḥāṣîr*": "grass/hay/vegetation", "*yaḥălōp̄*": "sprouts up/passes away/changes/grows anew/fades" } } 6 { "verseID": "Psalms.90.6", "source": "בַּ֭בֹּקֶר יָצִ֣יץ וְחָלָ֑ף לָ֝עֶ֗רֶב יְמוֹלֵ֥ל וְיָבֵֽשׁ׃", "text": "In *boqer* *yāṣîṣ* *wĕḥālāp̄*; for *ʿereḇ* *yĕmôlēl* *wĕyāḇēš*.", "grammar": { "*babboqer*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - in the morning", "*yāṣîṣ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - sprouts/blooms/flourishes", "*wĕḥālāp̄*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and passes away/changes", "*lāʿereḇ*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - for/toward the evening", "*yĕmôlēl*": "polal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - is cut down/withers", "*wĕyāḇēš*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and dries/withers" }, "variants": { "*yāṣîṣ*": "sprouts/blooms/flourishes", "*ḥālāp̄*": "passes away/grows/changes/renews", "*ʿereḇ*": "evening/sunset/dusk", "*yĕmôlēl*": "is cut down/withers/fades", "*yāḇēš*": "dries up/withers/becomes dry" } } 7 { "verseID": "Psalms.90.7", "source": "כִּֽי־כָלִ֥ינוּ בְאַפֶּ֑ךָ וּֽבַחֲמָתְךָ֥ נִבְהָֽלְנוּ׃", "text": "For we *ḵālînû* by your *ʾap̄*, and by your *ḥămāṯĕḵā* we *niḇhālnû*.", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*ḵālînû*": "qal perfect, 1st plural - we are consumed/destroyed", "*ḇĕʾappêḵā*": "preposition + masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - by your anger/nostril", "*ûḇaḥămāṯĕḵā*": "conjunction + preposition + feminine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - and by your wrath/heat", "*niḇhālnû*": "niphal perfect, 1st plural - we are dismayed/terrified/troubled" }, "variants": { "*ḵālînû*": "we are consumed/we perish/we are destroyed", "*ʾap̄*": "anger/nostril/wrath", "*ḥămāṯĕḵā*": "your wrath/your heat/your fury", "*niḇhālnû*": "we are dismayed/terrified/troubled/overwhelmed" } }
• Ps 103:15-16 : 15 { "verseID": "Psalms.103.15", "source": "אֱ֭נוֹשׁ כֶּחָצִ֣יר יָמָ֑יו כְּצִ֥יץ הַ֝שָּׂדֶ֗ה כֵּ֣ן יָצִֽיץ׃", "text": "*ʾĕnôš* like-*ḥāṣîr* *yāmāyw* like-*ṣîṣ* *ha-śādeh* so *yāṣîṣ*", "grammar": { "*ʾĕnôš*": "masculine singular noun - man", "*ḥāṣîr*": "masculine singular noun with prefixed preposition *kə* - like grass", "*yāmāyw*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his days", "*ṣîṣ*": "masculine singular noun with prefixed preposition *kə* - like flower of", "*ha-śādeh*": "definite article with masculine singular noun - the field", "*yāṣîṣ*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - he flourishes" }, "variants": { "*ʾĕnôš*": "man/mankind/mortal/humankind", "*ḥāṣîr*": "grass/hay/herb", "*yāmāyw*": "his days/lifetime", "*ṣîṣ*": "flower/blossom/bloom", "*śādeh*": "field/land/territory/open country", "*yāṣîṣ*": "flourishes/blossoms/sprouts/shines" } } 16 { "verseID": "Psalms.103.16", "source": "כִּ֤י ר֣וּחַ עָֽבְרָה־בּ֣וֹ וְאֵינֶ֑נּוּ וְלֹא־יַכִּירֶ֖נּוּ ע֣וֹד מְקוֹמֽוֹ׃", "text": "For *rûaḥ* *ʿābrāh*-*bô* *wə*-*ʾênennû* *wə*-not-*yakkîrennû* *ʿôd* *məqômô*", "grammar": { "*rûaḥ*": "feminine singular noun - wind", "*ʿābrāh*-*bô*": "qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular with preposition *bə* and 3rd person masculine singular suffix - passes over him", "*wə*-*ʾênennû*": "conjunction with particle of negation with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - and he is not", "*yakkîrennû*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix with prefixed negative particle - will not recognize him", "*ʿôd*": "adverb - again/still/yet", "*məqômô*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his place" }, "variants": { "*rûaḥ*": "wind/breath/spirit", "*ʿābrāh*-*bô*": "passes over him/blows upon him", "*ʾênennû*": "he is not/he is gone/he is no more", "*yakkîrennû*": "recognize him/acknowledge him/know him", "*məqômô*": "his place/his location/his position" } }
• Ps 146:4 : 4 { "verseID": "Psalms.146.4", "source": "תֵּצֵ֣א ר֭וּחוֹ יָשֻׁ֣ב לְאַדְמָת֑וֹ בַּיּ֥וֹם הַ֝ה֗וּא אָבְד֥וּ עֶשְׁתֹּנֹתָֽיו׃", "text": "*tetseʾ* *ruḥo* *yashub* *le-ʾadmato* *ba-yom* *ha-huʾ* *ʾabdu* *ʿeshtonotav*", "grammar": { "*tetseʾ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - goes out/departs", "*ruḥo*": "noun, feminine, singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his breath/spirit", "*yashub*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he returns", "*le-ʾadmato*": "preposition + noun, feminine, singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - to his ground/earth/soil", "*ba-yom*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine, singular - in the day", "*ha-huʾ*": "definite article + demonstrative pronoun, masculine, singular - that", "*ʾabdu*": "qal perfect, 3rd person plural - they perish", "*ʿeshtonotav*": "noun, feminine, plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his thoughts/plans" }, "variants": { "*ruḥo*": "his breath/his spirit", "*ʾadmato*": "his ground/his earth/his soil/his dust", "*ʿeshtonotav*": "his thoughts/his plans/his schemes/his intentions" } }
• Eccl 12:7 : 7 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.12.7", "source": "וְיָשֹׁ֧ב הֶעָפָ֛ר עַל־הָאָ֖רֶץ כְּשֶׁהָיָ֑ה וְהָר֣וּחַ תָּשׁ֔וּב אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר נְתָנָֽהּ׃", "text": "Wə-*yāšōḇ* he-*ʿāpār* *ʿal*-hā-*ʾāreṣ* kə-še-*hāyāh* wə-hā-*rûaḥ* *tāšûḇ* *ʾel*-hā-*ʾĕlōhîm* *ʾăšer* *nətānāh*", "grammar": { "*yāšōḇ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - it will return", "*ʿāpār*": "noun, masculine singular - dust/soil", "*ʿal*": "preposition - upon/to", "*ʾāreṣ*": "noun, feminine singular - earth/land", "*hāyāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - it was", "*rûaḥ*": "noun, feminine singular - spirit/breath/wind", "*tāšûḇ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - it will return", "*ʾel*": "preposition - to/toward", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "noun, masculine plural - God", "*ʾăšer*": "relative particle - who/which", "*nətānāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - he gave it" }, "variants": { "*ʿāpār*": "dust/soil/earth (reference to Genesis 3:19)", "*rûaḥ*": "spirit/breath/life-force", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God (plural form used as singular)" } }