Habakkuk 2:15

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Habakkuk.2.15", "source": "ה֚וֹי מַשְׁקֵ֣ה רֵעֵ֔הוּ מְסַפֵּ֥חַ חֲמָתְךָ֖ וְאַ֣ף שַׁכֵּ֑ר לְמַ֥עַן הַבִּ֖יט עַל־מְעוֹרֵיהֶֽם׃", "text": "*Hôy mašqēh rēʿēhû mĕsappēaḥ ḥămātĕkā* and even *šakkēr* in order to *habîṭ* upon *mĕʿôrêhem*.", "grammar": { "*hôy*": "interjection - woe/alas", "*mašqēh*": "verb, hiphil participle, masculine singular - giving drink", "*rēʿēhû*": "noun, masculine, singular construct with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his neighbor", "*mĕsappēaḥ*": "verb, piel participle, masculine singular - pouring out/joining", "*ḥămātĕkā*": "noun, feminine, singular construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your wrath/bottle", "*šakkēr*": "verb, piel infinitive absolute - making drunk", "*habîṭ*": "verb, hiphil infinitive construct - to look", "*mĕʿôrêhem*": "noun, masculine, plural construct with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their nakedness" }, "variants": { "*mašqēh*": "giving drink to/causing to drink", "*mĕsappēaḥ*": "pouring out/adding/joining to", "*ḥămātĕkā*": "your wrath/poison/bottle/rage", "*šakkēr*": "making drunk/intoxicating", "*mĕʿôrêhem*": "their nakedness/private parts/shame" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

ה֚וֹי מַשְׁקֵ֣ה רֵעֵ֔הוּ מְסַפֵּ֥חַ חֲמָתְךָ֖ וְאַ֣ף שַׁכֵּ֑ר לְמַ֥עַן הַבִּ֖יט עַל־מְעוֹרֵיהֶֽם׃

Transliteration

Hôy mašqēh rēʿēhû mĕsappēaḥ ḥămātĕkā and even šakkēr in order to habîṭ upon mĕʿôrêhem.

Grammar Details

• *hôy*: interjection - woe/alas
• *mašqēh*: verb, hiphil participle, masculine singular - giving drink
• *rēʿēhû*: noun, masculine, singular construct with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his neighbor
• *mĕsappēaḥ*: verb, piel participle, masculine singular - pouring out/joining
• *ḥămātĕkā*: noun, feminine, singular construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your wrath/bottle
• *šakkēr*: verb, piel infinitive absolute - making drunk
• *habîṭ*: verb, hiphil infinitive construct - to look
• *mĕʿôrêhem*: noun, masculine, plural construct with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their nakedness

Word Meanings

• *mašqēh*: giving drink to/causing to drink
• *mĕsappēaḥ*: pouring out/adding/joining to
• *ḥămātĕkā*: your wrath/poison/bottle/rage
• *šakkēr*: making drunk/intoxicating
• *mĕʿôrêhem*: their nakedness/private parts/shame

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  Woe to him who gives drink to his neighbor, pouring out your wrath and making him drunk, in order to gaze at their nakedness!

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy bottle to him, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness!

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  Woe to him who gives his neighbor drink, who puts the bottle to him, and makes him drunk also, that you may look on their nakedness!

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy bottle to him, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness!

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  Woe{H1945} unto him that giveth his neighbor{H7453} drink,{H8248} to thee that addest{H5596} thy venom,{H2573} and makest him drunken{H7937} also, that thou mayest look{H5027} on their nakedness!{H4589}

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  Woe{H1945} unto him that giveth his neighbour{H7453} drink{H8248}{(H8688)}, that puttest{H5596}{(H8764)} thy bottle{H2573} to him, and makest him drunken{H7937}{(H8763)} also, that thou mayest look{H5027}{(H8687)} on their nakedness{H4589}!

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  Wo vnto him that geueth his neghboure dryncke, to get him wrothfull displeasure for his dronckennesse: that he maye se his preuytees.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  Wo vnto him that giueth his neighbour drinke: thou ioynest thine heate, & makest him drunken also, that thou mayest see their priuities.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  Wo vnto him that geueth his neyghbour drinke, thou ioynest thy heate, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest see their priuities.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  ¶ Woe unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest thy bottle to [him], and makest [him] drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness!

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  "Woe to him who gives his neighbor drink, pouring your inflaming wine until they are drunk, so that you may gaze at their naked bodies!

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  Wo `to' him who is giving drink to his neighbour, Pouring out thy bottle, and also making drunk, In order to look on their nakedness.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  Woe unto him that giveth his neighbor drink, `to thee' that addest thy venom, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness!

• American Standard Version (1901)

  Woe unto him that giveth his neighbor drink, [to thee] that addest thy venom, and makest him drunken also, that thou mayest look on their nakedness!

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  A curse on him who gives his neighbour the wine of his wrath, making him overcome with strong drink from the cup of his passion, so that you may be a witness of their shame!

• World English Bible (2000)

  "Woe to him who gives his neighbor drink, pouring your inflaming wine until they are drunk, so that you may gaze at their naked bodies!

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  “Woe to you who force your neighbor to drink wine– you who make others intoxicated by forcing them to drink from the bowl of your furious anger, so you can look at their naked bodies.

Referenced Verses

• Gen 9:22 : 22 { "verseID": "Genesis.9.22", "source": "וַיַּ֗רְא חָ֚ם אֲבִ֣י כְנַ֔עַן אֵ֖ת עֶרְוַ֣ת אָבִ֑יו וַיַּגֵּ֥ד לִשְׁנֵֽי־אֶחָ֖יו בַּחֽוּץ׃", "text": "And-*wayyarĕʾ* *ḥām* *ʾăbî* *kĕnaʿan* *ʾēt* *ʿerwat* *ʾābîw* and-*wayyaggēd* to-*šĕnê*-*ʾeḥāyw* in-*baḥûṣ*.", "grammar": { "*wayyarĕʾ*": "waw-consecutive + imperfect, 3rd singular masculine - and he saw", "*ḥām*": "proper noun, masculine, singular - Ham", "*ʾăbî*": "noun, masculine, singular, construct state - father of", "*kĕnaʿan*": "proper noun, masculine, singular - Canaan", "*ʾēt*": "direct object marker", "*ʿerwat*": "noun, feminine, singular, construct state - nakedness of", "*ʾābîw*": "noun, masculine, singular + 3rd person masculine singular possessive suffix - his father", "*wayyaggēd*": "waw-consecutive + imperfect, 3rd singular masculine, hiphil - and he told", "*šĕnê*": "noun, masculine, dual, construct state - two of", "*ʾeḥāyw*": "noun, masculine, plural + 3rd person masculine singular possessive suffix - his brothers", "*baḥûṣ*": "preposition + noun, masculine, singular + definite article - in the outside" }, "variants": { "*wayyarĕʾ*": "and he saw/and he looked at/and he observed", "*ʾăbî*": "father of/ancestor of/originator of", "*ʿerwat*": "nakedness/private parts/shame/genitalia of", "*wayyaggēd*": "and he told/and he declared/and he reported", "*baḥûṣ*": "outside/in the street/in public" } }
• Jer 51:7 : 7 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.51.7", "source": "כּוֹס־זָהָ֤ב בָּבֶל֙ בְּיַד־יְהוָ֔ה מְשַׁכֶּ֖רֶת כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ מִיֵּינָהּ֙ שָׁת֣וּ גוֹיִ֔ם עַל־כֵּ֖ן יִתְהֹלְל֥וּ גוֹיִֽם׃", "text": "*Kôs*-*zāhāv* *Bāvel* in-hand-*YHWH*, *mĕšakkeretĕtĕret* all-the-*ʾāreṣ*; from-*yêynāh* *šātû* *gôyim*, upon-thus *yithōlĕlû* *gôyim*.", "grammar": { "*Kôs*": "feminine singular noun construct - cup of", "*zāhāv*": "masculine singular noun - gold", "*Bāvel*": "proper noun - Babylon", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/the LORD", "*mĕšakkeretĕtĕret*": "piel participle feminine singular - making drunk", "*ʾāreṣ*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - the earth/land", "*yêynāh*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her wine", "*šātû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they drank", "*gôyim*": "masculine plural noun - nations", "*yithōlĕlû*": "hithpoel imperfect, 3rd plural - they act madly/they are mad" }, "variants": { "*mĕšakkeretĕtĕret*": "making drunk/intoxicating", "*ʾāreṣ*": "earth/land/world", "*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*yithōlĕlû*": "act madly/go insane/become mad" } }
• Hos 7:5 : 5 { "verseID": "Hosea.7.5", "source": "י֣וֹם מַלְכֵּ֔נוּ הֶחֱל֥וּ שָׂרִ֖ים חֲמַ֣ת מִיָּ֑יִן מָשַׁ֥ךְ יָד֖וֹ אֶת־לֹצְצִֽים׃", "text": "*yôm* *malkênû* *heḥĕlû* *śārîm* *ḥămat* from *yāyîn* *māšaḵ* *yāḏô* with-*lōṣəṣîm*.", "grammar": { "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*malkênû*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st plural suffix - our king", "*heḥĕlû*": "hiphil perfect 3rd plural - they made sick/began", "*śārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - princes/officials", "*ḥămat*": "noun, feminine singular construct - heat/rage of", "*yāyîn*": "noun, masculine singular with prefix *min* - from wine", "*māšaḵ*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he stretched/drew out", "*yāḏô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his hand", "*lōṣəṣîm*": "qal participle masculine plural - mockers/scorners" }, "variants": { "*heḥĕlû*": "made sick/began/inflamed", "*ḥămat*": "heat/rage/wrath/poison", "*māšaḵ*": "stretched out/drew/extended", "*lōṣəṣîm*": "mockers/scorners/those who scoff" } }
• Rev 17:2 : 2 { "verseID": "Revelation.17.2", "source": "Μεθʼ ἧς ἐπόρνευσαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς.", "text": "With whom *eporneusan* the *basileis* of the *gēs*, and *emethysthēsan* the ones *katoikountes* the *gēn* from the *oinou* of the *porneias* of her.", "grammar": { "*eporneusan*": "aorist active indicative, 3rd plural - committed sexual immorality", "*basileis*": "nominative plural masculine - kings/rulers", "*gēs*": "genitive singular feminine - of earth/land", "*emethysthēsan*": "aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural - were made drunk", "*katoikountes*": "present active participle, nominative plural masculine - dwelling/inhabiting", "*gēn*": "accusative singular feminine - earth/land", "*oinou*": "genitive singular masculine - of wine", "*porneias*": "genitive singular feminine - of sexual immorality/prostitution" }, "variants": { "*eporneusan*": "committed fornication/engaged in illicit sexual relations/participated in idolatry", "*basileis*": "kings/rulers/sovereigns", "*katoikountes*": "inhabitants/dwellers/residents", "*oinou*": "wine/fermented drink", "*porneias*": "sexual immorality/prostitution/idolatry" } }
• Rev 17:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Revelation.17.6", "source": "Καὶ εἶδον τὴν γυναῖκα μεθύουσαν ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἁγίων, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ: καὶ ἐθαύμασα ἰδὼν αὐτὴν θαῦμα μέγα.", "text": "And *eidon* the *gynaika* *methyousan* from the *haimatos* of the *hagiōn*, and from the *haimatos* of the *martyrōn* of *Iēsou*: and *ethaumasa* *idōn* her *thauma* *mega*.", "grammar": { "*eidon*": "aorist active indicative, 1st singular - I saw", "*gynaika*": "accusative singular feminine - woman", "*methyousan*": "present active participle, accusative singular feminine - being drunk", "*haimatos*": "genitive singular neuter - of blood", "*hagiōn*": "genitive plural masculine - of saints/holy ones", "*martyrōn*": "genitive plural masculine - of witnesses/martyrs", "*Iēsou*": "genitive singular masculine - of Jesus", "*ethaumasa*": "aorist active indicative, 1st singular - I marveled/wondered", "*idōn*": "aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine - seeing/having seen", "*thauma*": "accusative singular neuter - wonder/marvel", "*mega*": "accusative singular neuter - great" }, "variants": { "*gynaika*": "woman/wife/female", "*methyousan*": "being drunk/intoxicated/filled", "*haimatos*": "blood/bloodshed/life", "*hagiōn*": "saints/holy ones/consecrated people", "*martyrōn*": "witnesses/martyrs/testifiers", "*ethaumasa*": "marveled/wondered/was amazed", "*thauma*": "wonder/amazement/astonishment" } }
• Rev 18:3 : 3 { "verseID": "Revelation.18.3", "source": "Ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς πέπτωκαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, καὶ οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς μετʼ αὐτῆς ἐπόρνευσαν, καὶ οἱ ἔμποροι τῆς γῆς ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ στρήνους αὐτῆς ἐπλούτησαν.", "text": "Because from the *oinou* of the *thymou* of the *porneias* of her *peptōkan* all the *ethnē*, and the *basileis* of the *gēs* with her *eporneusan*, and the *emporoi* of the *gēs* from the *dynameōs* of the *strēnous* of her *eploutēsan*.", "grammar": { "*hoti*": "conjunction - because/for", "*ek*": "preposition + genitive - from/out of", "*tou oinou*": "noun, genitive, masculine, singular - wine", "*tou thymou*": "noun, genitive, masculine, singular - wrath/passion/fury", "*tēs porneias*": "noun, genitive, feminine, singular - fornication/sexual immorality", "*autēs*": "personal pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular - of her", "*peptōkan*": "perfect active indicative, 3rd person plural - have fallen/have drunk", "*panta*": "adjective, nominative, neuter, plural - all", "*ta ethnē*": "noun, nominative, neuter, plural - nations/peoples/gentiles", "*basileis*": "noun, nominative, masculine, plural - kings/rulers", "*tēs gēs*": "noun, genitive, feminine, singular - earth/land", "*met'*": "preposition + genitive - with", "*autēs*": "personal pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular - her", "*eporneusan*": "aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - committed fornication/sexual immorality", "*emporoi*": "noun, nominative, masculine, plural - merchants/traders", "*dynameōs*": "noun, genitive, feminine, singular - power/might/abundance", "*strēnous*": "noun, genitive, neuter, singular - luxury/sensuality/wantonness", "*eploutēsan*": "aorist active indicative, 3rd person plural - became rich/wealthy" }, "variants": { "*oinou*": "wine/intoxicating drink", "*thymou*": "wrath/passion/fury/anger", "*porneias*": "sexual immorality/fornication/prostitution", "*peptōkan*": "have fallen/have drunk/have been corrupted", "*ethnē*": "nations/peoples/gentiles", "*basileis*": "kings/rulers/monarchs", "*gēs*": "earth/land/ground", "*eporneusan*": "committed sexual immorality/fornicated with", "*emporoi*": "merchants/traders/businessmen", "*dynameōs*": "power/might/strength/abundance", "*strēnous*": "luxury/sensuality/wantonness/self-indulgence", "*eploutēsan*": "became rich/wealthy/affluent" } }
• Gen 19:32-35 : 32 { "verseID": "Genesis.19.32", "source": "לְכָ֨ה נַשְׁקֶ֧ה אֶת־אָבִ֛ינוּ יַ֖יִן וְנִשְׁכְּבָ֣ה עִמּ֑וֹ וּנְחַיֶּ֥ה מֵאָבִ֖ינוּ זָֽרַע׃", "text": "*ləkâ* *našqeh* *ʾet*-*ʾābînû* *yayin* wə-*niškəbâ* with-him and-*nəḥayyeh* from-*ʾābînû* *zāraʿ*", "grammar": { "*ləkâ*": "Qal imperative feminine singular - come/go", "*našqeh*": "Hiphil imperfect 1st plural cohortative - let us make drink", "*ʾābînû*": "masculine singular noun with 1st plural suffix - our father", "*yayin*": "masculine singular noun - wine", "*niškəbâ*": "Qal imperfect 1st plural cohortative - let us lie", "*nəḥayyeh*": "Piel imperfect 1st plural cohortative - let us preserve/keep alive", "*zāraʿ*": "masculine singular noun - seed/offspring" }, "variants": { "*ləkâ*": "come/go", "*našqeh*": "let us make drink/let us give drink", "*niškəbâ* with-him": "let us lie with him/let us have relations with him", "*nəḥayyeh*": "let us preserve/let us keep alive/let us maintain", "*zāraʿ*": "seed/offspring/descendants" } } 33 { "verseID": "Genesis.19.33", "source": "וַתַּשְׁקֶ֧יןָ אֶת־אֲבִיהֶ֛ן יַ֖יִן בַּלַּ֣יְלָה ה֑וּא וַתָּבֹ֤א הַבְּכִירָה֙ וַתִּשְׁכַּ֣ב אֶת־אָבִ֔יהָ וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע בְּשִׁכְבָ֖הּ וּבְקוּׄמָֽהּ׃", "text": "*wə-tašqênā* *ʾet*-*ʾăbîhen* *yayin* *ballaylāh* *hûʾ* *wə-tābōʾ* *habbəkîrāh* *wə-tiškab* *ʾet*-*ʾābîhā* *wə-lōʾ*-*yādaʿ* *bəšikbāh* *ûbəqûmāh*", "grammar": { "*wə-tašqênā*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - and they made drink", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾăbîhen*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person feminine plural suffix - their father", "*yayin*": "noun, masculine singular - wine", "*ballaylāh*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine singular - in the night", "*hûʾ*": "3rd person masculine singular pronoun - that", "*wə-tābōʾ*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - and she came", "*habbəkîrāh*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the firstborn/elder", "*wə-tiškab*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - and she lay", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾābîhā*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - her father", "*wə-lōʾ*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*yādaʿ*": "perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he knew", "*bəšikbāh*": "preposition + infinitive construct with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - in her lying down", "*ûbəqûmāh*": "conjunction + preposition + infinitive construct with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - and in her rising up" }, "variants": { "*wə-tašqênā*": "and they gave to drink/caused to drink", "*yādaʿ*": "knew/perceived/was aware of", "*bəšikbāh*": "when she lay down/her lying down", "*ûbəqûmāh*": "when she got up/her rising" } } 34 { "verseID": "Genesis.19.34", "source": "וֽ͏ַיְהִי֙ מִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת וַתֹּ֤אמֶר הַבְּכִירָה֙ אֶל־הַצְּעִירָ֔ה הֵן־שָׁכַ֥בְתִּי אֶ֖מֶשׁ אֶת־אָבִ֑י נַשְׁקֶ֨נּוּ יַ֜יִן גַּם־הַלַּ֗יְלָה וּבֹ֙אִי֙ שִׁכְבִ֣י עִמּ֔וֹ וּנְחַיֶּ֥ה מֵאָבִ֖ינוּ זָֽרַע׃", "text": "*wə-yəhî* *mimmŏḥŏrāt* *wə-tōʾmer* *habbəkîrāh* *ʾel*-*haṣṣəʿîrāh* *hēn*-*šākabətî* *ʾemeš* *ʾet*-*ʾābî* *našqennû* *yayin* *gam*-*hallaylāh* *ûbōʾî* *šikbî* *ʿimmô* *ûnəḥayyeh* *mēʾābînû* *zāraʿ*", "grammar": { "*wə-yəhî*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and it happened", "*mimmŏḥŏrāt*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - on the next day", "*wə-tōʾmer*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - and she said", "*habbəkîrāh*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the firstborn/elder", "*ʾel*": "preposition - to", "*haṣṣəʿîrāh*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the younger", "*hēn*": "demonstrative particle - behold/indeed", "*šākabətî*": "perfect, 1st person singular - I lay", "*ʾemeš*": "adverb - last night/yesterday", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾābî*": "noun, masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix - my father", "*našqennû*": "imperfect cohortative, 1st person plural - let us make him drink", "*yayin*": "noun, masculine singular - wine", "*gam*": "adverb - also", "*hallaylāh*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the night", "*ûbōʾî*": "conjunction + imperative, feminine singular - and come", "*šikbî*": "imperative, feminine singular - lie", "*ʿimmô*": "preposition with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - with him", "*ûnəḥayyeh*": "conjunction + imperfect cohortative, 1st person plural - and let us preserve", "*mēʾābînû*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular with 1st person plural suffix - from our father", "*zāraʿ*": "noun, masculine singular - seed/offspring" }, "variants": { "*mimmŏḥŏrāt*": "on the next day/on the morrow", "*hēn*": "behold/look/indeed", "*šākabətî*": "I lay down with/had intercourse with", "*našqennû*": "let us make him drink/let us give him to drink", "*ûnəḥayyeh*": "let us preserve/let us keep alive", "*zāraʿ*": "seed/offspring/descendants/posterity" } } 35 { "verseID": "Genesis.19.35", "source": "וַתַּשְׁקֶ֜יןָ גַּ֣ם בַּלַּ֧יְלָה הַה֛וּא אֶת־אֲבִיהֶ֖ן יָ֑יִן וַתָּ֤קָם הַצְּעִירָה֙ וַתִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמּ֔וֹ וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע בְּשִׁכְבָ֖הּ וּבְקֻמָֽהּ׃", "text": "*wə-tašqênā* *gam* *ballaylāh* *hahûʾ* *ʾet*-*ʾăbîhen* *yāyin* *wə-tāqām* *haṣṣəʿîrāh* *wə-tiškab* *ʿimmô* *wə-lōʾ*-*yādaʿ* *bəšikbāh* *ûbəqumāh*", "grammar": { "*wə-tašqênā*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - and they made drink", "*gam*": "adverb - also", "*ballaylāh*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine singular - in the night", "*hahûʾ*": "definite article + demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular - that", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾăbîhen*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person feminine plural suffix - their father", "*yāyin*": "noun, masculine singular - wine", "*wə-tāqām*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - and she arose", "*haṣṣəʿîrāh*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the younger", "*wə-tiškab*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - and she lay", "*ʿimmô*": "preposition with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - with him", "*wə-lōʾ*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*yādaʿ*": "perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he knew", "*bəšikbāh*": "preposition + infinitive construct with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - in her lying down", "*ûbəqumāh*": "conjunction + preposition + infinitive construct with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - and in her rising up" }, "variants": { "*wə-tašqênā*": "and they gave to drink/caused to drink", "*wə-tāqām*": "and she arose/got up", "*yādaʿ*": "knew/perceived/was aware of", "*bəšikbāh*": "when she lay down/her lying down", "*ûbəqumāh*": "when she got up/her rising" } }
• Exod 32:25 : 25 { "verseID": "Exodus.32.25", "source": "וַיַּ֤רְא מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן לְשִׁמְצָ֖ה בְּקָמֵיהֶֽם׃", "text": "And-*wayyar* *Mosheh* *'et*-the-*'am* that *paru'a* *hu* for-*fera'oh* *'Aharon* to-*shimtzah* among-*qameihem*.", "grammar": { "*wayyar*": "waw-consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - saw", "*Mosheh*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Moses", "*'am*": "noun, masculine singular with definite article - the people", "*paru'a*": "Qal passive participle, masculine singular - unrestrained/out of control", "*hu*": "pronoun, 3rd masculine singular - he/it", "*fera'oh*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - he let them get out of control", "*'Aharon*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Aaron", "*shimtzah*": "noun, feminine singular with prefix preposition - to derision/scorn", "*qameihem*": "Qal participle, masculine plural with 3rd masculine plural suffix - their adversaries" }, "variants": { "*paru'a*": "unrestrained/out of control/naked/exposed", "*fera'oh*": "let loose/allowed to get out of control/exposed", "*shimtzah*": "derision/scorn/disgrace/mocking", "*qameihem*": "adversaries/enemies/those who rise against them" } }
• 2 Sam 11:13 : 13 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.11.13", "source": "וַיִּקְרָא־ל֣וֹ דָוִ֗ד וַיֹּ֧אכַל לְפָנָ֛יו וַיֵּ֖שְׁתְּ וַֽיְשַׁכְּרֵ֑הוּ וַיֵּצֵ֣א בָעֶ֗רֶב לִשְׁכַּ֤ב בְּמִשְׁכָּבוֹ֙ עִם־עַבְדֵ֣י אֲדֹנָ֔יו וְאֶל־בֵּית֖וֹ לֹ֥א יָרָֽד׃", "text": "*wa-yiqrāʾ-lô Dāwid* and *wa-yōʾchal lə-fānāyw* and *wa-yēsht* and *wa-yshakkrēhû* and *wa-yēṣēʾ bā-ʿereb li-shkab bə-mishkābô ʿim-ʿabdê ʾădōnāyw wə-ʾel-bêytô lōʾ yārād*", "grammar": { "*wa-yiqrāʾ-lô*": "consecutive imperfect 3rd masculine singular + preposition lamed + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and he called to him", "*wa-yōʾchal*": "consecutive imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he ate", "*lə-fānāyw*": "preposition lamed + noun masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - before him", "*wa-yēsht*": "consecutive imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he drank", "*wa-yshakkrēhû*": "consecutive imperfect 3rd masculine singular piel + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and he made him drunk", "*wa-yēṣēʾ*": "consecutive imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he went out", "*bā-ʿereb*": "preposition bet + definite article + noun masculine singular - in the evening", "*li-shkab*": "preposition lamed + qal infinitive construct - to lie down", "*bə-mishkābô*": "preposition bet + noun masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - in his bed", "*ʿim-ʿabdê*": "preposition + noun masculine plural construct - with the servants of", "*ʾădōnāyw*": "noun masculine plural + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his master", "*wə-ʾel-bêytô*": "conjunction + preposition + noun masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and to his house", "*lōʾ yārād*": "negation + perfect 3rd masculine singular - he did not go down" }, "variants": { "*yiqrāʾ-lô*": "invited him/called to him/summoned him", "*yōʾchal lə-fānāyw*": "ate before him/ate in his presence", "*yshakkrēhû*": "made him drunk/intoxicated him", "*mishkābô*": "his bed/couch/place to lie down" } }
• 2 Sam 13:26-28 : 26 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.13.26", "source": "וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אַבְשָׁל֔וֹם וָלֹ֕א יֵֽלֶךְ־נָ֥א אִתָּ֖נוּ אַמְנ֣וֹן אָחִ֑י וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לוֹ֙ הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לָ֥מָּה יֵלֵ֖ךְ עִמָּֽךְ׃", "text": "*wə-yōʾmer* *ʾAbšālôm* and-not *yēlek*-*nāʾ* with-us *ʾAmnôn* *ʾāḥî* *wə-yōʾmer* to-him the-*melek* *lāmmāh* *yēlēk* with-you", "grammar": { "*wə-yōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*ʾAbšālôm*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Absalom", "*yēlek*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular jussive - let go", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please", "*ʾAmnôn*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Amnon", "*ʾāḥî*": "masculine singular noun + 1st singular possessive suffix - my brother", "*wə-yōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*melek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the king", "*lāmmāh*": "interrogative - why", "*yēlēk*": "Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he would go" }, "variants": { "*yēlek*": "let go/may go/should go", "*nāʾ*": "please/now/I pray", "*lāmmāh*": "why/for what reason/what for" } } 27 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.13.27", "source": "וַיִּפְרָץ־בּ֖וֹ אַבְשָׁל֑וֹם וַיִּשְׁלַ֤ח אִתּוֹ֙ אֶת־אַמְנ֔וֹן וְאֵ֖ת כָּל־בְּנֵ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ׃", "text": "*wə-yiprāṣ*-at-him *ʾAbšālôm* *wə-yišlaḥ* with-him *ʾet*-*ʾAmnôn* and-*ʾēt* all-*bənê* the-*melek*", "grammar": { "*wə-yiprāṣ*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he urged", "*ʾAbšālôm*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Absalom", "*wə-yišlaḥ*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he sent", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾAmnôn*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Amnon", "*ʾēt*": "direct object marker", "*bənê*": "masculine plural construct noun - sons of", "*melek*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the king" }, "variants": { "*wə-yiprāṣ*": "and he urged/and he pressed/and he insisted", "*wə-yišlaḥ*": "and he sent/and he allowed to go" } } 28 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.13.28", "source": "וַיְצַו֩ אַבְשָׁל֨וֹם אֶת־נְעָרָ֜יו לֵאמֹ֗ר רְא֣וּ נָ֠א כְּט֨וֹב לֵב־אַמְנ֤וֹן בַּיַּ֙יִן֙ וְאָמַרְתִּ֣י אֲלֵיכֶ֔ם הַכּ֧וּ אֶת־אַמְנ֛וֹן וַהֲמִתֶּ֥ם אֹת֖וֹ אַל־תִּירָ֑אוּ הֲל֗וֹא כִּ֤י אָֽנֹכִי֙ צִוִּ֣יתִי אֶתְכֶ֔ם חִזְק֖וּ וִהְי֥וּ לִבְנֵי־חָֽיִל׃", "text": "*wə-yəṣaw* *ʾAbšālôm* *ʾet*-*nəʿārāyw* *lēʾmōr* *rəʾû* *nāʾ* when-good *lēb*-*ʾAmnôn* in-the-*yayin* *wə-ʾāmartî* unto-you *hakkû* *ʾet*-*ʾAmnôn* *wə-hămittem* him *ʾal*-*tîrāʾû* is-it-not *kî* *ʾānōkî* *ṣiwwîtî* you *ḥizqû* *wə-həyû* to-*bənê*-*ḥayil*", "grammar": { "*wə-yəṣaw*": "waw consecutive + Piel imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he commanded", "*ʾAbšālôm*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Absalom", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*nəʿārāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine singular possessive suffix - his young men", "*lēʾmōr*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - saying", "*rəʾû*": "Qal imperative masculine plural - see/watch", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please", "*lēb*": "masculine singular construct noun - heart of", "*ʾAmnôn*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Amnon", "*yayin*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - the wine", "*wə-ʾāmartî*": "waw conjunction + Qal perfect 1st singular - and I will say", "*hakkû*": "Hiphil imperative masculine plural - strike", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾAmnôn*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Amnon", "*wə-hămittem*": "waw conjunction + Hiphil perfect 2nd masculine plural - and you shall kill", "*ʾal*": "negative particle - do not", "*tîrāʾû*": "Qal imperfect 2nd masculine plural - you fear", "*kî*": "conjunction - that/for", "*ʾānōkî*": "1st person singular independent pronoun - I", "*ṣiwwîtî*": "Piel perfect 1st singular - I commanded", "*ḥizqû*": "Qal imperative masculine plural - be strong", "*wə-həyû*": "waw conjunction + Qal imperative masculine plural - and be", "*bənê*": "masculine plural construct noun - sons of", "*ḥayil*": "masculine singular noun - valor/strength" }, "variants": { "*wə-yəṣaw*": "and he commanded/and he instructed/and he ordered", "*nəʿārāyw*": "his young men/his servants/his attendants", "*rəʾû*": "see/watch/observe/notice", "*nāʾ*": "please/now/I pray", "*lēb*": "heart/mind/inner being", "*yayin*": "wine/alcoholic drink", "*wə-ʾāmartî*": "and I will say/and when I say", "*hakkû*": "strike/smite/hit/attack", "*wə-hămittem*": "and you shall kill/and put to death", "*tîrāʾû*": "you fear/you are afraid", "*ṣiwwîtî*": "I commanded/I ordered/I instructed", "*ḥizqû*": "be strong/be courageous/be firm", "*bənê*-*ḥayil*": "sons of valor/men of courage/valiant men" } }
• Jer 25:15 : 15 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.25.15", "source": "כִּ֣י כֹה֩ אָמַ֨ר יְהוָ֜ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֵלַ֔י קַ֠ח אֶת־כּ֨וֹס הַיַּ֧יִן הַחֵמָ֛ה הַזֹּ֖את מִיָּדִ֑י וְהִשְׁקִיתָ֤ה אֹתוֹ֙ אֶת־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֧ר אָנֹכִ֛י שֹׁלֵ֥חַ אוֹתְךָ֖ אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃", "text": "For thus *ʾāmar* *YHWH* *ʾĕlōhê* *Yiśrāʾēl* to me, *qaḥ* *ʾet*-cup of the *yayin* the *ḥēmâ* the this from my hand, and *hišqîtâ* it *ʾet*-all-the-*gôyīm* whom *ʾānōḵî* *šōlēaḥ* you to them.", "grammar": { "*ʾāmar*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - said/spoke", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "masculine plural construct - God of", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*qaḥ*": "Qal imperative, masculine singular - take", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*yayin*": "masculine singular noun with definite article - wine", "*ḥēmâ*": "feminine singular noun with definite article - wrath/fury", "*hišqîtâ*": "Hiphil perfect, 2nd person masculine singular with waw consecutive - and you shall cause to drink", "*gôyīm*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - nations/peoples", "*ʾānōḵî*": "1st person singular independent pronoun - I", "*šōlēaḥ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - sending" }, "variants": { "*ḥēmâ*": "wrath/fury/anger/rage", "*hišqîtâ*": "cause to drink/make drink/give drink", "*gôyīm*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*šōlēaḥ*": "sending/dispatching" } }