Isaiah 5:18

biblecontext

{ "verseID": "Isaiah.5.18", "source": "ה֛וֹי מֹשְׁכֵ֥י הֶֽעָוֺ֖ן בְּחַבְלֵ֣י הַשָּׁ֑וְא וְכַעֲב֥וֹת הָעֲגָלָ֖ה חַטָּאָֽה׃", "text": "*hôy* those who *mōškê* the *heʿāwōn* with *bəḥablê* the *haššāwʾ*, and like *wəkaʿăbôt* the *hāʿăgālâ* *ḥaṭṭāʾâ*.", "grammar": { "*hôy*": "interjection - woe", "*mōškê*": "qal participle masculine plural construct - drawing/pulling", "*heʿāwōn*": "definite article with masculine singular noun - the iniquity", "*bəḥablê*": "preposition with masculine plural construct - with cords of", "*haššāwʾ*": "definite article with masculine singular noun - the falsehood/emptiness", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*kaʿăbôt*": "preposition with feminine plural construct - like cart ropes of", "*hāʿăgālâ*": "definite article with feminine singular noun - the cart/wagon", "*ḥaṭṭāʾâ*": "feminine singular noun - sin" }, "variants": { "*mōškê*": "drawing/pulling/dragging", "*ʿāwōn*": "iniquity/guilt/punishment", "*ḥablê*": "cords/ropes/snares", "*šāwʾ*": "falsehood/emptiness/worthlessness", "*ʿăbôt*": "cart ropes/thick cords/wagon traces" } }

📖 Grammatical Analysis

Original Text

ה֛וֹי מֹשְׁכֵ֥י הֶֽעָוֺ֖ן בְּחַבְלֵ֣י הַשָּׁ֑וְא וְכַעֲב֥וֹת הָעֲגָלָ֖ה חַטָּאָֽה׃

Transliteration

hôy those who mōškê the heʿāwōn with bəḥablê the haššāwʾ, and like wəkaʿăbôt the hāʿăgālâ ḥaṭṭāʾâ.

Grammar Details

• *hôy*: interjection - woe
• *mōškê*: qal participle masculine plural construct - drawing/pulling
• *heʿāwōn*: definite article with masculine singular noun - the iniquity
• *bəḥablê*: preposition with masculine plural construct - with cords of
• *haššāwʾ*: definite article with masculine singular noun - the falsehood/emptiness
• *wə*: conjunction - and
• *kaʿăbôt*: preposition with feminine plural construct - like cart ropes of
• *hāʿăgālâ*: definite article with feminine singular noun - the cart/wagon
• *ḥaṭṭāʾâ*: feminine singular noun - sin

Word Meanings

• *mōškê*: drawing/pulling/dragging
• *ʿāwōn*: iniquity/guilt/punishment
• *ḥablê*: cords/ropes/snares
• *šāwʾ*: falsehood/emptiness/worthlessness
• *ʿăbôt*: cart ropes/thick cords/wagon traces

Other Translations

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  Woe to those who drag iniquity with cords of falsehood and sin as if with cart ropes!

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope:

• KJV1611 – Modern English

  Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as if with a cart rope:

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope:

• American Standard Version with Strong's Numbers

  Woe{H1945} unto them that draw{H4900} iniquity{H5771} with cords{H2256} of falsehood,{H7723} and sin{H2403} as it were with a cart{H5699} rope;{H5688}

• King James Version with Strong's Numbers

  Woe{H1945} unto them that draw{H4900}{(H8802)} iniquity{H5771} with cords{H2256} of vanity{H7723}, and sin{H2403} as it were with a cart{H5699} rope{H5688}:

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  Wo vnto vayne persones, that drawe wickednes vnto the, as it were with a coorde: and synne, as it were with a cart rope.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  Woe vnto them, that draw iniquitie with cordes of vanitie, and sinne, as with cart ropes:

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  Wo be vnto them that drawe wickednesse with cordes of vanitie, and sinne as it were with a cart rope.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  ¶ Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, and sin as it were with a cart rope:

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, And wickedness as with cart rope;

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  Wo `to' those drawing out iniquity with cords of vanity, And as `with' thick ropes of the cart -- sin.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, and sin as it were with a cart rope;

• American Standard Version (1901)

  Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, and sin as it were with a cart rope;

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  Cursed are those who make use of ox-cords for pulling the evil thing, and the bands of a young ox for their sin!

• World English Bible (2000)

  Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, and wickedness as with cart rope;

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  Beware, those who pull evil along using cords of emptiness are as good as dead, who pull sin as with cart ropes.

Referenced Verses

• Jer 23:14 : 14 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.23.14", "source": "וּבִנְבִאֵי יְרוּשָׁלִַם רָאִיתִי שַׁעֲרוּרָה נָאוֹף וְהָלֹךְ בַּשֶּׁקֶר וְחִזְּקוּ יְדֵי מְרֵעִים לְבִלְתִּי־שָׁבוּ אִישׁ מֵרָעָתוֹ הָיוּ־לִי כֻלָּם כִּסְדֹם וְיֹשְׁבֶיהָ כַּעֲמֹרָה", "text": "*Ûbinbîʾê* *yərûšālaim* *rāʾîtî* *šaʿărûrâ* *nāʾôp̄* *wəhālōk* *baššeqer* *wəḥizzəqû* *yədê* *mərēʿîm* *ləbiltî*-*šābû* *ʾîš* *mērāʿātô* *hāyû*-*lî* *kullām* *kisdōm* *wəyōšəbêhā* *kaʿămōrâ*", "grammar": { "*Ûbinbîʾê*": "conjunction + preposition + masculine plural construct - and in the prophets of", "*yərûšālaim*": "proper noun - Jerusalem", "*rāʾîtî*": "qal perfect 1st person singular - I have seen", "*šaʿărûrâ*": "feminine singular noun - horrible thing", "*nāʾôp̄*": "qal infinitive absolute - committing adultery", "*wəhālōk*": "conjunction + qal infinitive absolute - and walking", "*baššeqer*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - in the falsehood/lie", "*wəḥizzəqû*": "conjunction + piel perfect 3rd person common plural - and they strengthen", "*yədê*": "feminine dual construct - hands of", "*mərēʿîm*": "hiphil participle masculine plural - evildoers", "*ləbiltî*": "preposition + conjunction - so that not", "*šābû*": "qal perfect 3rd person common plural - they return/repent", "*ʾîš*": "masculine singular noun - each man", "*mērāʿātô*": "preposition + feminine singular noun + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - from his evil", "*hāyû*": "qal perfect 3rd person common plural - they have become", "*lî*": "preposition + 1st person singular suffix - to me", "*kullām*": "noun masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - all of them", "*kisdōm*": "preposition + proper noun - like Sodom", "*wəyōšəbêhā*": "conjunction + qal participle masculine plural construct + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - and her inhabitants", "*kaʿămōrâ*": "preposition + proper noun - like Gomorrah" }, "variants": { "*šaʿărûrâ*": "horrible thing/shocking thing/disgusting thing", "*nāʾôp̄*": "committing adultery/being unfaithful", "*šeqer*": "falsehood/lie/deception", "*ḥizzəqû*": "strengthen/encourage/support", "*mərēʿîm*": "evildoers/those doing evil", "*šābû*": "return/repent/turn back" } }
• Jer 23:10 : 10 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.23.10", "source": "כִּי מְנָאֲפִים מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ כִּי־מִפְּנֵי אָלָה אָבְלָה הָאָרֶץ יָבְשׁוּ נְאוֹת מִדְבָּר וַתְּהִי מְרוּצָתָם רָעָה וּגְבוּרָתָם לֹא־כֵן", "text": "*Kî* *mənāʾăp̄îm* *mālʾâ* *hāʾāreṣ* *kî*-*mippənê* *ʾālâ* *ʾābəlâ* *hāʾāreṣ* *yābəšû* *nəʾôt* *midbār* *wattəhî* *mərûṣātām* *rāʿâ* *ûgəbûrātām* *lōʾ*-*kēn*", "grammar": { "*Kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*mənāʾăp̄îm*": "piel participle masculine plural - adulterers", "*mālʾâ*": "qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular - is full", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "definite article + feminine singular noun - the land/earth", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*mippənê*": "preposition + plural construct - because of", "*ʾālâ*": "feminine singular noun - oath/curse", "*ʾābəlâ*": "qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular - mourns", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "definite article + feminine singular noun - the land/earth", "*yābəšû*": "qal perfect 3rd person common plural - are dried up", "*nəʾôt*": "feminine plural construct - pastures of", "*midbār*": "masculine singular noun - wilderness/desert", "*wattəhî*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular apocopated - and has become", "*mərûṣātām*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their course/running", "*rāʿâ*": "adjective feminine singular - evil/bad", "*ûgəbûrātām*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and their might/strength", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*kēn*": "adverb - right/correct" }, "variants": { "*mənāʾăp̄îm*": "adulterers/those who commit adultery", "*ʾālâ*": "oath/curse/swearing falsely", "*ʾābəlâ*": "mourns/dries up/withers", "*yābəšû*": "are dried up/are withered", "*nəʾôt*": "pastures/meadows/habitations", "*mərûṣātām*": "their course/their running/their way of life", "*gəbûrātām*": "their might/their strength/their power" } }
• Jer 23:24 : 24 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.23.24", "source": "אִם־יִסָּתֵ֨ר אִ֧ישׁ בַּמִּסְתָּרִ֛ים וַאֲנִ֥י לֹֽא־אֶרְאֶ֖נּוּ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה הֲל֨וֹא אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֧יִם וְאֶת־הָאָ֛רֶץ אֲנִ֥י מָלֵ֖א נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה׃", "text": "If-*yissātēr* *ʾîš* in-the-*mistārîm* and-I not-*ʾerʾennû*, *nəʾum*-*YHWH*? *Hălôʾ* *ʾet*-the-*šāmayim* and-*ʾet*-the-*ʾāreṣ* I *mālēʾ*, *nəʾum*-*YHWH*.", "grammar": { "*yissātēr*": "niphal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - he hides himself", "*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular - man/person", "*mistārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - hiding places/secret places", "*ʾerʾennû*": "qal imperfect, 1st singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - I will see him", "*nəʾum*": "noun, masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD/Yahweh", "*Hălôʾ*": "interrogative particle - is it not", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*šāmayim*": "noun, masculine dual - heavens", "*ʾāreṣ*": "noun, feminine singular - earth/land", "*mālēʾ*": "qal participle, masculine singular - filling/full" }, "variants": { "*ʾîš*": "man/person/individual/anyone", "*mistārîm*": "hiding places/secret places/concealed areas", "*šāmayim*": "heavens/sky/firmament", "*ʾāreṣ*": "earth/land/ground/world", "*mālēʾ*": "filling/full/filling up" } }
• Jer 28:15-16 : 15 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.28.15", "source": "וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יִרְמְיָ֧ה הַנָּבִ֛יא אֶל־חֲנַנְיָ֥ה הַנָּבִ֖יא שְׁמַֽע־נָ֣א חֲנַנְיָ֑ה לֹֽא־שְׁלָחֲךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה וְאַתָּ֗ה הִבְטַ֛חְתָּ אֶת־הָעָ֥ם הַזֶּ֖ה עַל־שָֽׁקֶר", "text": "*wa-yōʾmer* *yirmyâ* the-*nābîʾ* to-*ḥănanyâ* the-*nābîʾ* *šəmaʿ*-*nāʾ* *ḥănanyâ* not-*šəlāḥăkā* *YHWH* and-*ʾattâ* *hibṭaḥtā* *ʾet*-the-*ʿām* the-*zeh* upon-*šāqer*", "grammar": { "*wa-yōʾmer*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*yirmyâ*": "proper noun - Jeremiah", "*nābîʾ*": "noun, masculine singular - prophet", "*ḥănanyâ*": "proper noun - Hananiah", "*šəmaʿ*": "qal imperative masculine singular - hear/listen", "*nāʾ*": "particle of entreaty - please/now", "*šəlāḥăkā*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - he sent you", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD/Yahweh", "*ʾattâ*": "personal pronoun, 2nd masculine singular - you", "*hibṭaḥtā*": "hiphil perfect 2nd masculine singular - you have made trust", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʿām*": "noun, masculine singular - people", "*zeh*": "demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular - this", "*šāqer*": "noun, masculine singular - lie/falsehood" }, "variants": { "*nābîʾ*": "prophet/one who speaks for God", "*šəmaʿ*": "hear/listen/pay attention", "*nāʾ*": "please/now/I pray", "*šəlāḥăkā*": "he sent you/he commissioned you", "*hibṭaḥtā*": "you have made to trust/you have caused to rely", "*ʿām*": "people/nation/crowd", "*šāqer*": "lie/falsehood/deception" } } 16 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.28.16", "source": "לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה הִנְנִי֙ מְשַֽׁלֵּֽחֲךָ֔ מֵעַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָאֲדָמָ֑ה הַשָּׁנָה֙ אַתָּ֣ה מֵ֔ת כִּֽי־סָרָ֥ה דִבַּ֖רְתָּ אֶל־יְהוָֽה", "text": "Therefore thus *ʾāmar* *YHWH* *hinənî* *məšallēḥăkā* from-upon *pənê* the-*ʾădāmâ* the-*šānâ* *ʾattâ* *mēt* because-*sārâ* *dibbartā* against-*YHWH*", "grammar": { "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he said/spoke", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD/Yahweh", "*hinənî*": "interjection + 1st person singular suffix - behold me", "*məšallēḥăkā*": "piel participle masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - sending you away", "*pənê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - face/surface of", "*ʾădāmâ*": "noun, feminine singular - ground/land/earth", "*šānâ*": "noun, feminine singular - year", "*ʾattâ*": "personal pronoun, 2nd masculine singular - you", "*mēt*": "qal participle masculine singular - dying/dead", "*sārâ*": "noun, feminine singular - rebellion/turning aside", "*dibbartā*": "piel perfect 2nd masculine singular - you have spoken" }, "variants": { "*hinənî*": "behold me/here I am/look, I am about to", "*məšallēḥăkā*": "sending you away/dismissing you/removing you", "*pənê*": "face/surface/presence", "*ʾădāmâ*": "ground/land/earth/soil", "*mēt*": "dying/dead/will die", "*sārâ*": "rebellion/revolt/turning aside/defection", "*dibbartā*": "you have spoken/you have declared" } }
• Jer 44:15-19 : 15 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.44.15", "source": "וַיַּעֲנ֣וּ אֶֽת־יִרְמְיָ֗הוּ כָּל־הָאֲנָשִׁ֤ים הַיֹּֽדְעִים֙ כִּֽי־מְקַטְּר֤וֹת נְשֵׁיהֶם֙ לֵאלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֔ים וְכָל־הַנָּשִׁ֥ים הָעֹמְד֖וֹת קָהָ֣ל גָּד֑וֹל וְכָל־הָעָ֛ם הַיֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בְּאֶֽרֶץ־מִצְרַ֖יִם בְּפַתְר֥וֹס לֵאמֹֽר׃", "text": "*wayyaʿănû ʾet-yirməyāhû* all the *ʾănāšîm hayyōdəʿîm* that *məqaṭṭərôt nəšêhem lēʾlōhîm ʾăḥērîm*, and all the *nāšîm hāʿōmədôt qāhāl gādôl*, and all the *ʿām hayyōšəbîm* in *ʾereṣ-miṣrayim* in *patrôs* saying:", "grammar": { "*wayyaʿănû*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural consecutive - and they answered", "*ʾet-yirməyāhû*": "direct object marker + proper noun - Jeremiah", "*ʾănāšîm*": "noun masculine plural - men", "*hayyōdəʿîm*": "definite article + qal participle masculine plural - the ones knowing", "*məqaṭṭərôt*": "piel participle feminine plural - burning incense/offering sacrifices", "*nəšêhem*": "noun feminine plural construct + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their wives", "*lēʾlōhîm*": "preposition + noun masculine plural - to gods", "*ʾăḥērîm*": "adjective masculine plural - other/foreign", "*nāšîm*": "noun feminine plural - women", "*hāʿōmədôt*": "definite article + qal participle feminine plural - the ones standing", "*qāhāl*": "noun masculine singular - assembly/congregation", "*gādôl*": "adjective masculine singular - great/large", "*ʿām*": "noun masculine singular - people", "*hayyōšəbîm*": "definite article + qal participle masculine plural - the ones dwelling", "*patrôs*": "proper noun - Pathros (region in Egypt)" }, "variants": { "*məqaṭṭərôt*": "burning incense/making smoke offerings/sacrificing", "*ʾělōhîm*": "gods/deities/divine beings", "*ʾăḥērîm*": "other/foreign/strange", "*qāhāl*": "assembly/congregation/gathering", "*patrôs*": "Pathros (region in southern Egypt)" } } 16 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.44.16", "source": "הַדָּבָ֛ר אֲשֶׁר־דִּבַּ֥רְתָּ אֵלֵ֖ינוּ בְּשֵׁ֣ם יְהוָ֑ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ שֹׁמְעִ֖ים אֵלֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "The *dābār* which *dibbartā* to us in *šēm YHWH*, *ʾênennû šōməʿîm* to you.", "grammar": { "*dābār*": "noun masculine singular - word/matter/thing", "*dibbartā*": "piel perfect 2nd masculine singular - you have spoken", "*šēm*": "noun masculine singular construct - name of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - Yahweh/LORD", "*ʾênennû*": "negative particle + 1st person plural suffix - we are not", "*šōməʿîm*": "qal participle masculine plural - hearing/listening/obeying" }, "variants": { "*dābār*": "word/matter/thing/speech", "*šēm*": "name/reputation/authority", "*šōməʿîm*": "hearing/listening/obeying/heeding" } } 17 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.44.17", "source": "כִּי֩ עָשֹׂ֨ה נַעֲשֶׂ֜ה אֶֽת־כָּל־הַדָּבָ֣ר ׀ אֲשֶׁר־יָצָ֣א מִפִּ֗ינוּ לְקַטֵּ֞ר לִמְלֶ֣כֶת הַשָּׁמָיִם֮ וְהַסֵּֽיךְ־לָ֣הּ נְסָכִים֒ כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר עָשִׂ֜ינוּ אֲנַ֤חְנוּ וַאֲבֹתֵ֙ינוּ֙ מְלָכֵ֣ינוּ וְשָׂרֵ֔ינוּ בְּעָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וּבְחֻצ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלָ֑͏ִם וַנִּֽשְׂבַּֽע־לֶ֙חֶם֙ וַנִּֽהְיֶ֣ה טוֹבִ֔ים וְרָעָ֖ה לֹ֥א רָאִֽינוּ׃", "text": "For *ʿāśōh naʿăśeh* *ʾet-kol-haddābār* which *yāṣāʾ* from *pînû* to *ləqaṭṭēr* to *meleket haššāmayim* and *hassêk-lāh nəsākîm*, as *kaʾăšer ʿāśînû ʾănaḥnû* and our *ʾăbōtênû*, our *məlākênû* and our *śārênû* in the cities of *yəhûdāh* and in the streets of *yərûšālāim*, and *wanniśbaʿ-leḥem* and *wannihyeh ṭôbîm* and *rāʿāh* not *rāʾînû*.", "grammar": { "*ʿāśōh naʿăśeh*": "qal infinitive absolute + qal imperfect 1st person plural - we will certainly do", "*ʾet-kol-haddābār*": "direct object marker + noun masculine singular - the whole word/matter", "*yāṣāʾ*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - came out/proceeded", "*pînû*": "noun masculine singular construct + 1st person plural suffix - our mouth", "*ləqaṭṭēr*": "preposition + piel infinitive construct - to burn incense/sacrifice", "*meleket*": "noun feminine singular construct - queen of", "*haššāmayim*": "definite article + noun masculine plural - the heavens", "*hassêk-lāh*": "hiphil infinitive construct + preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - pour out to her", "*nəsākîm*": "noun masculine plural - drink offerings/libations", "*ʿāśînû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we did", "*ʾănaḥnû*": "first person plural pronoun - we", "*ʾăbōtênû*": "noun masculine plural construct + 1st person plural suffix - our fathers", "*məlākênû*": "noun masculine plural construct + 1st person plural suffix - our kings", "*śārênû*": "noun masculine plural construct + 1st person plural suffix - our princes/officials", "*wanniśbaʿ-leḥem*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 1st person plural consecutive + noun masculine singular - and we were satisfied with bread", "*wannihyeh*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 1st person plural consecutive - and we were", "*ṭôbîm*": "adjective masculine plural - good/well", "*rāʿāh*": "noun feminine singular - evil/distress/misery", "*rāʾînû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we saw/experienced" }, "variants": { "*ʿāśōh naʿăśeh*": "we will surely do/we will definitely do/we must do", "*meleket haššāmayim*": "queen of heaven/work of heaven", "*nəsākîm*": "drink offerings/libations/liquid offerings", "*śārênû*": "princes/officials/nobles/leaders", "*śābaʿ*": "to be satisfied/filled/have enough", "*ṭôbîm*": "good/prosperous/well-off", "*rāʿāh*": "evil/calamity/distress/misfortune" } } 18 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.44.18", "source": "וּמִן־אָ֡ז חָדַ֜לְנוּ לְקַטֵּ֨ר לִמְלֶ֧כֶת הַשָּׁמַ֛יִם וְהַסֵּֽךְ־לָ֥הּ נְסָכִ֖ים חָסַ֣רְנוּ כֹ֑ל וּבַחֶ֥רֶב וּבָרָעָ֖ב תָּֽמְנוּ׃", "text": "*ûmin-ʾāz ḥādalnû ləqaṭṭēr limeleket haššāmayim wəhassêk-lāh nəsākîm ḥāsarnû kōl*, and by the *ḥereb* and by the *rāʿāb* *tāmnû*.", "grammar": { "*ûmin-ʾāz*": "conjunction + preposition + adverb - and from then", "*ḥādalnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we ceased/stopped", "*ləqaṭṭēr*": "preposition + piel infinitive construct - to burn incense/sacrifice", "*limeleket*": "preposition + noun feminine singular construct - to queen of", "*haššāmayim*": "definite article + noun masculine plural - the heavens", "*wəhassêk-lāh*": "conjunction + hiphil infinitive construct + preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and pour out to her", "*nəsākîm*": "noun masculine plural - drink offerings", "*ḥāsarnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have lacked/been in want of", "*kōl*": "noun masculine singular - everything/all", "*ḥereb*": "noun feminine singular - sword", "*rāʿāb*": "noun masculine singular - famine/hunger", "*tāmnû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we have been consumed/finished" }, "variants": { "*ḥādal*": "ceased/stopped/left off", "*ḥāsar*": "lacked/were in want of/were without", "*kōl*": "everything/all things/the whole", "*tāmam*": "consumed/finished/completed/ended" } } 19 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.44.19", "source": "וְכִֽי־אֲנַ֤חְנוּ מְקַטְּרִים֙ לִמְלֶ֣כֶת הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וּלְהַסֵּ֥ךְ לָ֖הּ נְסָכִ֑ים הֲמִֽבַּלְעֲדֵ֣י אֲנָשֵׁ֗ינוּ עָשִׂ֨ינוּ לָ֤הּ כַּוָּנִים֙ לְהַ֣עֲצִבָ֔הֿ וְהַסֵּ֥ךְ לָ֖הּ נְסָכִֽים׃", "text": "And when *ʾănaḥnû məqaṭṭərîm limeleket haššāmayim* and *ləhassēk lāh nəsākîm*, *hămibbalʿădê ʾănāšênû ʿāśînû lāh kawwānîm ləhaʿăṣibāh* and *hassēk lāh nəsākîm*?", "grammar": { "*wəkî*": "conjunction + particle - and when/and that", "*ʾănaḥnû*": "first person plural pronoun - we", "*məqaṭṭərîm*": "piel participle masculine plural - burning incense/sacrificing", "*limeleket*": "preposition + noun feminine singular construct - to queen of", "*haššāmayim*": "definite article + noun masculine plural - the heavens", "*ləhassēk*": "preposition + hiphil infinitive construct - to pour out", "*lāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - to her", "*nəsākîm*": "noun masculine plural - drink offerings", "*hămibbalʿădê*": "interrogative + preposition - is it without/apart from", "*ʾănāšênû*": "noun masculine plural construct + 1st person plural suffix - our husbands/men", "*ʿāśînû*": "qal perfect 1st person plural - we made", "*kawwānîm*": "noun masculine plural - cakes/sacrificial cakes", "*ləhaʿăṣibāh*": "preposition + hiphil infinitive construct + 3rd feminine singular suffix - to make an image of her/to worship her", "*hassēk*": "hiphil infinitive construct - pour out" }, "variants": { "*məqaṭṭērîm*": "burning incense/making offerings by fire/sacrificing", "*kawwānîm*": "cakes/sacrificial cakes/moon-shaped cakes", "*ləhaʿăṣibāh*": "to worship her/to make an image of her/to shape her likeness" } }
• Ezek 13:10-11 : 10 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.13.10", "source": "יַ֣עַן וּבְיַ֜עַן הִטְע֧וּ אֶת־עַמִּ֛י לֵאמֹ֥ר שָׁל֖וֹם וְאֵ֣ין שָׁל֑וֹם וְהוּא֙ בֹּ֣נֶה חַ֔יִץ וְהִנָּ֛ם טָחִ֥ים אֹת֖וֹ תָּפֵֽל׃", "text": "*yaʿan* *û-ḇəyaʿan* *hiṭʿû* *ʾet*-*ʿammî* *lēʾmōr* *šālôm* *wə-ʾên* *šālôm* *wə-hûʾ* *bōneh* *ḥayiṣ* *wə-hinnām* *ṭāḥîm* *ʾōtô* *tāpēl*", "grammar": { "*yaʿan*": "conjunction - because", "*û-ḇəyaʿan*": "conjunction + preposition + conjunction - and because", "*hiṭʿû*": "Hiphil perfect 3rd common plural - they led astray", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʿammî*": "masculine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my people", "*lēʾmōr*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - saying", "*šālôm*": "masculine singular noun - peace", "*wə-ʾên*": "conjunction + particle of negation - and there is no", "*šālôm*": "masculine singular noun - peace", "*wə-hûʾ*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine singular independent pronoun - and he/one", "*bōneh*": "Qal participle masculine singular - building", "*ḥayiṣ*": "masculine singular noun - wall/partition", "*wə-hinnām*": "conjunction + interjection + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and behold they", "*ṭāḥîm*": "Qal participle masculine plural - plastering", "*ʾōtô*": "direct object marker + 3rd masculine singular suffix - it", "*tāpēl*": "masculine singular adjective - whitewash/untempered mortar" }, "variants": { "*yaʿan*": "because/since/on account of", "*hiṭʿû*": "led astray/deceived/misled", "*šālôm*": "peace/welfare/safety/prosperity", "*ḥayiṣ*": "wall/partition/separation", "*tāpēl*": "whitewash/untempered mortar/tasteless substance" } } 11 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.13.11", "source": "אֱמֹ֛ר אֶל־טָחֵ֥י תָפֵ֖ל וְיִפֹּ֑ל הָיָ֣ה ׀ גֶּ֣שֶׁם שׁוֹטֵ֗ף וְאַתֵּ֜נָה אַבְנֵ֤י אֶלְגָּבִישׁ֙ תִּפֹּ֔לְנָה וְר֥וּחַ סְעָר֖וֹת תְּבַקֵּֽעַ׃", "text": "*ʾĕmōr* *ʾel*-*ṭāḥê* *tāpēl* *wə-yippōl* *hāyāh* *gešem* *šôṭēp* *wə-ʾattēnāh* *ʾaḇnê* *ʾelgāḇîš* *tippōlnāh* *wə-rûaḥ* *səʿārôt* *təḇaqqēaʿ*", "grammar": { "*ʾĕmōr*": "Qal imperative masculine singular - say", "*ʾel*": "preposition - to", "*ṭāḥê*": "Qal participle masculine plural construct - plasterers of", "*tāpēl*": "masculine singular adjective - whitewash", "*wə-yippōl*": "conjunction + Qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and it will fall", "*hāyāh*": "Qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - there will be", "*gešem*": "masculine singular noun - rain", "*šôṭēp*": "Qal participle masculine singular - flooding", "*wə-ʾattēnāh*": "conjunction + pronoun + 2nd feminine plural - and you (feminine plural)", "*ʾaḇnê*": "construct masculine plural - stones of", "*ʾelgāḇîš*": "masculine singular noun - hailstones", "*tippōlnāh*": "Qal imperfect 3rd feminine plural - they will fall", "*wə-rûaḥ*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun - and wind", "*səʿārôt*": "feminine plural noun - storms", "*təḇaqqēaʿ*": "Piel imperfect 3rd feminine singular - will break through" }, "variants": { "*tāpēl*": "whitewash/untempered mortar/tasteless substance", "*gešem*": "rain/shower/downpour", "*šôṭēp*": "flooding/overflowing/sweeping away", "*ʾelgāḇîš*": "hailstones/hail", "*rûaḥ*": "wind/breath/spirit", "*səʿārôt*": "storms/tempests/whirlwinds" } }
• Ezek 13:22 : 22 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.13.22", "source": "יַ֣עַן הַכְא֤וֹת לֵב־צַדִּיק֙ שֶׁ֔קֶר וַאֲנִ֖י לֹ֣א הִכְאַבְתִּ֑יו וּלְחַזֵּק֙ יְדֵ֣י רָשָׁ֔ע לְבִלְתִּי־שׁ֛וּב מִדַּרְכּ֥וֹ הָרָ֖ע לְהַחֲיֹתֽוֹ׃", "text": "*yaʿan* *haḵʾôt* *lēḇ*-*ṣaddîq* *šeqer* *wa-ʾănî* *lōʾ* *hiḵʾaḇtîw* *û-ləḥazzēq* *yədê* *rāšāʿ* *ləḇiltî*-*šûḇ* *mi-ddarkô* *hā-rāʿ* *lə-haḥăyōtô*", "grammar": { "*yaʿan*": "conjunction - because", "*haḵʾôt*": "Hiphil infinitive construct - disheartening", "*lēḇ*": "masculine singular construct - heart of", "*ṣaddîq*": "masculine singular adjective - righteous", "*šeqer*": "masculine singular noun - falsely", "*wa-ʾănî*": "conjunction + 1st person singular independent pronoun - and I", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*hiḵʾaḇtîw*": "Hiphil perfect 1st person singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - I made him sad", "*û-ləḥazzēq*": "conjunction + preposition + Piel infinitive construct - and to strengthen", "*yədê*": "feminine dual construct - hands of", "*rāšāʿ*": "masculine singular adjective - wicked", "*ləḇiltî*": "preposition - so that not", "*šûḇ*": "Qal infinitive construct - return", "*mi-ddarkô*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - from his way", "*hā-rāʿ*": "article + masculine singular adjective - the evil", "*lə-haḥăyōtô*": "preposition + Hiphil infinitive construct + 3rd masculine singular suffix - to save his life" }, "variants": { "*haḵʾôt*": "disheartening/paining/making sad", "*šeqer*": "falsely/with falsehood/with lies", "*ḥazzēq*": "to strengthen/support/encourage", "*yədê*": "hands/power/efforts", "*haḥăyōtô*": "to save his life/preserve him alive" } }
• Zeph 1:12 : 12 { "verseID": "Zephaniah.1.12", "source": "וְהָיָה֙ בָּעֵ֣ת הַהִ֔יא אֲחַפֵּ֥שׂ אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלַ֖͏ִם בַּנֵּר֑וֹת וּפָקַדְתִּ֣י עַל־הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים הַקֹּֽפְאִים֙ עַל־שִׁמְרֵיהֶ֔ם הָאֹֽמְרִים֙ בִּלְבָבָ֔ם לֹֽא־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה וְלֹ֥א יָרֵֽעַ׃", "text": "*wəhāyāh* in-*ʿēṯ* *hahîʾ* *ʾăḥappēś* *ʾeṯ*-*Yərûšālayim* with-*hannērôṯ*, *ûp̄āqaḏtî* *ʿal*-*hāʾănāšîm* *haqqōp̄əʾîm* *ʿal*-*šimrêhem*, *hāʾōmərîm* in-*liḇḇām* not-*yêṭîḇ* *YHWH* and-not *yārēaʿ*.", "grammar": { "*wəhāyāh*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and it will be", "*ʿēṯ*": "noun, feminine singular construct - time", "*hahîʾ*": "demonstrative pronoun, feminine singular - that", "*ʾăḥappēś*": "piel imperfect, 1st person singular - I will search", "*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker", "*Yərûšālayim*": "proper name, Jerusalem", "*hannērôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural with definite article - the lamps", "*ûp̄āqaḏtî*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 1st person singular - and I will punish/visit", "*ʿal*": "preposition - against/upon", "*hāʾănāšîm*": "noun, masculine plural with definite article - the men", "*haqqōp̄əʾîm*": "qal participle, masculine plural with definite article - the ones thickening/congealing", "*ʿal*": "preposition - upon", "*šimrêhem*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their dregs/lees", "*hāʾōmərîm*": "qal participle, masculine plural with definite article - the ones saying", "*liḇḇām*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their heart", "*yêṭîḇ*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will do good", "*YHWH*": "divine name, tetragrammaton", "*yārēaʿ*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will do harm" }, "variants": { "*ʾăḥappēś*": "I will search/examine/investigate", "*haqqōp̄əʾîm ʿal-šimrêhem*": "the ones thickening on their dregs/those who are settled like wine left on its dregs (metaphor for complacency)", "*liḇḇām*": "their heart/mind/inner self", "*yêṭîḇ*": "he will do good/benefit/act favorably", "*yārēaʿ*": "he will do harm/act unfavorably/do evil" } }
• John 16:2 : 2 { "verseID": "John.16.2", "source": "Ἀποσυναγώγους ποιήσουσιν ὑμᾶς: ἀλλʼ, ἔρχεται ὥρα, ἵνα πᾶς ὁ ἀποκτείνας ὑμᾶς δόξῃ λατρείαν προσφέρειν τῷ Θεῷ.", "text": "*Aposynagōgous poiēsousin* you: but, *erchetai hōra*, *hina* all the one *apokteinas* you *doxē latreian prospherein* to the *Theō*.", "grammar": { "*Aposynagōgous*": "adjective, accusative, masculine, plural - put out of the synagogue", "*poiēsousin*": "future active indicative, 3rd person plural - they will make", "ὑμᾶς": "personal pronoun, accusative, plural - you", "*erchetai*": "present middle/passive indicative, 3rd person singular - comes/is coming", "*hōra*": "noun, nominative, feminine, singular - hour/time", "*hina*": "subordinating conjunction introducing purpose clause - so that/when", "πᾶς": "adjective, nominative, masculine, singular - everyone/all", "*apokteinas*": "aorist active participle, nominative, masculine, singular - having killed/killing", "*doxē*": "aorist active subjunctive, 3rd person singular - might think/consider", "*latreian*": "noun, accusative, feminine, singular - service/worship", "*prospherein*": "present active infinitive - to offer/present", "*Theō*": "noun, dative, masculine, singular - to God" }, "variants": { "*Aposynagōgous*": "expelled from synagogue/excommunicated", "*poiēsousin*": "they will make/they will cause (someone) to be", "*doxē*": "might think/might suppose/might consider", "*latreian*": "service/worship/religious duty", "*prospherein*": "to offer/to present/to bring" } }
• Acts 26:9 : 9 { "verseID": "Acts.26.9", "source": "Ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ἔδοξα ἐμαυτῷ, πρὸς τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναζωραίου δεῖν πολλὰ ἐναντία πρᾶξαι.", "text": "I *men* *oun* *edoxa* to *emautō*, against the *onoma* of *Iēsou* the *Nazōraiou* *dein* many *enantia* to *praxai*.", "grammar": { "*men*": "particle - indeed/truly", "*oun*": "inferential particle - therefore/then", "*edoxa*": "aorist active, 1st singular - I thought/supposed", "*emautō*": "dative, reflexive pronoun - myself", "*onoma*": "accusative, neuter, singular - name", "*Iēsou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - Jesus", "*Nazōraiou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - Nazarene", "*dein*": "present active infinitive - to be necessary", "*enantia*": "accusative, neuter, plural - contrary/hostile things", "*praxai*": "aorist active infinitive - to do/practice" }, "variants": { "*men oun*": "indeed therefore/verily then", "*edoxa*": "I thought/supposed/considered", "*onoma*": "name/reputation", "*Nazōraiou*": "Nazarene/of Nazareth", "*dein*": "to be necessary/ought", "*enantia*": "contrary/hostile/opposed things", "*praxai*": "to do/practice/perform" } }
• Judg 17:5 : 5 { "verseID": "Judges.17.5", "source": "וְהָאִ֣ישׁ מִיכָ֔ה ל֖וֹ בֵּ֣ית אֱלֹהִ֑ים וַיַּ֤עַשׂ אֵפוֹד֙ וּתְרָפִ֔ים וַיְמַלֵּ֗א אֶת־יַ֤ד אַחַד֙ מִבָּנָ֔יו וַיְהִי־ל֖וֹ לְכֹהֵֽן׃", "text": "And *hāʾîš* *mîḵâ* to him *bêt* *ʾĕlōhîm* and *wayyaʿaś* *ʾēp̄ôd* and *tĕrāp̄îm* and *waymalēʾ* *ʾet*-*yad* one of *mibānāyw* and *wayhî*-to him *lĕḵōhēn*.", "grammar": { "*hāʾîš*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the man", "*mîḵâ*": "proper noun - Micah (shortened form)", "*bêt*": "masculine singular construct - house of", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun - God/gods", "*wayyaʿaś*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect of *ʿāśâ* - and he made", "*ʾēp̄ôd*": "masculine singular noun - ephod", "*tĕrāp̄îm*": "masculine plural noun - teraphim/household idols", "*waymalēʾ*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine singular piel imperfect of *mālēʾ* - and he filled", "*yad*": "feminine singular construct - hand of", "*mibānāyw*": "preposition + masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - of his sons", "*wayhî*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect of *hāyâ* - and he became", "*lĕḵōhēn*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - as priest" }, "variants": { "*bêt ʾĕlōhîm*": "house of God/gods/shrine/sanctuary", "*ʾēp̄ôd*": "priestly garment/divination object/sacred vestment", "*tĕrāp̄îm*": "household idols/divine images/objects used for divination", "*waymalēʾ ʾet-yad*": "idiomatic expression meaning 'to ordain/consecrate/install'" } }
• Judg 17:13 : 13 { "verseID": "Judges.17.13", "source": "וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מִיכָ֔ה עַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֔עְתִּי כִּֽי־יֵיטִ֥יב יְהוָ֖ה לִ֑י כִּ֧י הָיָה־לִ֛י הַלֵּוִ֖י לְכֹהֵֽן׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* *mîḵâ* now *yādaʿtî* that-*yêṭîḇ* *YHWH* to me because *hāyâ*-to me *hallēwî* for *kōhēn*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive + 3rd masculine singular qal imperfect of *ʾāmar* - and he said", "*mîḵâ*": "proper noun - Micah", "*yādaʿtî*": "1st singular qal perfect of *yādaʿ* - I know", "*yêṭîḇ*": "3rd masculine singular hiphil imperfect of *yāṭaḇ* - he will do good", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*hāyâ*": "3rd masculine singular qal perfect of *hāyâ* - he has become", "*hallēwî*": "definite article + proper noun/gentilic - the Levite", "*kōhēn*": "masculine singular noun - priest" }, "variants": { "*yêṭîḇ*": "will do good/will show favor/will prosper", "*hāyâ-lî hallēwî lĕkōhēn*": "the Levite has become my priest/I have a Levite as priest" } }
• 2 Sam 16:20-23 : 20 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.16.20", "source": "וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אַבְשָׁל֖וֹם אֶל־אֲחִיתֹ֑פֶל הָב֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם עֵצָ֖ה מַֽה־נַּעֲשֶֽׂה׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* *ʾAbšālôm* to *ʾĂḥîṯōpel*, \"*Hābû* to yourselves *ʿēṣāh*, *mah-naʿăśeh*.\"", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*ʾAbšālôm*": "proper noun - Absalom", "*ʾĂḥîṯōpel*": "proper noun - Ahithophel", "*Hābû*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - give", "*ʿēṣāh*": "noun, feminine singular - counsel/advice", "*mah-naʿăśeh*": "interrogative + qal imperfect, 1st common plural - what shall we do" }, "variants": { "*Hābû*": "give/provide/furnish", "*ʿēṣāh*": "counsel/advice/plan", "*mah-naʿăśeh*": "what shall we do/what should we do/what must we do" } } 21 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.16.21", "source": "וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֲחִיתֹ֙פֶל֙ אֶל־אַבְשָׁלֹ֔ם בּ֚וֹא אֶל־פִּלַגְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִנִּ֖יחַ לִשְׁמ֣וֹר הַבָּ֑יִת וְשָׁמַ֤ע כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ כִּֽי־נִבְאַ֣שְׁתָּ אֶת־אָבִ֔יךָ וְחָ֣זְק֔וּ יְדֵ֖י כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אִתָּֽךְ׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* *ʾĂḥîṯōpel* to *ʾAbšālôm*, \"*Bôʾ* to *pilagšê* your *ʾābîkā* whom he *hinnîaḥ* to *lišmôr* the *habbāyiṯ*, and *wəšāmaʿ* all *Yiśrāʾēl* that you *nibʾaštā* *ʾeṯ-ʾābîkā*, and *wəḥāzəqû* *yədê* all who are with you.\"", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*ʾĂḥîṯōpel*": "proper noun - Ahithophel", "*ʾAbšālôm*": "proper noun - Absalom", "*Bôʾ*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - go", "*pilagšê*": "noun, feminine plural construct - concubines of", "*ʾābîkā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your father", "*hinnîaḥ*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd masculine singular - left behind", "*lišmôr*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to keep/guard", "*habbāyiṯ*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the house", "*wəšāmaʿ*": "waw conjunctive + qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and will hear", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*nibʾaštā*": "niphal perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you have made yourself odious", "*ʾeṯ-ʾābîkā*": "direct object marker + noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your father", "*wəḥāzəqû*": "waw conjunctive + qal perfect, 3rd common plural - and will be strengthened", "*yədê*": "noun, feminine dual construct - hands of" }, "variants": { "*pilagšê*": "concubines/secondary wives", "*hinnîaḥ*": "left behind/left/set", "*lišmôr*": "to keep/to guard/to watch over", "*wəšāmaʿ*": "will hear/will know/will understand", "*nibʾaštā*": "made yourself odious/made yourself detestable/utterly rejected", "*wəḥāzəqû*": "will be strengthened/will become strong/will be encouraged" } } 22 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.16.22", "source": "וַיַּטּ֧וּ לְאַבְשָׁל֛וֹם הָאֹ֖הֶל עַל־הַגָּ֑ג וַיָּבֹ֤א אַבְשָׁלוֹם֙ אֶל־פִּֽלַגְשֵׁ֣י אָבִ֔יו לְעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃", "text": "And *wayyaṭṭû* for *ʾAbšālôm* the *hāʾōhel* upon the *haggāg*, and *wayyābōʾ* *ʾAbšālôm* to *pilagšê* his *ʾābîw* in *ləʿênê* all *Yiśrāʾēl*.", "grammar": { "*wayyaṭṭû*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd common plural - and they pitched", "*ʾAbšālôm*": "proper noun - Absalom", "*hāʾōhel*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the tent", "*haggāg*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the roof", "*wayyābōʾ*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he went", "*pilagšê*": "noun, feminine plural construct - concubines of", "*ʾābîw*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his father", "*ləʿênê*": "preposition + noun, feminine dual construct - in the eyes of/sight of", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel" }, "variants": { "*wayyaṭṭû*": "they pitched/they spread/they set up", "*hāʾōhel*": "the tent/the pavilion/the canopy", "*haggāg*": "the roof/the housetop/the terrace", "*pilagšê*": "concubines/secondary wives", "*ləʿênê*": "in the sight of/before/in full view of" } } 23 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.16.23", "source": "וַעֲצַ֣ת אֲחִיתֹ֗פֶל אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָעַץ֙ בַּיָּמִ֣ים הָהֵ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִשְׁאַל־**אִ֖ישׁ בִּדְבַ֣ר הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים כֵּ֚ן כָּל־עֲצַ֣ת אֲחִיתֹ֔פֶל גַּם־לְדָוִ֖ד גַּ֥ם לְאַבְשָׁלֹֽם׃ ס", "text": "And *waʿăṣaṯ* *ʾĂḥîṯōpel* which he *yāʿaṣ* in those *bayyāmîm* was as if one *yišʾal* *ʾîš* in *bidbar* *hāʾĕlōhîm*. So was all *ʿăṣaṯ* *ʾĂḥîṯōpel* both to *Dāwid* and also to *ʾAbšālōm*.", "grammar": { "*waʿăṣaṯ*": "waw conjunctive + noun, feminine singular construct - and the counsel of", "*ʾĂḥîṯōpel*": "proper noun - Ahithophel", "*yāʿaṣ*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - advised/counseled", "*bayyāmîm*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine plural - in the days", "*yišʾal*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - would inquire", "*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular - a man", "*bidbar*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - in the word of", "*hāʾĕlōhîm*": "definite article + noun, masculine plural - God", "*ʿăṣaṯ*": "noun, feminine singular construct - counsel of", "*Dāwid*": "proper noun - David", "*ʾAbšālōm*": "proper noun - Absalom" }, "variants": { "*waʿăṣaṯ*": "counsel/advice/plan", "*yāʿaṣ*": "advised/counseled/gave advice", "*yišʾal*": "would inquire/would ask/would consult", "*bidbar*": "in the word/in the matter/by the oracle", "*hāʾĕlōhîm*": "God/the divine being/the deity" } }
• Ps 10:11 : 11 { "verseID": "Psalms.10.11", "source": "אָמַ֣ר בְּ֭לִבּוֹ שָׁ֣כַֽח אֵ֑ל הִסְתִּ֥יר פָּ֝נָ֗יו בַּל־רָאָ֥ה לָנֶֽצַח׃", "text": "*ʾāmar* *bĕlibbô* *šākaḥ* *ʾēl* *histîr* *pānāyw* *bal-rāʾāh* *lāneṣaḥ*", "grammar": { "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he says/said", "*bĕlibbô*": "preposition + noun masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his heart", "*šākaḥ*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he has forgotten", "*ʾēl*": "noun masculine singular - God", "*histîr*": "hiphil perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he has hidden", "*pānāyw*": "noun masculine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his face", "*bal*": "negative particle - not", "*rāʾāh*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he has seen", "*lāneṣaḥ*": "preposition + noun masculine singular - forever/perpetually" }, "variants": { "*ʾāmar*": "say/speak/think", "*lēb*": "heart/mind/inner self", "*šākaḥ*": "forget/ignore/neglect", "*ʾēl*": "God/divine being/mighty one", "*histîr*": "hide/conceal/cover", "*pānîm*": "face/presence/surface", "*rāʾāh*": "see/perceive/observe", "*neṣaḥ*": "forever/perpetuity/eternity" } }
• Ps 14:1 : 1 { "verseID": "Psalms.14.1", "source": "לַמְנַצֵּ֗חַ לְדָ֫וִ֥ד אָ֘מַ֤ר נָבָ֣ל בְּ֭לִבּוֹ אֵ֣ין אֱלֹהִ֑ים הִֽשְׁחִ֗יתוּ הִֽתְעִ֥יבוּ עֲלִילָ֗ה אֵ֣ין עֹֽשֵׂה־טֽוֹב׃", "text": "To the *mənaṣṣēaḥ* of *dāwīd*. *ʾāmar* the *nābāl* in *bəlibbow*: 'There is not *ʾĕlōhīm*.' They have *hišḥîtû*, they have *hitʿîbû* *ʿălîlâ*, there is none *ʿōśēh-ṭôb*.", "grammar": { "*mənaṣṣēaḥ*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the director/conductor/chief musician", "*dāwīd*": "proper noun - David", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he said/has said", "*nābāl*": "masculine singular noun - fool", "*bəlibbow*": "preposition + noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - in his heart", "*ʾĕlōhīm*": "masculine plural noun (often with singular meaning) - God/gods", "*hišḥîtû*": "hiphil perfect 3rd plural - they have corrupted/destroyed/acted corruptly", "*hitʿîbû*": "hiphil perfect 3rd plural - they have committed abominable acts", "*ʿălîlâ*": "feminine singular noun - deed/action", "*ʿōśēh-ṭôb*": "qal participle masculine singular + noun - doer of good" }, "variants": { "*mənaṣṣēaḥ*": "conductor/choir director/chief musician/leader", "*nābāl*": "fool/senseless person/one who disregards wisdom", "*hišḥîtû*": "corrupted/acted destructively/ruined", "*hitʿîbû*": "made abominable/acted abominably", "*ʿălîlâ*": "deed/practice/action", "*ʿōśēh-ṭôb*": "one who does good/doer of good" } }
• Ps 36:2 : 2 { "verseID": "Psalms.36.2", "source": "נְאֻֽם־פֶּ֣שַׁע לָ֭רָשָׁע בְּקֶ֣רֶב לִבִּ֑י אֵֽין־פַּ֥חַד אֱ֝לֹהִ֗ים לְנֶ֣גֶד עֵינָֽיו׃", "text": "*nəʾum*-*pešaʿ* to the *rāšāʿ* in *qereb* *libbī* not-*paḥad* *ʾĕlōhîm* before *ʿênāyw*", "grammar": { "*nəʾum*": "construct state, masculine, singular - oracle/utterance of", "*pešaʿ*": "masculine, singular - transgression", "*rāšāʿ*": "definite, masculine, singular - with prefixed preposition לְ (to/for)", "*qereb*": "masculine, singular construct with prefixed preposition בְּ (in/within)", "*libbī*": "masculine, singular construct with 1st person singular suffix (my)", "*paḥad*": "masculine, singular construct - fear of", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine, plural - God", "*ʿênāyw*": "feminine, dual construct with 3rd person masculine singular suffix (his)" }, "variants": { "*nəʾum*": "oracle/utterance/declaration", "*pešaʿ*": "transgression/rebellion/sin", "*rāšāʿ*": "wicked person/guilty one", "*qereb*": "midst/inner part", "*libbī*": "my heart/mind", "*paḥad*": "fear/dread/terror", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods/divine beings", "*ʿênāyw*": "his eyes" } }
• Ps 94:5-9 : 5 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.5", "source": "עַמְּךָ֣ יְהוָ֣ה יְדַכְּא֑וּ וְֽנַחֲלָתְךָ֥ יְעַנּֽוּ", "text": "*ʿamməkā* *YHWH* *yədakkəʾû* *wə-naḥălātkā* *yəʿannû*", "grammar": { "*ʿamməkā*": "noun, masculine, singular + 2nd person, masculine, singular pronominal suffix - your people", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*yədakkəʾû*": "verb, piel, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, plural - they crush/oppress", "*wə-naḥălātkā*": "conjunction + noun, feminine, singular + 2nd person, masculine, singular pronominal suffix - and your inheritance/heritage", "*yəʿannû*": "verb, piel, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, plural - they afflict/oppress" }, "variants": { "*ʿamməkā*": "your people/nation", "*yədakkəʾû*": "crush/oppress/break in pieces", "*naḥălātkā*": "your inheritance/heritage/possession", "*yəʿannû*": "afflict/oppress/humble" } } 6 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.6", "source": "אַ֭לְמָנָה וְגֵ֣ר יַהֲרֹ֑גוּ וִֽיתוֹמִ֣ים יְרַצֵּֽחוּ", "text": "*ʾalmānāh* *wə-gēr* *yahărōgû* *wîtômîm* *yəraṣṣēḥû*", "grammar": { "*ʾalmānāh*": "noun, feminine, singular - widow", "*wə-gēr*": "conjunction + noun, masculine, singular - and stranger/sojourner", "*yahărōgû*": "verb, qal, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, plural - they kill/slay", "*wîtômîm*": "conjunction + noun, masculine, plural - and orphans", "*yəraṣṣēḥû*": "verb, piel, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, plural - they murder" }, "variants": { "*ʾalmānāh*": "widow", "*gēr*": "stranger/sojourner/resident alien", "*yahărōgû*": "kill/slay/put to death", "*yətômîm*": "orphans/fatherless", "*yəraṣṣēḥû*": "murder/slay/kill" } } 7 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.7", "source": "וַ֭יֹּ֣אמְרוּ לֹ֣א יִרְאֶה־יָּ֑הּ וְלֹא־יָ֝בִ֗ין אֱלֹהֵ֥י יַעֲקֹֽב", "text": "*wayyōʾmərû* not *yirʾeh-Yāh* *wə-lōʾ-yābîn* *ʾĕlōhê* *yaʿăqōb*", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmərû*": "conjunction + verb, qal, imperfect, consecutive, 3rd person, masculine, plural - and they say", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*yirʾeh*": "verb, qal, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - he sees", "*Yāh*": "proper noun - shortened form of divine name", "*wə-lōʾ-yābîn*": "conjunction + negative particle + verb, qal, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - and he does not perceive/understand", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "noun, masculine, plural, construct - God of", "*yaʿăqōb*": "proper noun - Jacob" }, "variants": { "*wayyōʾmərû*": "and they say/said", "*yirʾeh*": "sees/perceives/notices", "*yābîn*": "perceives/understands/discerns", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "God of/deity of" } } 8 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.8", "source": "בִּ֭ינוּ בֹּעֲרִ֣ים בָּעָ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים מָתַ֥י תַּשְׂכִּֽילוּ", "text": "*bînû* *bōʿărîm* in-the-*ʿām* *û-kəsîlîm* *mātay* *taśkîlû*", "grammar": { "*bînû*": "verb, qal, imperative, masculine, plural - understand/consider", "*bōʿărîm*": "participle, qal, masculine, plural - brutish ones/stupid ones", "*bā-ʿām*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine, singular - in the people", "*û-kəsîlîm*": "conjunction + noun, masculine, plural - and fools", "*mātay*": "interrogative adverb - when", "*taśkîlû*": "verb, hiphil, imperfect, 2nd person, masculine, plural - you will be wise/understand" }, "variants": { "*bînû*": "understand/consider/perceive", "*bōʿărîm*": "brutish ones/stupid ones/dull-hearted", "*ʿām*": "people/nation", "*kəsîlîm*": "fools/stupid ones", "*taśkîlû*": "be wise/understand/have insight" } } 9 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.9", "source": "הֲנֹ֣טַֽע אֹ֭זֶן הֲלֹ֣א יִשְׁמָ֑ע אִֽם־יֹ֥צֵֽר עַ֝֗יִן הֲלֹ֣א יַבִּֽיט", "text": "*hă-nōṭaʿ* *ʾōzen* *hă-lōʾ* *yišmāʿ* if-*yōṣēr* *ʿayin* *hă-lōʾ* *yabbîṭ*", "grammar": { "*hă-nōṭaʿ*": "interrogative particle + participle, qal, masculine, singular - the one planting", "*ʾōzen*": "noun, feminine, singular - ear", "*hă-lōʾ*": "interrogative particle + negative particle - will not", "*yišmāʿ*": "verb, qal, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - he hears", "*ʾim-yōṣēr*": "conditional particle + participle, qal, masculine, singular - if the one forming", "*ʿayin*": "noun, feminine, singular - eye", "*yabbîṭ*": "verb, hiphil, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - he sees/observes" }, "variants": { "*nōṭaʿ*": "one planting/one who implants", "*yišmāʿ*": "hears/listens/perceives", "*yōṣēr*": "one forming/one who shapes/creator", "*yabbîṭ*": "sees/observes/beholds" } } 10 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.10", "source": "הֲיֹסֵ֣ר גּ֭וֹיִם הֲלֹ֣א יוֹכִ֑יחַ הַֽמְלַמֵּ֖ד אָדָ֣ם דָּֽעַת", "text": "*hă-yōsēr* *gôyim* *hă-lōʾ* *yôkîaḥ* *ha-məlammēd* *ʾādām* *dāʿat*", "grammar": { "*hă-yōsēr*": "interrogative particle + participle, qal, masculine, singular - the one disciplining", "*gôyim*": "noun, masculine, plural - nations", "*hă-lōʾ*": "interrogative particle + negative particle - will not", "*yôkîaḥ*": "verb, hiphil, imperfect, 3rd person, masculine, singular - he rebukes/corrects", "*ha-məlammēd*": "definite article + participle, piel, masculine, singular - the one teaching", "*ʾādām*": "noun, masculine, singular - man/mankind", "*dāʿat*": "noun, feminine, singular - knowledge" }, "variants": { "*yōsēr*": "one disciplining/one who chastises", "*gôyim*": "nations/peoples/gentiles", "*yôkîaḥ*": "rebukes/corrects/reproves", "*məlammēd*": "one teaching/one who instructs", "*ʾādām*": "man/mankind/humanity", "*dāʿat*": "knowledge/understanding/wisdom" } } 11 { "verseID": "Psalms.94.11", "source": "יְֽהוָ֗ה יֹ֭דֵעַ מַחְשְׁב֣וֹת אָדָ֑ם כִּי־הֵ֥מָּה הָֽבֶל", "text": "*YHWH* *yōdēaʿ* *maḥšəbôt* *ʾādām* that-*hēmmāh* *hābel*", "grammar": { "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*yōdēaʿ*": "participle, qal, masculine, singular - knowing", "*maḥšəbôt*": "noun, feminine, plural - thoughts", "*ʾādām*": "noun, masculine, singular - man/mankind", "*kî-hēmmāh*": "conjunction + pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, plural - that they", "*hābel*": "noun, masculine, singular - vanity/breath/vapor" }, "variants": { "*yōdēaʿ*": "knowing/understands/perceives", "*maḥšəbôt*": "thoughts/plans/devices", "*ʾādām*": "man/mankind/humanity", "*hābel*": "vanity/breath/vapor/empty" } }
• Isa 28:15 : 15 { "verseID": "Isaiah.28.15", "source": "כִּי אֲמַרְתֶּם כָּרַתְנוּ בְרִית אֶת־מָוֶת וְעִם־שְׁאוֹל עָשִׂינוּ חֹזֶה שיט שׁוֹט שׁוֹטֵף כִּי־עבר יַעֲבֹר לֹא יְבוֹאֵנוּ כִּי שַׂמְנוּ כָזָב מַחְסֵנוּ וּבַשֶּׁקֶר נִסְתָּרְנוּ", "text": "For *ʾămartem* *kāraṯnû* *ḇərîṯ* with-*māweṯ* and-with-*šəʾôl* *ʿāśînû* *ḥōzeh* *šôṭ* *šôṭēp̄* when-*yaʿăḇōr* not *yəḇôʾēnû* for *śamnû* *ḵāzāḇ* *maḥsēnû* and-in-*haššeqer* *nistārnû*", "grammar": { "*ʾămartem*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine plural - you have said", "*kāraṯnû*": "qal perfect 1st common plural - we have cut", "*ḇərîṯ*": "feminine singular noun - covenant", "*māweṯ*": "masculine singular noun - death", "*šəʾôl*": "feminine singular noun - Sheol/underworld", "*ʿāśînû*": "qal perfect 1st common plural - we have made", "*ḥōzeh*": "masculine singular noun - agreement/vision", "*šôṭ*": "masculine singular noun - scourge/whip", "*šôṭēp̄*": "qal participle masculine singular - overflowing", "*yaʿăḇōr*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - it passes", "*yəḇôʾēnû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular + 1st common plural suffix - it will come to us", "*śamnû*": "qal perfect 1st common plural - we have made", "*ḵāzāḇ*": "masculine singular noun - lie/falsehood", "*maḥsēnû*": "masculine singular noun + 1st common plural suffix - our refuge", "*haššeqer*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the falsehood", "*nistārnû*": "niphal perfect 1st common plural - we have hidden ourselves" }, "variants": { "*kāraṯnû*": "we have cut/we have made", "*ḇərîṯ*": "covenant/agreement/treaty", "*šəʾôl*": "Sheol/grave/underworld", "*ḥōzeh*": "agreement/vision/contract", "*šôṭ*": "scourge/whip/flood", "*šôṭēp̄*": "overflowing/flooding/overwhelming", "*maḥsēnû*": "our refuge/our shelter", "*nistārnû*": "we have hidden ourselves/we have concealed ourselves" } }
• Isa 59:4-8 : 4 { "verseID": "Isaiah.59.4", "source": "אֵין־קֹרֵ֣א בְצֶ֔דֶק וְאֵ֥ין נִשְׁפָּ֖ט בֶּאֱמוּנָ֑ה בָּט֤וֹחַ עַל־תֹּ֙הוּ֙ וְדַבֶּר־שָׁ֔וְא הָר֥וֹ עָמָ֖ל וְהוֹלֵ֥יד אָֽוֶן׃", "text": "none-*qōrēʾ* in-*ṣedeq* and-none *nišpāṭ* in-*ʾĕmûnāh* *bāṭôaḥ* upon-*tōhû* and-*dabber-šāwəʾ* *hārô* *ʿāmāl* and-*hôlêd* *ʾāwen*", "grammar": { "*qōrēʾ*": "verb, qal participle, masculine singular - calling/pleading", "*ṣedeq*": "noun, masculine singular - righteousness/justice", "*nišpāṭ*": "verb, niphal participle, masculine singular - judged/pleaded", "*ʾĕmûnāh*": "noun, feminine singular - faithfulness/truth", "*bāṭôaḥ*": "verb, qal infinitive absolute - trusting/relying", "*tōhû*": "noun, masculine singular - emptiness/vanity/chaos", "*dabber-šāwəʾ*": "verb phrase, piel infinitive construct + noun - speaking emptiness", "*hārô*": "verb, qal infinitive absolute - conceiving/becoming pregnant", "*ʿāmāl*": "noun, masculine singular - trouble/mischief/labor", "*hôlêd*": "verb, hiphil infinitive absolute - bearing/bringing forth", "*ʾāwen*": "noun, masculine singular - iniquity/wickedness" }, "variants": { "*qōrēʾ*": "calling/pleading/advocating", "*ṣedeq*": "righteousness/justice/right", "*nišpāṭ*": "judged/contended/pleaded", "*ʾĕmûnāh*": "faithfulness/truth/honesty", "*bāṭôaḥ*": "trusting/relying/depending", "*tōhû*": "emptiness/chaos/nothingness/vanity", "*šāwəʾ*": "emptiness/falsehood/vanity", "*ʿāmāl*": "trouble/mischief/labor/toil", "*ʾāwen*": "iniquity/wickedness/trouble/sorrow" } } 5 { "verseID": "Isaiah.59.5", "source": "בֵּיצֵ֤י צִפְעוֹנִי֙ בִּקֵּ֔עוּ וְקוּרֵ֥י עַכָּבִ֖ישׁ יֶאֱרֹ֑גוּ הָאֹכֵ֤ל מִבֵּֽיצֵיהֶם֙ יָמ֔וּת וְהַזּוּרֶ֖ה תִּבָּקַ֥ע אֶפְעֶֽה׃", "text": "*Bêṣê* *ṣipʿônî* *biqqēʿû* and-*qûrê* *ʿakkābîš* *yeʾĕrōgû* the-*ʾōkēl* from-*bêṣêhem* *yāmût* and-the-*zûreh* *tibbāqaʿ* *ʾepʿeh*", "grammar": { "*Bêṣê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - eggs of", "*ṣipʿônî*": "noun, masculine singular - viper/poisonous snake", "*biqqēʿû*": "verb, piel perfect, 3rd plural - hatched/broke open", "*qûrê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - webs of", "*ʿakkābîš*": "noun, masculine singular - spider", "*yeʾĕrōgû*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd plural - they weave", "*ʾōkēl*": "verb, qal participle, masculine singular with definite article - the one eating", "*bêṣêhem*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd plural suffix - their eggs", "*yāmût*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - dies/will die", "*zûreh*": "verb, qal passive participle, masculine singular with definite article - the one pressed/crushed", "*tibbāqaʿ*": "verb, niphal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - breaks forth/hatches", "*ʾepʿeh*": "noun, feminine singular - viper" }, "variants": { "*ṣipʿônî*": "viper/adder/poisonous snake", "*biqqēʿû*": "hatched/broke open", "*ʿakkābîš*": "spider", "*yeʾĕrōgû*": "weave/spin", "*ʾōkēl*": "eater/one who eats", "*yāmût*": "dies/will die", "*zûreh*": "pressed/crushed/squeezed", "*tibbāqaʿ*": "breaks forth/hatches/breaks open", "*ʾepʿeh*": "viper/poisonous snake" } } 6 { "verseID": "Isaiah.59.6", "source": "קֽוּרֵיהֶם֙ לֹא־יִהְי֣וּ לְבֶ֔גֶד וְלֹ֥א יִתְכַּסּ֖וּ בְּמַֽעֲשֵׂיהֶ֑ם מַֽעֲשֵׂיהֶם֙ מַֽעֲשֵׂי־אָ֔וֶן וּפֹ֥עַל חָמָ֖ס בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם׃", "text": "*Qûrêhem* not-*yihyû* for-*beged* and-not *yitkkassû* in-*maʿăśêhem* *maʿăśêhem* *maʿăśê-ʾāwen* and-*pōʿal* *ḥāmās* in-*kappêhem*", "grammar": { "*Qûrêhem*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd plural suffix - their webs", "*yihyû*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd plural - they will be", "*beged*": "noun, masculine singular - garment/clothing", "*yitkkassû*": "verb, hithpael imperfect, 3rd plural - they cover themselves", "*maʿăśêhem*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd plural suffix - their works/deeds", "*maʿăśê-ʾāwen*": "construct phrase - works of iniquity", "*pōʿal*": "noun, masculine singular construct - act/deed of", "*ḥāmās*": "noun, masculine singular - violence/wrong", "*kappêhem*": "noun, feminine dual construct with 3rd plural suffix - their hands/palms" }, "variants": { "*Qûrêhem*": "their webs/threads", "*beged*": "garment/clothing/covering", "*maʿăśêhem*": "their works/deeds/actions", "*ʾāwen*": "iniquity/wickedness/trouble", "*pōʿal*": "act/deed/work", "*ḥāmās*": "violence/wrong/injustice/cruelty", "*kappêhem*": "their hands/palms" } } 7 { "verseID": "Isaiah.59.7", "source": "רַגְלֵיהֶם֙ לָרַ֣ע יָרֻ֔צוּ וִֽימַהֲר֔וּ לִשְׁפֹּ֖ךְ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑י מַחְשְׁבֽוֹתֵיהֶם֙ מַחְשְׁב֣וֹת אָ֔וֶן שֹׁ֥ד וָשֶׁ֖בֶר בִּמְסִלּוֹתָֽם׃", "text": "*Raglêhem* to-*raʿ* *yāruṣû* and-*wîmahărû* to-*šəppōk* *dām* *nāqî* *maḥšəbôtêhem* *maḥšəbôt* *ʾāwen* *šōd* and-*šeber* in-*məsillôtām*", "grammar": { "*Raglêhem*": "noun, feminine dual construct with 3rd plural suffix - their feet", "*raʿ*": "noun, masculine singular - evil/wickedness", "*yāruṣû*": "verb, qal imperfect, 3rd plural - they run", "*wîmahărû*": "verb, piel imperfect, 3rd plural with waw consecutive - they hasten/hurry", "*šəppōk*": "verb, qal infinitive construct - to pour out/shed", "*dām*": "noun, masculine singular - blood", "*nāqî*": "adjective, masculine singular - innocent", "*maḥšəbôtêhem*": "noun, feminine plural construct with 3rd plural suffix - their thoughts", "*maḥšəbôt*": "noun, feminine plural construct - thoughts of", "*ʾāwen*": "noun, masculine singular - iniquity/wickedness", "*šōd*": "noun, masculine singular - violence/destruction", "*šeber*": "noun, masculine singular - ruin/breaking", "*məsillôtām*": "noun, feminine plural construct with 3rd plural suffix - their highways/paths" }, "variants": { "*raʿ*": "evil/wickedness/harm", "*yāruṣû*": "run/rush", "*wîmahărû*": "hasten/hurry/make haste", "*šəppōk*": "to pour out/shed", "*dām*": "blood/bloodshed", "*nāqî*": "innocent/free from guilt", "*maḥšəbôt*": "thoughts/plans/devices", "*ʾāwen*": "iniquity/wickedness/trouble", "*šōd*": "violence/destruction/devastation", "*šeber*": "ruin/breaking/fracture", "*məsillôtām*": "their highways/paths/roads" } } 8 { "verseID": "Isaiah.59.8", "source": "דֶּ֤רֶךְ שָׁלוֹם֙ לֹ֣א יָדָ֔עוּ וְאֵ֥ין מִשְׁפָּ֖ט בְּמַעְגְּלוֹתָ֑ם נְתִיבֽוֹתֵיהֶם֙ עִקְּשׁ֣וּ לָהֶ֔ם כֹּ֚ל דֹּרֵ֣ךְ בָּ֔הּ לֹ֥א יָדַ֖ע שָׁלֽוֹם׃", "text": "*Derek* *šālôm* not *yādāʿû* and-none *mišpāṭ* in-*maʿgəlôtām* *nətîbôtêhem* *ʿiqqəšû* to-them all *dōrēk* in-her not *yādaʿ* *šālôm*", "grammar": { "*Derek*": "noun, masculine singular construct - way of", "*šālôm*": "noun, masculine singular - peace/welfare", "*yādāʿû*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd plural - they know", "*mišpāṭ*": "noun, masculine singular - justice/judgment", "*maʿgəlôtām*": "noun, feminine plural construct with 3rd plural suffix - their paths/tracks", "*nətîbôtêhem*": "noun, feminine plural construct with 3rd plural suffix - their pathways", "*ʿiqqəšû*": "verb, piel perfect, 3rd plural - they have twisted/perverted", "*dōrēk*": "verb, qal participle, masculine singular - treading/walking", "*yādaʿ*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he knows", "*šālôm*": "noun, masculine singular - peace/welfare" }, "variants": { "*Derek*": "way/path/journey", "*šālôm*": "peace/welfare/completeness/safety", "*yādāʿû*": "know/recognize/acknowledge", "*mišpāṭ*": "justice/judgment/right", "*maʿgəlôtām*": "their paths/tracks/courses", "*nətîbôtêhem*": "their pathways/roads", "*ʿiqqəšû*": "twisted/perverted/made crooked", "*dōrēk*": "treading/walking/stepping" } }
• Jer 5:31 : 31 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.5.31", "source": "הַנְּבִיאִ֞ים נִבְּא֣וּ־בַשֶּׁ֗קֶר וְהַכֹּהֲנִים֙ יִרְדּ֣וּ עַל־יְדֵיהֶ֔ם וְעַמִּ֖י אָ֣הֲבוּ כֵ֑ן וּמַֽה־תַּעֲשׂ֖וּ לְאַחֲרִיתָֽהּ׃", "text": "The *nəbî'îm* *nibbə'û*-in the *šeqer*, and the *kōhănîm* *yirdû* upon-their *yədêhem*, and my *'ammî* *'āhăbû* thus; and what-you will *ta'ăśû* for its *'aḥărîtāh*?", "grammar": { "*ha*": "article - the", "*nəbî'îm*": "noun, masculine plural - prophets", "*nibbə'û*": "perfect, 3rd plural, niphal - they prophesied", "*ba*": "preposition + article - in the", "*šeqer*": "noun, masculine singular - falsehood/lie", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*ha*": "article - the", "*kōhănîm*": "noun, masculine plural - priests", "*yirdû*": "imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they rule", "*'al*": "preposition - upon/according to", "*yədêhem*": "noun, feminine dual construct + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their hands", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*'ammî*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st singular suffix - my people", "*'āhăbû*": "perfect, 3rd plural - they loved", "*kēn*": "adverb - so/thus", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*mah*": "interrogative - what", "*ta'ăśû*": "imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - you will do", "*lə*": "preposition - for/to", "*'aḥărîtāh*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its end" }, "variants": { "*nibbə'û-baššeqer*": "they prophesied falsely/prophesied lies", "*yirdû 'al-yədêhem*": "they rule at their direction/rule by their authority", "*'āhăbû kēn*": "loved it so/preferred it that way", "*'aḥărîtāh*": "its end/outcome/aftermath" } }
• Jer 8:5-9 : 5 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.8.5", "source": "מַדּ֨וּעַ שׁוֹבְבָ֜ה הָעָ֥ם הַזֶּ֛ה יְרוּשָׁלַ֖͏ִם מְשֻׁבָ֣ה נִצַּ֑חַת הֶחֱזִ֙יקוּ֙ בַּתַּרְמִ֔ית מֵאֲנ֖וּ לָשֽׁוּב׃", "text": "*Maddûaʿ* *šôbᵊbāh* the-*ʿām* the-*zeh* *yᵊrûšālaim* *mᵊšubāh* *niṣṣaḥat*? They *heḥĕzîqû* in-the-*tarmît*, they *mēʾănû* to-*šûb*.", "grammar": { "*Maddûaʿ*": "interrogative adverb - why", "*šôbᵊbāh*": "polal perfect 3rd person feminine singular - turned away/backslidden", "*ʿām*": "noun with definite article - the people", "*zeh*": "masculine demonstrative pronoun with definite article - this", "*yᵊrûšālaim*": "proper name - Jerusalem", "*mᵊšubāh*": "noun feminine singular - backsliding/apostasy", "*niṣṣaḥat*": "niphal participle feminine singular - perpetual/enduring", "*heḥĕzîqû*": "hiphil perfect 3rd person plural - they have held fast/seized", "*tarmît*": "noun with definite article - deceit/treachery", "*mēʾănû*": "piel perfect 3rd person plural - they have refused", "*šûb*": "qal infinitive construct - to return/repent" }, "variants": { "*Maddûaʿ*": "why/for what reason", "*šôbᵊbāh*": "turned away/backslidden/rebellious", "*ʿām*": "people/nation/folk", "*mᵊšubāh*": "backsliding/apostasy/turning away", "*niṣṣaḥat*": "perpetual/enduring/everlasting", "*heḥĕzîqû*": "held fast/seized/strengthened", "*tarmît*": "deceit/treachery/fraud", "*mēʾănû*": "refused/rejected/declined" } } 6 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.8.6", "source": "הִקְשַׁ֤בְתִּי וָֽאֶשְׁמָע֙ לוֹא־כֵ֣ן יְדַבֵּ֔רוּ אֵ֣ין אִ֗ישׁ נִחָם֙ עַל־רָ֣עָת֔וֹ לֵאמֹ֖ר מֶ֣ה עָשִׂ֑יתִי כֻּלֹּ֗ה שָׁ֚ב *במרצותם **בִּמְר֣וּצָתָ֔ם כְּס֥וּס שׁוֹטֵ֖ף בַּמִּלְחָמָֽה׃", "text": "I *hiqšabtî* and-*wāʾešmāʿ*; not-so they *yᵊdabbērû*. There is-not *ʾîš* *niḥām* concerning-*rāʿātô*, *lēʾmōr*, \"*Meh* *ʿāśîtî*?\" *Kullōh* *šāb* in-*mᵊrûṣātām* like-*sûs* *šôṭēp* in-the-*milḥāmāh*.", "grammar": { "*hiqšabtî*": "hiphil perfect 1st person singular - I have given attention/listened", "*wāʾešmāʿ*": "qal imperfect 1st person singular with waw consecutive - and I heard", "*yᵊdabbērû*": "piel imperfect 3rd person masculine plural - they speak", "*ʾîš*": "noun - man/person", "*niḥām*": "niphal participle masculine singular - repenting/being sorry", "*rāʿātô*": "noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his evil/wickedness", "*lēʾmōr*": "qal infinitive construct - saying", "*Meh*": "interrogative pronoun - what", "*ʿāśîtî*": "qal perfect 1st person singular - I have done", "*Kullōh*": "noun with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - all of it/everyone", "*šāb*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - he has returned/turned", "*mᵊrûṣātām*": "noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their running/course", "*sûs*": "noun - horse", "*šôṭēp*": "qal participle masculine singular - rushing/charging", "*milḥāmāh*": "noun with definite article - the battle/war" }, "variants": { "*hiqšabtî*": "listened/paid attention/hearkened", "*wāʾešmāʿ*": "heard/listened/understood", "*yᵊdabbērû*": "speak/talk/utter", "*niḥām*": "repenting/regretting/being sorry", "*rāʿātô*": "his evil/wickedness/calamity", "*Meh*": "what/how/why", "*ʿāśîtî*": "done/made/performed", "*Kullōh*": "all of it/everyone/the whole", "*šāb*": "returned/turned/repented", "*mᵊrûṣātām*": "their running/course/rush", "*šôṭēp*": "rushing/charging/flooding", "*milḥāmāh*": "battle/war/fighting" } } 7 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.8.7", "source": "גַּם־חֲסִידָ֣ה בַשָּׁמַ֗יִם יָֽדְעָה֙ מֽוֹעֲדֶ֔יהָ וְתֹ֤ר *וסוס **וְסִיס֙ וְעָג֔‪[t]‬וּר שָׁמְר֖וּ אֶת־עֵ֣ת בֹּאָ֑נָה וְעַמִּ֕י לֹ֣א יָֽדְע֔וּ אֵ֖ת מִשְׁפַּ֥ט יְהוָֽה׃", "text": "Even-*ḥăsîdāh* in-the-*šāmayim* *yādᵊʿāh* *môʿădêhā*, and-*tōr* and-*wᵊsîs* and-*ʿāgûr* *šāmᵊrû* *ʾet*-*ʿēt* *bōʾānāh*; but-*ʿammî* not *yādᵊʿû* *ʾēt* *mišpaṭ* *YHWH*.", "grammar": { "*ḥăsîdāh*": "noun - stork", "*šāmayim*": "noun with definite article - the heavens/sky", "*yādᵊʿāh*": "qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular - she knows", "*môʿădêhā*": "plural noun with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - her appointed times", "*tōr*": "noun - turtledove", "*wᵊsîs*": "noun - swift/swallow", "*ʿāgûr*": "noun - crane", "*šāmᵊrû*": "qal perfect 3rd person plural - they observe/keep", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʿēt*": "construct state - time of", "*bōʾānāh*": "qal infinitive construct with 3rd person feminine plural suffix - their coming", "*ʿammî*": "noun with 1st person singular suffix - my people", "*yādᵊʿû*": "qal perfect 3rd person plural - they know", "*mišpaṭ*": "construct state - judgment/ordinance of", "*YHWH*": "divine name" }, "variants": { "*ḥăsîdāh*": "stork/kind bird", "*šāmayim*": "heavens/sky", "*yādᵊʿāh*": "knows/recognizes/is aware of", "*môʿădêhā*": "her appointed times/seasons/festivals", "*tōr*": "turtledove/dove", "*wᵊsîs*": "swift/swallow", "*ʿāgûr*": "crane/thrush", "*šāmᵊrû*": "observe/keep/maintain", "*bōʾānāh*": "their coming/arrival", "*yādᵊʿû*": "know/recognize/understand", "*mišpaṭ*": "judgment/ordinance/law" } } 8 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.8.8", "source": "אֵיכָ֤ה תֹֽאמְרוּ֙ חֲכָמִ֣ים אֲנַ֔חְנוּ וְתוֹרַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה אִתָּ֑נוּ אָכֵן֙ הִנֵּ֣ה לַשֶּׁ֣קֶר עָשָׂ֔ה עֵ֖ט שֶׁ֥קֶר סֹפְרִֽים׃", "text": "*ʾêkāh* you *tōʾmᵊrû* *ḥăkāmîm* *ʾănaḥnû*, and-*tôrat* *YHWH* *ʾittānû*? *ʾākēn* behold, for-the-*šeqer* *ʿāśāh* *ʿēṭ* *šeqer* *sōpᵊrîm*.", "grammar": { "*ʾêkāh*": "interrogative adverb - how", "*tōʾmᵊrû*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine plural - you will say", "*ḥăkāmîm*": "adjective masculine plural - wise", "*ʾănaḥnû*": "1st person plural pronoun - we", "*tôrat*": "construct state - law/instruction of", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*ʾittānû*": "preposition with 1st person plural suffix - with us", "*ʾākēn*": "adverb - surely/truly", "*šeqer*": "noun with definite article - the falsehood/lie", "*ʿāśāh*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - it has made", "*ʿēṭ*": "noun - pen/stylus", "*šeqer*": "construct state - falsehood of", "*sōpᵊrîm*": "qal participle masculine plural - scribes/writers" }, "variants": { "*ʾêkāh*": "how/in what way", "*tōʾmᵊrû*": "say/speak/tell", "*ḥăkāmîm*": "wise ones/sages/experts", "*tôrat*": "law/instruction/teaching", "*ʾittānû*": "with us/among us/in our possession", "*ʾākēn*": "surely/truly/indeed", "*šeqer*": "falsehood/lie/deception", "*ʿāśāh*": "made/fabricated/crafted", "*ʿēṭ*": "pen/stylus/writing instrument", "*sōpᵊrîm*": "scribes/writers/secretaries" } } 9 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.8.9", "source": "הֹבִ֣ישׁוּ חֲכָמִ֔ים חַ֖תּוּ וַיִּלָּכֵ֑דוּ הִנֵּ֤ה בִדְבַר־יְהוָה֙ מָאָ֔סוּ וְחָכְמַֽת־מֶ֖ה לָהֶֽם׃", "text": "The *ḥăkāmîm* *hōbîšû*, they *ḥattû* and-*wayyillākēdû*. Behold, in-*dᵊbar*-*YHWH* they *māʾāsû*, and-*ḥākmat*-*meh* to-them?", "grammar": { "*ḥăkāmîm*": "adjective masculine plural - wise ones", "*hōbîšû*": "hiphil perfect 3rd person plural - they are put to shame", "*ḥattû*": "qal perfect 3rd person plural - they are dismayed/terrified", "*wayyillākēdû*": "niphal imperfect 3rd person plural with waw consecutive - and they are caught/trapped", "*dᵊbar*": "construct state - word of", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*māʾāsû*": "qal perfect 3rd person plural - they have rejected", "*ḥākmat*": "construct state - wisdom of", "*meh*": "interrogative pronoun - what" }, "variants": { "*ḥăkāmîm*": "wise ones/sages", "*hōbîšû*": "are put to shame/are disgraced/are humiliated", "*ḥattû*": "are dismayed/terrified/broken", "*wayyillākēdû*": "are caught/trapped/ensnared", "*dᵊbar*": "word/statement/command", "*māʾāsû*": "rejected/refused/despised", "*ḥākmat*": "wisdom/skill/understanding" } }