Jonah 3:8

Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

But let both man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and let them call out to God with fervor. Let each turn from his evil ways and from the violence in their hands.

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ אִ֚ישׁ מִדַּרְכּ֣וֹ הָֽרָעָ֔ה וּמִן־הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם׃

Transliteration

And-yiṯkassû śaqqîm the-ʾāḏām and-the-bəhēmāh and-yiqrəʾû to-ʾĕlōhîm in-ḥāzəqāh and-yāšuḇû ʾîš from-darkô the-rāʿāh and-from-the-ḥāmās ʾăšer in-kappêhem.

Grammar Details

• *yiṯkassû*: hitpael imperfect 3rd person masculine plural with waw conjunction - and let them cover themselves
• *śaqqîm*: masculine plural noun - sackcloth
• *ʾāḏām*: masculine singular noun with definite article - the man/mankind
• *bəhēmāh*: feminine singular noun with definite article and conjunction - and the beast/animal
• *yiqrəʾû*: qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural with waw conjunction - and let them call
• *ʾĕlōhîm*: masculine plural noun - God
• *ḥāzəqāh*: feminine singular adjective with preposition - with strength/force
• *yāšuḇû*: qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural with waw conjunction - and let them turn
• *ʾîš*: masculine singular noun - each man/person
• *darkô*: masculine singular noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix and preposition - from his way
• *rāʿāh*: feminine singular adjective with definite article - the evil
• *ḥāmās*: masculine singular noun with definite article and preposition - and from the violence
• *ʾăšer*: relative pronoun - which/that
• *kappêhem*: feminine dual noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix and preposition - in their palms/hands

Word Meanings

• *yiṯkassû*: let them cover themselves/be covered/wrap themselves
• *ḥāzəqāh*: strength/intensity/earnestness
• *yāšuḇû*: let them turn/return/repent
• *ḥāmās*: violence/wrong/injustice/cruelty

Other Translations

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily to God; yes, let everyone turn from his evil way and from the violence that is in their hands.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  but let them be covered{H3680} with sackcloth,{H8242} both man{H120} and beast,{H929} and let them cry{H7121} mightily{H2394} unto God:{H430} yea, let them turn{H7725} every one{H376} from his evil{H7451} way,{H1870} and from the violence{H2555} that is in his hands.{H3709}

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  But let man{H120} and beast{H929} be covered{H3680}{(H8691)} with sackcloth{H8242}, and cry{H7121}{(H8799)} mightily{H2394} unto God{H430}: yea, let them turn{H7725}{(H8799)} every one{H376} from his evil{H7451} way{H1870}, and from the violence{H2555} that is in their hands{H3709}.

• Tyndale Bible (1526/1534)

  And they put on sackcloth both man ad beest and cried vn to God mightily ad turned euery man from his weked waye and fro doenge wroge in which they were acustomed sayenge:

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  but put on sack cloth both man and beest, and crye mightely vnto God: yee se that euery man turne fro his euell waye, and from the wickednesse, yt he hath in honde.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  But let man and beast put on sackecloth, and crie mightily vnto God: yea, let euery man turne from his euill way, and from the wickednesse that is in their handes.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  And let both man & beast put on sackcloth, and crye mightyly vnto God: yea let euery man turne from his euill way, and from the wickednesse that is in his handes.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that [is] in their hands.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and animal, and let them cry mightily to God. Yes, let them turn everyone from his evil way, and from the violence that is in his hands.

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  and cover themselves `with' sackcloth let man and beast, and let them call unto God mightily, and let them turn back each from his evil way, and from the violence that `is' in their hands.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in his hands.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in his hands.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  And let man and beast be covered with haircloth, and let them make strong prayers to God: and let everyone be turned from his evil way and the violent acts of their hands.

• World English Bible (2000)

  but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and animal, and let them cry mightily to God. Yes, let them turn everyone from his evil way, and from the violence that is in his hands.

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  Every person and animal must put on sackcloth and must cry earnestly to God, and everyone must turn from their evil way of living and from the violence that they do.

Referenced Verses

• Isa 55:6-7 : 6 Seek the LORD while he may be found; call upon him while he is near. 7 Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts. Let him return to the LORD, so that He may have compassion on him, and to our God, for He will abundantly pardon.
• Jonah 1:6 : 6 The captain came to him and said, "What are you doing, sound asleep? Get up, call on your god! Perhaps your god will consider us, so that we will not perish."
• Jonah 1:14 : 14 Then they cried out to the Lord, saying, "Please, Lord, do not let us perish for taking this man's life, and do not hold us accountable for innocent blood. For you, Lord, have done as you pleased."
• Isa 1:16-19 : 16 Wash yourselves and make yourselves clean. Remove your evil deeds from My sight; stop doing evil. 17 Learn to do what is good; seek justice, correct the oppressor. Defend the cause of the fatherless and plead the case of the widow. 18 "Come now, let us reason together," says the LORD. "Though your sins are as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they shall become like wool. 19 If you are willing and obedient, you will eat the best of the land.
• Isa 59:6 : 6 Their webs will not become clothing, and they cannot cover themselves with their works. Their deeds are works of iniquity, and acts of violence are in their hands.
• Jer 18:11 : 11 And now, say to the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, ‘Thus says the Lord: Behold, I am shaping disaster against you and devising a plan against you. Turn now, each one from his evil way, and reform your ways and deeds.’
• Ezek 18:21-24 : 21 But if the wicked turn from all their sins that they have committed, keep all my statutes, and do what is just and right, they will live; they will not die. 22 None of the offenses they have committed will be remembered against them. Because of the righteousness they have practiced, they will live. 23 Do I take pleasure in the death of the wicked? declares the Sovereign Lord. Rather, am I not pleased when they turn from their ways and live? 24 But if a righteous person turns away from their righteousness and commits sin, doing the same detestable things the wicked do, will they live? None of the righteous deeds they have done will be remembered. Because of the unfaithfulness they are guilty of and because of the sins they have committed, they will die.
• Ezek 18:27-28 : 27 But if a wicked person turns away from the wickedness they have committed and does what is just and right, they will save their life. 28 Because they consider all the offenses they have committed and turn away from them, they will surely live; they will not die.
• Ezek 18:30-32 : 30 Therefore, house of Israel, I will judge each of you according to your own ways, declares the Sovereign Lord. Repent! Turn away from all your offenses; then sin will not be your downfall. 31 Rid yourselves of all the offenses you have committed, and get a new heart and a new spirit. Why will you die, house of Israel? 32 For I take no pleasure in the death of anyone, declares the Sovereign Lord. Repent and live!
• Ezek 33:11 : 11 Say to them, 'As surely as I live, declares the Lord GOD, I take no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but rather that the wicked turn from their ways and live. Turn back! Turn back from your evil ways! Why should you die, house of Israel?'
• Dan 4:27 : 27 the king said, "Is not this the great Babylon which I have built as a royal residence by my mighty power and for the glory of my majesty?"
• Ps 130:1-2 : 1 A song of ascents. From the depths I call to You, LORD. 2 Lord, hear my voice! Let Your ears be attentive to my plea for mercy.
• Isa 58:6 : 6 Is this not the kind of fasting I have chosen: to loosen the chains of injustice, to untie the cords of the yoke, to set the oppressed free, and to break every yoke?
• Matt 3:8 : 8 Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.
• Acts 3:19 : 19 Repent, therefore, and turn back, so that your sins may be wiped away.
• Acts 26:20 : 20 Instead, I preached first to those in Damascus and in Jerusalem, and then to all the region of Judea and to the Gentiles, that they should repent, turn to God, and demonstrate their repentance by their deeds.