Exodus 10:21

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Exodus.10.21", "source": "וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה נְטֵ֤ה יָֽדְךָ֙ עַל־הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וִ֥יהִי חֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם וְיָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ׃", "text": "*wa-yōʾmer* *YHWH* *ʾel-mōšeh* *nəṭēh* *yādəkā* *ʿal-ha-šāmayim* *wîhî* *ḥōšek* *ʿal-ʾereṣ* *miṣrāyim* *wə-yāmēš* *ḥōšek*", "grammar": { "*wa-yōʾmer*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and said", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*ʾel-mōšeh*": "preposition + proper noun - to Moses", "*nəṭēh*": "Qal imperative masculine singular - stretch out", "*yādəkā*": "noun feminine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your hand", "*ʿal-ha-šāmayim*": "preposition + definite article + noun masculine plural - toward the heavens", "*wîhî*": "conjunction + Qal jussive 3rd masculine singular - that there may be", "*ḥōšek*": "noun masculine singular - darkness", "*ʿal-ʾereṣ*": "preposition + noun feminine singular construct - over the land of", "*miṣrāyim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*wə-yāmēš*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular jussive - that may be felt", "*ḥōšek*": "noun masculine singular - darkness" }, "variants": { "*yāmēš*": "may be felt/may be thick/may be tangible", "*ḥōšek*": "darkness/obscurity" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה נְטֵ֤ה יָֽדְךָ֙ עַל־הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וִ֥יהִי חֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם וְיָמֵ֖שׁ חֹֽשֶׁךְ׃

Transliteration

wa-yōʾmer YHWH ʾel-mōšeh nəṭēh yādəkā ʿal-ha-šāmayim wîhî ḥōšek ʿal-ʾereṣ miṣrāyim wə-yāmēš ḥōšek

Grammar Details

• *wa-yōʾmer*: conjunction + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and said
• *YHWH*: proper noun - divine name
• *ʾel-mōšeh*: preposition + proper noun - to Moses
• *nəṭēh*: Qal imperative masculine singular - stretch out
• *yādəkā*: noun feminine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your hand
• *ʿal-ha-šāmayim*: preposition + definite article + noun masculine plural - toward the heavens
• *wîhî*: conjunction + Qal jussive 3rd masculine singular - that there may be
• *ḥōšek*: noun masculine singular - darkness
• *ʿal-ʾereṣ*: preposition + noun feminine singular construct - over the land of
• *miṣrāyim*: proper noun - Egypt
• *wə-yāmēš*: conjunction + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular jussive - that may be felt

Word Meanings

• *yāmēš*: may be felt/may be thick/may be tangible
• *ḥōšek*: darkness/obscurity

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  Then the LORD said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness may spread over Egypt—a darkness that can be felt."

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  And the LORD said to Moses, Stretch out your hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, a darkness which may be felt.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  And Jehovah{H3068} said{H559} unto Moses,{H4872} Stretch out{H5186} thy hand{H3027} toward heaven,{H8064} that there may be darkness{H2822} over the land{H776} of Egypt,{H4714} even darkness{H2822} which may be felt.{H4959}

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  And the LORD{H3068} said{H559}{(H8799)} unto Moses{H4872}, Stretch out{H5186}{(H8798)} thine hand{H3027} toward heaven{H8064}, that there may be darkness{H2822} over the land{H776} of Egypt{H4714}, even darkness{H2822} which may be felt{H4959}{(H8686)}.

• Tyndale Bible (1526/1534)

  And the Lorde sayde vnto Moses: Stretch out thy hond vnto heaue ad let there be darcknesse vppon the londe of Egipte: eue that thei maye feale the darcknesse.

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  The LORDE sayde vnto Moses: Stretch out thine hade towarde heauen, that it be so darck in the londe of Egipte, yt it maye be felt.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  Againe ye Lord said vnto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heauen, that there may be vpon the lande of Egypt darkenesse, euen darkenesse that may be felt.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  And the Lorde sayde vnto Moyses: Stretche out thy hande vnto heauen, that there may be vpon the lande of Egypt darknesse which may be felt.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  ¶ And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness [which] may be felt.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  Yahweh said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt."

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  And Jehovah saith unto Moses, `Stretch out thy hand towards the heavens, and there is darkness over the land of Egypt, and the darkness is felt.'

• American Standard Version (1901)

  And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch out thy hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch out thy hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  And the Lord said to Moses, Let your hand be stretched out to heaven, and all the land of Egypt will be dark, so that men will be feeling their way about in the dark.

• World English Bible (2000)

  Yahweh said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt."

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  The Ninth Blow: Darkness The LORD said to Moses,“Extend your hand toward heaven so that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, a darkness so thick it can be felt.”

Referenced Verses

• Ps 105:28 : 28 { "verseID": "Psalms.105.28", "source": "שָׁ֣לַֽח חֹ֭שֶׁךְ וַיַּחְשִׁ֑ךְ וְלֹֽא־מָ֝ר֗וּ אֶת־*דברוו **דְּבָרֽוֹ׃", "text": "*šālaḥ* *ḥōšek* *wa-yyaḥšik* *wə-lōʾ*-*mārū* *ʾet*-*dəbārō*", "grammar": { "*šālaḥ*": "qal perfect, 3ms - he sent", "*ḥōšek*": "noun, masculine singular - darkness", "*wa-yyaḥšik*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect (consecutive), 3ms - and it became dark", "*wə-lōʾ*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*mārū*": "qal perfect, 3cp - they rebelled against", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*dəbārō*": "noun, masculine singular construct with 3ms suffix - his word" }, "variants": { "*šālaḥ*": "sent/dispatched", "*ḥōšek*": "darkness/obscurity", "*wa-yyaḥšik*": "and it became dark/darkened", "*mārū*": "rebelled against/disobeyed/defied", "*dəbārō*": "his word/command/speech" } }
• Exod 9:22 : 22 { "verseID": "Exodus.9.22", "source": "וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָֽדְךָ֙ עַל־הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וִיהִ֥י בָרָ֖ד בְּכָל־אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם עַל־הָאָדָ֣ם וְעַל־הַבְּהֵמָ֗ה וְעַ֛ל כָּל־עֵ֥שֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃", "text": "And-*yō'mer* *YHWH* to-*mōšeh* stretch *'et*-hand-your over-the-heavens and-let-be *bārāḏ* in-all-land-of *miṣrayim* upon-the-*'āḏām* and-upon-the-*bᵊhēmāh* and-upon all-*'ēśeḇ* the-field in-land-of *miṣrayim*.", "grammar": { "*wayyō'mer*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*'el-mōšeh*": "preposition + proper noun - to Moses", "*nᵊṭēh*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - stretch out/extend", "*'et-yāḏᵊḵā*": "direct object marker + noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your hand", "*'al-haššāmayim*": "preposition + definite article + noun - toward the heavens", "*wîhî*": "conjunction + qal jussive 3rd masculine singular - and let there be", "*ḇārāḏ*": "noun, masculine singular - hail", "*bᵊḵol-'ereṣ*": "preposition + construct noun - in all the land of", "*miṣrayim*": "proper noun - Egypt", "*'al-hā'āḏām*": "preposition + definite article + noun - upon the people/humans", "*wᵊ'al-habbᵊhēmāh*": "conjunction + preposition + definite article + noun - and upon the livestock", "*wᵊ'al kol-'ēśeḇ*": "conjunction + preposition + construct - and upon all vegetation", "*haśśāḏeh*": "definite article + noun - of the field", "*bᵊ'ereṣ miṣrayim*": "preposition + construct + proper noun - in the land of Egypt" }, "variants": { "*nᵊṭēh*": "stretch out/extend/reach out", "*bārāḏ*": "hail/hailstorm", "*'āḏām*": "human/man/mankind", "*bᵊhēmāh*": "beast/cattle/livestock", "*'ēśeḇ*": "vegetation/plant/herb/grass" } }
• Deut 28:29 : 29 { "verseID": "Deuteronomy.28.29", "source": "וְהָיִ֜יתָ מְמַשֵּׁ֣שׁ בַּֽצָהֳרַ֗יִם כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר יְמַשֵּׁ֤שׁ הַעִוֵּר֙ בָּאֲפֵלָ֔ה וְלֹ֥א תַצְלִ֖יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֑יךָ וְהָיִ֜יתָ אַ֣ךְ עָשׁ֧וּק וְגָז֛וּל כָּל־הַיָּמִ֖ים וְאֵ֥ין מוֹשִֽׁיעַ׃", "text": "*wəhāyîtā* *məmaššēš* *baṣṣohŏrayim* *kaʾăšer* *yəmaššēš* *haʿiwwēr* *bāʾăpēlâ* *wəlōʾ* *taṣlîaḥ* *ʾet*-*dərākêkā* *wəhāyîtā* *ʾak* *ʿāšûq* *wəgāzûl* *kol*-*hayyāmîm* *wəʾên* *môšîaʿ*", "grammar": { "*wəhāyîtā*": "conjunction (wə-) + qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - and you will be", "*məmaššēš*": "piel participle, masculine singular - groping/feeling about", "*baṣṣohŏrayim*": "preposition (bə-) + definite article + noun, masculine dual - at noon/midday", "*kaʾăšer*": "preposition (kə-) + relative pronoun - as/like", "*yəmaššēš*": "piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he gropes", "*haʿiwwēr*": "definite article + adjective, masculine singular - the blind person", "*bāʾăpēlâ*": "preposition (bə-) + definite article + noun, feminine singular - in the darkness", "*wəlōʾ*": "conjunction (wə-) + negative particle - and not", "*taṣlîaḥ*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you will succeed/prosper", "*ʾet*-*dərākêkā*": "direct object marker + noun, feminine plural with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your ways/paths", "*wəhāyîtā*": "conjunction (wə-) + qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - and you will be", "*ʾak*": "adverb - only/surely", "*ʿāšûq*": "qal passive participle, masculine singular - oppressed/defrauded", "*wəgāzûl*": "conjunction (wə-) + qal passive participle, masculine singular - and robbed/plundered", "*kol*-*hayyāmîm*": "noun, masculine singular construct + definite article + noun, masculine plural - all the days", "*wəʾên*": "conjunction (wə-) + particle of negation - and there is no", "*môšîaʿ*": "hiphil participle, masculine singular - savior/deliverer" }, "variants": { "*məmaššēš*": "groping/feeling around/searching by touch", "*ṣohŏrayim*": "noon/midday/brightest part of day", "*yəmaššēš*": "gropes/feels around/searches by touch", "*ʿiwwēr*": "blind person", "*ʾăpēlâ*": "darkness/thick darkness", "*taṣlîaḥ*": "succeed/prosper/make progress", "*dərākêkā*": "your ways/paths/roads", "*ʾak*": "only/surely/indeed", "*ʿāšûq*": "oppressed/defrauded/exploited", "*gāzûl*": "robbed/plundered/despoiled", "*hayyāmîm*": "the days/time", "*môšîaʿ*": "savior/deliverer/rescuer" } }
• Ps 35:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Psalms.35.6", "source": "יְֽהִי־דַרְכָּ֗ם חֹ֥שֶׁךְ וַחֲלַקְלַקּ֑וֹת וּמַלְאַ֥ךְ יְ֝הוָ֗ה רֹדְפָֽם׃", "text": "*Yəhî*-*darkām* *ḥōšek* *wa*-*ḥălaqlaqqôt*; *û*-*malʾak* *Yahweh* *rōdəpām*.", "grammar": { "*Yəhî*": "imperfect jussive, 3rd person masculine singular - let it be", "*darkām*": "noun, masculine singular construct with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their way", "*ḥōšek*": "noun, masculine singular - darkness", "*wa*": "conjunction - and", "*ḥălaqlaqqôt*": "noun, feminine plural - slippery places", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*malʾak*": "noun, masculine singular construct - angel/messenger of", "*Yahweh*": "divine name", "*rōdəpām*": "participle, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - pursuing them" }, "variants": { "*darkām*": "way/path/journey", "*ḥōšek*": "darkness/obscurity", "*ḥălaqlaqqôt*": "slippery places/slipperiness", "*malʾak*": "angel/messenger/envoy", "*rōdəpām*": "pursuing/chasing/persecuting them" } }
• Ps 78:49 : 49 { "verseID": "Psalms.78.49", "source": "יְשַׁלַּח־בָּ֨ם ׀ חֲר֬וֹן אַפּ֗וֹ עֶבְרָ֣ה וָזַ֣עַם וְצָרָ֑ה מִ֝שְׁלַ֗חַת מַלְאֲכֵ֥י רָעִֽים׃", "text": "*yəšallaḥ*-against-them *ḥărōn* *ʾappō* *ʿebrāh* and-*zaʿam* and-*ṣārāh* *mišlaḥat* *malʾăkê* *rāʿîm*", "grammar": { "*yəšallaḥ*": "Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he sent", "*ḥărōn*": "masculine singular construct - burning of", "*ʾappō*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his anger/nostrils", "*ʿebrāh*": "feminine singular noun - fury/wrath/overflow", "*zaʿam*": "masculine singular noun - indignation/anger", "*ṣārāh*": "feminine singular noun - distress/trouble", "*mišlaḥat*": "feminine singular construct - sending/deputation of", "*malʾăkê*": "masculine plural construct - messengers/angels of", "*rāʿîm*": "masculine plural adjective - evil/bad" }, "variants": { "*ḥărōn*": "burning/heat/fierceness", "*ʾappō*": "his anger/his wrath/his nose", "*ʿebrāh*": "fury/wrath/rage/overflow", "*zaʿam*": "indignation/anger/denouncement", "*ṣārāh*": "distress/trouble/affliction", "*mišlaḥat*": "sending/deputation/discharge", "*malʾăkê rāʿîm*": "messengers of evil/evil angels/angels of destruction" } }
• Prov 4:19 : 19 { "verseID": "Proverbs.4.19", "source": "דֶּ֣רֶךְ רְ֭שָׁעִים כָּֽאֲפֵלָ֑ה לֹ֥א יָ֝דְע֗וּ בַּמֶּ֥ה יִכָּשֵֽׁלוּ׃ פ", "text": "*derek* *rəšāʿîm* *kāʾăpēlâ* *lōʾ* *yādəʿû* *bammeh* *yikkāšēlû*", "grammar": { "*derek*": "masculine singular construct noun - way of", "*rəšāʿîm*": "masculine plural noun - wicked ones", "*kāʾăpēlâ*": "preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun - like the deep darkness", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*yādəʿû*": "perfect, 3rd person masculine plural, qal - they know", "*bammeh*": "preposition + interrogative pronoun - on what", "*yikkāšēlû*": "imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural, niphal - they stumble" }, "variants": { "*derek*": "way/path/road/journey", "*rəšāʿîm*": "wicked ones/criminals/evildoers", "*ʾăpēlâ*": "deep darkness/gloom/thick darkness", "*yādəʿû*": "know/perceive/recognize", "*yikkāšēlû*": "stumble/stagger/be brought down" } }
• Eccl 2:14 : 14 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.2.14", "source": "הֶֽחָכָם֙ עֵינָ֣יו בְּרֹאשׁ֔וֹ וְהַכְּסִ֖יל בַּחֹ֣שֶׁךְ הוֹלֵ֑ךְ וְיָדַ֣עְתִּי גַם־אָ֔נִי שֶׁמִּקְרֶ֥ה אֶחָ֖ד יִקְרֶ֥ה אֶת־כֻּלָּֽם׃", "text": "The-*ḥākām* *ʿênāyw* in *rōʾshô* and the-*kĕsîl* in the-*ḥōshek* *hôlēk* and *yādaʿtî* also-I *shemmiqreh* *ʾeḥād* *yiqreh* *ʾet*-all of them.", "grammar": { "*ḥākām*": "masculine singular adjective with definite article - the wise person", "*ʿênāyw*": "dual noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his eyes", "*rōʾshô*": "masculine singular noun + preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - in his head", "*kĕsîl*": "masculine singular adjective with definite article - the fool", "*ḥōshek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article + preposition - in the darkness", "*hôlēk*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - walking/going", "*yādaʿtî*": "perfect, 1st singular - I knew", "*shemmiqreh*": "relative particle + masculine singular noun - that the fate/event", "*ʾeḥād*": "numeral, masculine singular - one", "*yiqreh*": "imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will happen/befall", "*ʾet-kullām*": "direct object marker + noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - all of them" }, "variants": { "*ḥākām*": "wise person/sage", "*ʿênāyw bĕrōʾshô*": "his eyes are in his head (idiom: he sees clearly/pays attention)", "*kĕsîl*": "fool/stupid person", "*baḥōshek hôlēk*": "walks in darkness/goes about in darkness", "*miqreh*": "happening/event/fate/destiny", "*miqreh ʾeḥād yiqreh ʾet-kullām*": "one event/fate will happen to all of them" } }
• Eccl 6:4 : 4 { "verseID": "Ecclesiastes.6.4", "source": "כִּֽי־בַהֶ֥בֶל בָּ֖א וּבַחֹ֣שֶׁךְ יֵלֵ֑ךְ וּבַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ שְׁמ֥וֹ יְכֻסֶּֽה׃", "text": "For-in-the-*heḇel* *bāʾ* and-in-the-*ḥōšeḵ* *yēlēḵ* and-in-the-*ḥōšeḵ* *šəmô* *yəḵusseh*.", "grammar": { "*heḇel*": "noun, masculine singular - vanity/emptiness", "*bāʾ*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he came", "*ḥōšeḵ*": "noun, masculine singular - darkness", "*yēlēḵ*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will go", "*šəmô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his name", "*yəḵusseh*": "verb, Pual imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - it will be covered" }, "variants": { "*heḇel*": "vanity/emptiness/futility/breath/vapor", "*ḥōšeḵ*": "darkness/obscurity", "*yəḵusseh*": "will be covered/will be concealed/will be hidden" } }
• Isa 8:21-22 : 21 { "verseID": "Isaiah.8.21", "source": "וְעָ֥בַר בָּ֖הּ נִקְשֶׁ֣ה וְרָעֵ֑ב וְהָיָ֨ה כִֽי־יִרְעַ֜ב וְהִתְקַצַּ֗ף וְקִלֵּ֧ל בְּמַלְכּ֛וֹ וּבֵאלֹהָ֖יו וּפָנָ֥ה לְמָֽעְלָה׃", "text": "And-*ʿābar* in-it *niqšeh* and-*rāʿēb* and-*hāyāh* when-*yirʿab* and-*hitqaṣṣap* and-*qillēl* against-*malkô* and-against-*ʾĕlōhāyw* and-*pānāh* to-*māʿlāh*", "grammar": { "*ʿābar*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he will pass through", "*bāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in it", "*niqšeh*": "niphal participle masculine singular - distressed/hardened", "*rāʿēb*": "adjective masculine singular - hungry", "*hāyāh*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - it will be", "*yirʿab*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he is hungry", "*hitqaṣṣap*": "hithpael perfect 3rd masculine singular - he will become angry", "*qillēl*": "piel perfect 3rd masculine singular - he will curse", "*malkô*": "noun masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his king", "*ʾĕlōhāyw*": "noun masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his God", "*pānāh*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he will turn/look", "*māʿlāh*": "noun feminine singular - upward/above" }, "variants": { "*niqšeh*": "distressed/hardened/oppressed", "*hitqaṣṣap*": "become angry/be furious/be enraged", "*qillēl*": "curse/revile/treat with contempt", "*pānāh lə-māʿlāh*": "look upward/turn to heaven/gaze above" } } 22 { "verseID": "Isaiah.8.22", "source": "וְאֶל־אֶ֖רֶץ יַבִּ֑יט וְהִנֵּ֨ה צָרָ֤ה וַחֲשֵׁכָה֙ מְע֣וּף צוּקָ֔ה וַאֲפֵלָ֖ה מְנֻדָּֽח׃", "text": "And-to-*ʾereṣ yabbîṭ* and-*hinnēh ṣārāh wa-ḥăšēkāh məʿûp ṣûqāh wa-ʾăpēlāh mənuddāḥ*", "grammar": { "*ʾereṣ*": "noun feminine singular - earth/land", "*yabbîṭ*": "hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he will look/gaze", "*hinnēh*": "interjection - behold/look", "*ṣārāh*": "noun feminine singular - distress/trouble", "*ḥăšēkāh*": "noun feminine singular - darkness", "*məʿûp*": "noun masculine singular construct - gloom of", "*ṣûqāh*": "noun feminine singular - anguish/distress", "*ʾăpēlāh*": "noun feminine singular - gloom/thick darkness", "*mənuddāḥ*": "pual participle masculine singular - driven away/thrust away" }, "variants": { "*yabbîṭ*": "he will look/he will gaze/he will behold", "*ṣārāh*": "distress/trouble/adversity", "*ḥăšēkāh*": "darkness/gloom", "*məʿûp ṣûqāh*": "gloom of anguish/thick distress/deep oppression", "*ʾăpēlāh mənuddāḥ*": "darkness driven away/thick darkness thrust out/deep gloom banished" } }
• Matt 27:45 : 45 { "verseID": "Matthew.27.45", "source": "Ἀπὸ δὲ ἕκτης ὥρας σκότος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.", "text": "From but sixth *hōras* *skotos* *egeneto* upon all the *gēn* until *hōras* ninth.", "grammar": { "*hōras*": "genitive, feminine, singular - hour", "*skotos*": "nominative, neuter, singular - darkness", "*egeneto*": "aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular - became/happened", "*gēn*": "accusative, feminine, singular - land/earth", "*hōras*": "genitive, feminine, singular - hour" }, "variants": { "*hōras*": "hour [sixth hour = noon in Jewish reckoning]", "*skotos*": "darkness/gloom/obscurity", "*egeneto*": "became/happened/came to be", "*gēn*": "land/earth/region [could refer to all earth or just the local area]", "*hōras*": "hour [ninth hour = 3pm in Jewish reckoning]" } }
• Mark 15:33 : 33 { "verseID": "Mark.15.33", "source": "Γενομένης δὲ ὥρας ἕκτης, σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφʼ ὅλην τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.", "text": "*Genomenēs* *de* *hōras* *hektēs*, *skotos* *egeneto* upon whole the *gēn* until *hōras* *enatēs*.", "grammar": { "*Genomenēs*": "participle, aorist, middle, genitive, feminine, singular - having come/arrived", "*de*": "conjunction - and/but", "*hōras*": "noun, genitive, feminine, singular - of hour", "*hektēs*": "adjective, genitive, feminine, singular - sixth", "*skotos*": "noun, nominative, neuter, singular - darkness", "*egeneto*": "verb, aorist, middle, indicative, 3rd, singular - came/happened", "*gēn*": "noun, accusative, feminine, singular - land/earth", "*enatēs*": "adjective, genitive, feminine, singular - ninth" }, "variants": { "*Genomenēs*": "having come/having arrived/when it was", "*hōras*": "hour/time", "*hektēs*": "sixth (about noon)", "*skotos*": "darkness/blackness", "*egeneto*": "came/happened/occurred", "*gēn*": "land/earth/ground", "*enatēs*": "ninth (about 3 p.m.)" } }
• Luke 23:44 : 44 { "verseID": "Luke.23.44", "source": "Ἦν δὲ ὡσεὶ ὥρα ἕκτη, καὶ σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφ ὅλην τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.", "text": "*Ēn* *de* about *hōra* sixth, and *skotos* *egeneto* upon whole the *gēn* until *hōras* ninth.", "grammar": { "*Ēn*": "imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular - was", "*de*": "postpositive conjunction - but/and", "ὡσεὶ": "adverb - about/approximately", "*hōra*": "nominative singular feminine - hour", "ἕκτη": "nominative singular feminine - sixth", "*skotos*": "nominative singular neuter - darkness", "*egeneto*": "aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular - became/happened", "*gēn*": "accusative singular feminine - earth/land", "*hōras*": "genitive singular feminine - of hour", "ἐνάτης": "genitive singular feminine - ninth" }, "variants": { "*Ēn*": "was/existed", "*hōra*": "hour/time", "*skotos*": "darkness/gloom", "*egeneto*": "became/happened/came", "*gēn*": "earth/land/ground" } }
• 2 Pet 2:4 : 4 { "verseID": "2 Peter.2.4", "source": "Εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων οὐκ ἐφείσατο, ἀλλὰ σειραῖς ζόφου, ταρταρώσας παρέδωκεν εἰς κρίσιν τηρουμένους·", "text": "*Ei gar ho Theos angelōn hamartēsantōn ouk epheisato, alla seirais zophou, tartarōsas paredōken eis krisin tēroumenous*;", "grammar": { "*Ei*": "conditional conjunction - 'if'", "*gar*": "postpositive particle - 'for'", "*ho Theos*": "nominative singular masculine - 'God'", "*angelōn*": "genitive plural masculine - 'of angels'", "*hamartēsantōn*": "aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine - 'having sinned'", "*ouk epheisato*": "negative + aorist indicative middle, 3rd singular - 'did not spare'", "*alla*": "adversative conjunction - 'but'", "*seirais*": "dative plural feminine - 'with chains'", "*zophou*": "genitive singular masculine - 'of darkness/gloom'", "*tartarōsas*": "aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine - 'having cast into Tartarus'", "*paredōken*": "aorist indicative active, 3rd singular - 'delivered/handed over'", "*eis krisin*": "preposition with accusative singular feminine - 'for/unto judgment'", "*tēroumenous*": "present passive participle, accusative plural masculine - 'being kept/reserved'" }, "variants": { "*epheisato*": "spared/had mercy on/withheld punishment", "*seirais*": "chains/ropes/bonds", "*zophou*": "darkness/gloom/deep darkness", "*tartarōsas*": "having cast into Tartarus/having sent to the deepest abyss", "*paredōken*": "delivered/handed over/committed", "*krisin*": "judgment/trial/condemnation", "*tēroumenous*": "being kept/guarded/preserved/reserved" } }
• 2 Pet 2:17 : 17 { "verseID": "2 Peter.2.17", "source": "Οὗτοί εἰσιν πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι, νεφέλαι ὑπὸ λαίλαπος ἐλαυνόμεναι· οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται.", "text": "*Houtoi eisin pēgai anydroi, nephelai hypo lailapos elaunomenai; hois ho zophos tou skotous eis aiōna tetērētai*.", "grammar": { "*Houtoi*": "nominative plural masculine demonstrative pronoun - 'these'", "*eisin*": "present indicative active, 3rd plural - 'are'", "*pēgai*": "nominative plural feminine - 'springs/fountains'", "*anydroi*": "nominative plural feminine - 'waterless/dry'", "*nephelai*": "nominative plural feminine - 'clouds'", "*hypo lailapos*": "preposition with genitive singular feminine - 'by storm'", "*elaunomenai*": "present passive participle, nominative plural feminine - 'being driven'", "*hois*": "dative plural masculine relative pronoun - 'for whom'", "*ho zophos*": "nominative singular masculine - 'the blackness/gloom'", "*tou skotous*": "genitive singular neuter - 'of darkness'", "*eis aiōna*": "preposition with accusative singular masculine - 'for eternity'", "*tetērētai*": "perfect indicative passive, 3rd singular - 'has been reserved'" }, "variants": { "*pēgai*": "springs/fountains/wells", "*anydroi*": "waterless/dry/without water", "*nephelai*": "clouds/mists", "*lailapos*": "storm/tempest/whirlwind", "*elaunomenai*": "being driven/carried/propelled", "*zophos*": "blackness/gloom/deep darkness", "*skotous*": "of darkness/obscurity", "*eis aiōna*": "for eternity/forever/for an age", "*tetērētai*": "has been reserved/kept/preserved" } }
• Jude 1:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Jude.1.6", "source": "Ἀγγέλους τε τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν, ἀλλὰ ἀπολιπόντας τὸ ἴδιον οἰκητήριον, εἰς κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας. Δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν", "text": "*Angelous te tous mē tērēsantas tēn heautōn archēn*, *alla apolipontas to idion oikētērion*, *eis krisin megalēs hēmeras*. *Desmois aidiois hypo zophon tetērēken*", "grammar": { "*Angelous*": "accusative, masculine, plural - angels", "*te*": "conjunction - and/also", "*tous mē tērēsantas*": "accusative, masculine, plural - those not having kept", "*tēn heautōn archēn*": "accusative, feminine, singular - their own domain/position", "*alla*": "adversative conjunction - but", "*apolipontas*": "aorist active participle, accusative, masculine, plural - having abandoned", "*to idion oikētērion*": "accusative, neuter, singular - their own habitation", "*eis krisin megalēs hēmeras*": "prepositional phrase with accusative - for judgment of great day", "*Desmois aidiois*": "dative, masculine, plural - with eternal bonds", "*hypo zophon*": "prepositional phrase with accusative - under darkness", "*tetērēken*": "perfect active indicative, 3rd person singular - he has kept" }, "variants": { "*Angelous*": "angels/messengers", "*tērēsantas*": "kept/guarded/preserved", "*archēn*": "domain/rule/beginning/position/authority", "*apolipontas*": "abandoned/deserted/left", "*idion*": "own/proper/peculiar", "*oikētērion*": "habitation/dwelling place/abode", "*krisin*": "judgment/decision/trial", "*megalēs*": "great/large/mighty", "*Desmois*": "bonds/chains/fetters", "*aidiois*": "eternal/everlasting", "*zophon*": "darkness/gloom/blackness", "*tetērēken*": "kept/reserved/preserved" } }
• Jude 1:13 : 13 { "verseID": "Jude.1.13", "source": "Κύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης, ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας· ἀστέρες πλανῆται, οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται.", "text": "*Kymata agria thalassēs*, *epaphrizonta tas heautōn aischynas*; *asteres planētai*, to whom the *zophos tou skotous eis aiōna tetērētai*.", "grammar": { "*Kymata agria thalassēs*": "nominative, neuter, plural with genitive - wild waves of the sea", "*epaphrizonta*": "present active participle, nominative, neuter, plural - foaming out", "*tas heautōn aischynas*": "accusative, feminine, plural with reflexive pronoun - their own shames", "*asteres planētai*": "nominative, masculine, plural - wandering stars", "*hois*": "relative pronoun, dative, masculine, plural - for whom", "*ho zophos tou skotous*": "nominative, masculine, singular with genitive - the blackness of darkness", "*eis aiōna*": "prepositional phrase with accusative - for eternity", "*tetērētai*": "perfect passive indicative, 3rd person singular - has been reserved" }, "variants": { "*Kymata*": "waves/billows", "*agria*": "wild/raging/fierce", "*thalassēs*": "sea/ocean", "*epaphrizonta*": "foaming out/casting up like foam", "*aischynas*": "shames/disgraceful things/shameful deeds", "*asteres*": "stars/celestial bodies", "*planētai*": "wandering/erratic", "*zophos*": "blackness/deep gloom/thick darkness", "*skotous*": "darkness/gloom", "*eis aiōna*": "forever/for eternity", "*tetērētai*": "has been reserved/kept/preserved" } }
• Rev 16:10-11 : 10 { "verseID": "Revelation.16.10", "source": "Καὶ ὁ πέμπτος ἄγγελος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου· καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη· καὶ ἐμασῶντο τὰς γλώσσας αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ πόνου,", "text": "And the *pemptos* *angelos* *execheen* the *phialēn* of-him upon the *thronon* of-the *thēriou*; and *egeneto* the *basileia* of-him *eskotōmenē*; and they *emasōnto* the *glōssas* of-them from the *ponou*,", "grammar": { "*pemptos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - fifth", "*angelos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - angel/messenger", "*execheen*": "aorist active indicative, 3rd person singular - poured out", "*phialēn*": "accusative, feminine, singular - bowl/vial", "*thronon*": "accusative, masculine, singular - throne", "*thēriou*": "genitive, neuter, singular - beast/wild animal", "*egeneto*": "aorist middle indicative, 3rd person singular - became", "*basileia*": "nominative, feminine, singular - kingdom/reign", "*eskotōmenē*": "perfect passive participle, nominative, feminine, singular - darkened", "*emasōnto*": "imperfect middle indicative, 3rd person plural - were gnawing/chewing", "*glōssas*": "accusative, feminine, plural - tongues", "*ponou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - pain/distress" }, "variants": { "*thronon*": "throne/seat of power", "*thēriou*": "beast/wild animal/monster", "*basileia*": "kingdom/reign/domain", "*eskotōmenē*": "darkened/made dark/obscured", "*emasōnto*": "were gnawing/chewing/biting", "*glōssas*": "tongues/languages", "*ponou*": "pain/distress/anguish" } } 11 { "verseID": "Revelation.16.11", "source": "Καὶ ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸν Θεὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐκ τῶν πόνων αὐτῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἑλκῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ οὐ μετενόησαν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῶν.", "text": "And they *eblasphēmēsan* the *Theon* of-the *ouranou* from the *ponōn* of-them and from the *helkōn* of-them, and not they *metenoēsan* from the *ergōn* of-them.", "grammar": { "*eblasphēmēsan*": "aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - blasphemed/slandered", "*Theon*": "accusative, masculine, singular - God", "*ouranou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - heaven/sky", "*ponōn*": "genitive, masculine, plural - pains/distresses", "*helkōn*": "genitive, neuter, plural - sores/ulcers", "*metenoēsan*": "aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - repented/changed mind", "*ergōn*": "genitive, neuter, plural - works/deeds" }, "variants": { "*eblasphēmēsan*": "blasphemed/cursed/spoke evil against", "*ouranou*": "heaven/sky/celestial realm", "*ponōn*": "pains/distresses/sufferings", "*helkōn*": "sores/ulcers/wounds", "*metenoēsan*": "repented/changed mind/turned", "*ergōn*": "works/deeds/actions" } }