1 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.1",
"source": "אֵיכָ֣ה ׀ יָשְׁבָ֣ה בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙ רַבָּ֣תִי עָ֔ם הָיְתָ֖ה כְּאַלְמָנָ֑ה רַּבָּ֣תִי בַגּוֹיִ֗ם שָׂרָ֙תִי֙ בַּמְּדִינ֔וֹת הָיְתָ֖ה לָמַֽס׃ ס",
"text": "How *yāšəḇāh* *bādād* the city *rabbāṯî* people; *hāyəṯāh* like *ʾalmānāh*; *rabbāṯî* among the *gôyim*, *śārāṯî* in the provinces, *hāyəṯāh* to *mas*.",
"grammar": {
"*ʾêḵāh*": "interrogative adverb - how",
"*yāšəḇāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she sat/dwelt/remained",
"*bādād*": "masculine singular noun in adverbial position - alone/solitary",
"*hāʿîr*": "definite noun, feminine singular - the city",
"*rabbāṯî*": "feminine construct adjective with 1st person suffix - great of/full of",
"*ʿām*": "masculine singular noun - people",
"*hāyəṯāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she has become",
"*kəʾalmānāh*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - like a widow",
"*baggôyim*": "preposition + definite noun, masculine plural - among the nations",
"*śārāṯî*": "feminine construct noun with 1st person suffix - princess of",
"*bammədînôṯ*": "preposition + definite noun, feminine plural - in the provinces",
"*lāmas*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - for tribute/forced labor"
},
"variants": {
"*ʾêḵāh*": "how/alas/oh how",
"*yāšəḇāh*": "sits/dwells/remains/is situated",
"*bādād*": "alone/solitary/isolated",
"*rabbāṯî*": "great of/abundant in/full of",
"*ʿām*": "people/nation/population",
"*hāyəṯāh*": "became/has become/is",
"*ʾalmānāh*": "widow/bereaved woman",
"*gôyim*": "nations/peoples/gentiles",
"*śārāṯî*": "princess of/ruler of/lady of",
"*məḏînôṯ*": "provinces/districts/regions",
"*mas*": "tribute/forced labor/vassal"
}
}
2 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.2",
"source": "בָּכ֨וֹ תִבְכֶּ֜ה בַּלַּ֗יְלָה וְדִמְעָתָהּ֙ עַ֣ל לֶֽחֱיָ֔הּ אֵֽין־לָ֥הּ מְנַחֵ֖ם מִכָּל־אֹהֲבֶ֑יהָ כָּל־רֵעֶ֙יהָ֙ בָּ֣גְדוּ בָ֔הּ הָ֥יוּ לָ֖הּ לְאֹיְבִֽים׃ ס",
"text": "*bāḵô* *ṯiḇkeh* in the *laylāh* *wə*-her *dimʿāṯāh* upon her *leḥĕyāh*, *ʾên*-to her *mənaḥēm* from all-her *ʾōhăḇeyhā*; all-her *rēʿeyhā* *bāḡəḏû* against her, *hāyû* to her to *ʾōyəḇîm*.",
"grammar": {
"*bāḵô*": "infinitive absolute - weeping",
"*ṯiḇkeh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - she weeps",
"*ballaylāh*": "preposition + definite noun, masculine singular - in the night",
"*wə*": "conjunction - and",
"*dimʿāṯāh*": "noun, feminine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her tear",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - upon/on",
"*leḥĕyāh*": "noun, feminine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her cheek",
"*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there is not",
"*lāh*": "preposition with 3rd feminine singular suffix - to her",
"*mənaḥēm*": "piel participle, masculine singular - comforter",
"*mikkāl*": "preposition + noun - from all",
"*ʾōhăḇeyhā*": "qal participle, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her lovers",
"*kāl*": "noun, construct - all of",
"*rēʿeyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her friends",
"*bāḡəḏû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they betrayed",
"*bāh*": "preposition with 3rd feminine singular suffix - against her",
"*hāyû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they became",
"*ləʾōyəḇîm*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural - to enemies"
},
"variants": {
"*bāḵô ṯiḇkeh*": "weeping she weeps/she weeps bitterly/she continually weeps",
"*laylāh*": "night/nighttime",
"*dimʿāṯāh*": "her tear/her tears",
"*leḥĕyāh*": "her cheek/her jaw",
"*mənaḥēm*": "comforter/consoler/one who comforts",
"*ʾōhăḇeyhā*": "her lovers/those who love her/her allies",
"*rēʿeyhā*": "her friends/her companions/her associates",
"*bāḡəḏû*": "they betrayed/they acted treacherously/they dealt faithlessly",
"*ʾōyəḇîm*": "enemies/foes/adversaries"
}
}
3 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.3",
"source": "גָּֽלְתָ֨ה יְהוּדָ֤ה מֵעֹ֙נִי֙ וּמֵרֹ֣ב עֲבֹדָ֔ה הִ֚יא יָשְׁבָ֣ה בַגּוֹיִ֔ם לֹ֥א מָצְאָ֖ה מָנ֑וֹחַ כָּל־רֹדְפֶ֥יהָ הִשִּׂיג֖וּהָ בֵּ֥ין הַמְּצָרִֽים׃ ס",
"text": "*gāləṯāh* *yəhûḏāh* from *ʿōnî* *û*-from *rōḇ* *ʿăḇōḏāh*; *hîʾ* *yāšəḇāh* among the *gôyim*, *lōʾ* *māṣəʾāh* *mānôaḥ*; all-her *rōḏp̄eyhā* *hiśśîḡûhā* between the *məṣārîm*.",
"grammar": {
"*gāləṯāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she went into exile",
"*yəhûḏāh*": "proper noun - Judah",
"*mēʿōnî*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - from affliction",
"*û*": "conjunction - and",
"*mērōḇ*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - from abundance of",
"*ʿăḇōḏāh*": "noun, feminine singular - labor/servitude",
"*hîʾ*": "3rd feminine singular pronoun - she",
"*yāšəḇāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she dwells",
"*baggôyim*": "preposition + definite noun, masculine plural - among the nations",
"*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not",
"*māṣəʾāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she found",
"*mānôaḥ*": "noun, masculine singular - rest/resting place",
"*kāl*": "noun, construct - all of",
"*rōḏp̄eyhā*": "qal participle, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her pursuers",
"*hiśśîḡûhā*": "hifil perfect, 3rd plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - they overtook her",
"*bên*": "preposition - between",
"*hamməṣārîm*": "definite noun, masculine plural - the narrow places/straits"
},
"variants": {
"*gāləṯāh*": "went into exile/departed/was deported",
"*yəhûḏāh*": "Judah/the people of Judah",
"*ʿōnî*": "affliction/misery/poverty",
"*rōḇ*": "abundance/greatness/multitude",
"*ʿăḇōḏāh*": "labor/service/servitude/slavery",
"*yāšəḇāh*": "dwells/sits/resides/remains",
"*gôyim*": "nations/peoples/gentiles",
"*mānôaḥ*": "rest/resting place/place of repose",
"*rōḏp̄eyhā*": "her pursuers/those who chase her/her persecutors",
"*hiśśîḡûhā*": "they overtook her/they caught up with her/they reached her",
"*məṣārîm*": "narrow places/straits/distress/confined spaces"
}
}
4 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.4",
"source": "דַּרְכֵ֨י צִיּ֜וֹן אֲבֵל֗וֹת מִבְּלִי֙ בָּאֵ֣י מוֹעֵ֔ד כָּל־שְׁעָרֶ֙יהָ֙ שֽׁוֹמֵמִ֔ין כֹּהֲנֶ֖יהָ נֶאֱנָחִ֑ים בְּתוּלֹתֶ֥יהָ נּוּג֖וֹת וְהִ֥יא מַר־לָֽהּ׃ ס",
"text": "The *darḵê* *ṣîôn* *ʾăḇēlôṯ* without *bāʾê* *môʿēḏ*; all-her *šəʿāreyhā* *šômēmîn*; her *kōhăneyhā* *neʾĕnāḥîm*; her *bəṯûlōṯeyhā* *nûḡôṯ*, *wə*-*hîʾ* *mar*-to her.",
"grammar": {
"*darḵê*": "noun, feminine plural construct - roads/ways of",
"*ṣîôn*": "proper noun - Zion",
"*ʾăḇēlôṯ*": "qal participle, feminine plural - mourning",
"*mibblî*": "preposition + noun - without/from lack of",
"*bāʾê*": "qal participle, masculine plural construct - those coming to",
"*môʿēḏ*": "noun, masculine singular - appointed time/festival",
"*kāl*": "noun, construct - all of",
"*šəʿāreyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her gates",
"*šômēmîn*": "qal participle, masculine plural - desolate",
"*kōhăneyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her priests",
"*neʾĕnāḥîm*": "nifal participle, masculine plural - groaning",
"*bəṯûlōṯeyhā*": "noun, feminine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her virgins",
"*nûḡôṯ*": "nifal participle, feminine plural - grieving",
"*wə*": "conjunction - and",
"*hîʾ*": "3rd feminine singular pronoun - she",
"*mar*": "adjective, masculine singular - bitter",
"*lāh*": "preposition with 3rd feminine singular suffix - to her"
},
"variants": {
"*darḵê*": "roads/ways/paths",
"*ṣîôn*": "Zion/Jerusalem",
"*ʾăḇēlôṯ*": "mourning/lamenting/in grief",
"*bāʾê môʿēḏ*": "festival-goers/pilgrims/those coming to the appointed feasts",
"*šəʿāreyhā*": "her gates/her entryways",
"*šômēmîn*": "desolate/deserted/ruined",
"*kōhăneyhā*": "her priests/her temple servants",
"*neʾĕnāḥîm*": "groaning/sighing/mourning",
"*bəṯûlōṯeyhā*": "her virgins/her young women",
"*nûḡôṯ*": "grieving/mourning/afflicted",
"*mar*": "bitter/bitterness/grief"
}
}
5 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.5",
"source": "הָי֨וּ צָרֶ֤יהָ לְרֹאשׁ֙ אֹיְבֶ֣יהָ שָׁל֔וּ כִּֽי־יְהוָ֥ה הוֹגָ֖הּ עַ֣ל רֹב־פְּשָׁעֶ֑יהָ עוֹלָלֶ֛יהָ הָלְכ֥וּ שְׁבִ֖י לִפְנֵי־צָֽר׃ ס",
"text": "*hāyû* her *ṣāreyhā* to *rōʾš*, her *ʾōyəḇeyhā* *šālû*, *kî*-*YHWH* *hôḡāh* upon *rōḇ*-her *pəšāʿeyhā*; her *ʿôlāleyhā* *hāləḵû* *šəḇî* before-*ṣār*.",
"grammar": {
"*hāyû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they became",
"*ṣāreyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her adversaries",
"*lərōʾš*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - to head/chief",
"*ʾōyəḇeyhā*": "qal participle, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her enemies",
"*šālû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they prosper",
"*kî*": "conjunction - for/because",
"*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD",
"*hôḡāh*": "hifil perfect, 3rd masculine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - he afflicted her",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - because of",
"*rōḇ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - abundance/multitude of",
"*pəšāʿeyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her transgressions",
"*ʿôlāleyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her children",
"*hāləḵû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they went",
"*šəḇî*": "noun, masculine singular - captivity",
"*lip̄nê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - before",
"*ṣār*": "noun, masculine singular - adversary"
},
"variants": {
"*ṣāreyhā*": "her adversaries/her oppressors/her foes",
"*rōʾš*": "head/chief/leader",
"*ʾōyəḇeyhā*": "her enemies/her foes",
"*šālû*": "prosper/are at ease/succeed",
"*hôḡāh*": "afflicted her/caused her grief/punished her",
"*rōḇ*": "abundance/multitude/greatness",
"*pəšāʿeyhā*": "her transgressions/her rebellions/her sins",
"*ʿôlāleyhā*": "her children/her infants/her little ones",
"*šəḇî*": "captivity/exile",
"*ṣār*": "adversary/enemy/foe"
}
}
6 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.6",
"source": "וַיֵּצֵ֥א מִבַּת־צִיּ֖וֹן כָּל־הֲדָרָ֑הּ הָי֣וּ שָׂרֶ֗יהָ כְּאַיָּלִים֙ לֹא־מָצְא֣וּ מִרְעֶ֔ה וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ בְלֹא־כֹ֖חַ לִפְנֵ֥י רוֹדֵֽף׃ ס",
"text": "*wa*-*yēṣēʾ* from *baṯ*-*ṣîôn* all-her *hăḏārāh*; *hāyû* her *śāreyhā* like *ʾayyālîm* *lōʾ*-*māṣəʾû* *mirʿeh*, *wa*-*yēləḵû* without-*ḵōaḥ* before *rôḏēp̄*.",
"grammar": {
"*wa*": "conjunction - and",
"*yēṣēʾ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - it goes out",
"*mibbaṯ*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular construct - from daughter of",
"*ṣîôn*": "proper noun - Zion",
"*kāl*": "noun, construct - all of",
"*hăḏārāh*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her splendor",
"*hāyû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they became",
"*śāreyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her princes",
"*kəʾayyālîm*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural - like deer/stags",
"*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not",
"*māṣəʾû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they found",
"*mirʿeh*": "noun, masculine singular - pasture",
"*yēləḵû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd plural - they go",
"*ḇəlōʾ*": "preposition + negative particle - without",
"*ḵōaḥ*": "noun, masculine singular - strength",
"*lip̄nê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - before",
"*rôḏēp̄*": "qal participle, masculine singular - pursuer"
},
"variants": {
"*yēṣēʾ*": "goes out/departs/is gone",
"*baṯ-ṣîôn*": "daughter of Zion/Jerusalem",
"*hăḏārāh*": "her splendor/her glory/her beauty",
"*śāreyhā*": "her princes/her officials/her leaders",
"*ʾayyālîm*": "deer/stags/harts",
"*māṣəʾû*": "they found/they discovered",
"*mirʿeh*": "pasture/grazing land/food",
"*yēləḵû*": "they go/they walk/they proceed",
"*ḵōaḥ*": "strength/power/might",
"*rôḏēp̄*": "pursuer/hunter/one who chases"
}
}
7 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.7",
"source": "זָֽכְרָ֣ה יְרוּשָׁלִַ֗ם יְמֵ֤י עָנְיָהּ֙ וּמְרוּדֶ֔יהָ כֹּ֚ל מַחֲמֻדֶ֔יהָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָי֖וּ מִ֣ימֵי קֶ֑דֶם בִּנְפֹ֧ל עַמָּ֣הּ בְּיַד־צָ֗ר וְאֵ֤ין עוֹזֵר֙ לָ֔הּ רָא֣וּהָ צָרִ֔ים שָׂחֲק֖וּ עַ֥ל מִשְׁבַּתֶּֽהָ׃ ס",
"text": "*zāḵərāh* *yərûšālaim* *yəmê* her *ʿānəyāh* *û*-her *mərûḏeyhā*, all her *maḥămuddeyhā* which *hāyû* from *yəmê* *qeḏem*; when *binp̄ōl* her *ʿammāh* in *yaḏ*-*ṣār* *wə*-*ʾên* *ʿôzēr* to her; *rāʾûhā* *ṣārîm*, *śāḥăqû* upon her *mišbatteyhā*.",
"grammar": {
"*zāḵərāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she remembered",
"*yərûšālaim*": "proper noun - Jerusalem",
"*yəmê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - days of",
"*ʿānəyāh*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her affliction",
"*û*": "conjunction - and",
"*mərûḏeyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her homelessness",
"*kōl*": "noun, construct - all of",
"*maḥămuddeyhā*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her precious things",
"*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - which/that",
"*hāyû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they were",
"*mîmê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - from days of",
"*qeḏem*": "noun, masculine singular - ancient times/old",
"*binp̄ōl*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - when falling",
"*ʿammāh*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her people",
"*bəyaḏ*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular construct - in hand of",
"*ṣār*": "noun, masculine singular - adversary",
"*wə*": "conjunction - and",
"*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there is no",
"*ʿôzēr*": "qal participle, masculine singular - helper",
"*lāh*": "preposition with 3rd feminine singular suffix - to her",
"*rāʾûhā*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - they saw her",
"*ṣārîm*": "noun, masculine plural - adversaries",
"*śāḥăqû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they laughed",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - upon",
"*mišbatteyhā*": "noun, feminine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her cessations/downfall"
},
"variants": {
"*zāḵərāh*": "she remembered/she recalled",
"*yəmê*": "days of/times of",
"*ʿānəyāh*": "her affliction/her misery/her suffering",
"*mərûḏeyhā*": "her homelessness/her wanderings/her distress",
"*maḥămuddeyhā*": "her precious things/her desirable things/her treasures",
"*qeḏem*": "ancient times/old/formerly",
"*binp̄ōl*": "when falling/when collapsing/at the downfall of",
"*ʿammāh*": "her people/her nation",
"*ṣār*": "adversary/enemy/foe",
"*ʿôzēr*": "helper/one who aids",
"*rāʾûhā*": "they saw her/they beheld her",
"*ṣārîm*": "adversaries/enemies/foes",
"*śāḥăqû*": "they laughed/they mocked/they derided",
"*mišbatteyhā*": "her cessations/her downfall/her destruction/her ruin"
}
}
8 {
"verseID": "Lamentations.1.8",
"source": "חֵ֤טְא חָֽטְאָה֙ יְר֣וּשָׁלִַ֔ם עַל־כֵּ֖ן לְנִידָ֣ה הָיָ֑תָה כָּֽל־מְכַבְּדֶ֤יהָ הִזִּיל֙וּהָ֙ כִּי־רָא֣וּ עֶרְוָתָ֔הּ גַּם־הִ֥יא נֶאֶנְחָ֖ה וַתָּ֥שָׁב אָחֽוֹר׃ ס",
"text": "*ḥēṭə* *ḥāṭəʾāh* *yərûšālaim*, upon-*kēn* to *nîḏāh* *hāyāṯāh*; all-her *məḵabbəḏeyhā* *hizzîlûhā* *kî*-*rāʾû* her *ʿerwāṯāh*; *gam*-*hîʾ* *neʾenḥāh* *wa*-*tāšāḇ* *ʾāḥôr*.",
"grammar": {
"*ḥēṭə*": "noun, masculine singular - sin",
"*ḥāṭəʾāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she sinned",
"*yərûšālaim*": "proper noun - Jerusalem",
"*ʿal*": "preposition - upon/because of",
"*kēn*": "adverb - thus/so",
"*lənîḏāh*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - to impurity/abhorrence",
"*hāyāṯāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she became",
"*kāl*": "noun, construct - all of",
"*məḵabbəḏeyhā*": "piel participle, masculine plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her honorers",
"*hizzîlûhā*": "hifil perfect, 3rd plural with 3rd feminine singular suffix - they despised her",
"*kî*": "conjunction - for/because",
"*rāʾû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they saw",
"*ʿerwāṯāh*": "noun, feminine singular with 3rd feminine singular suffix - her nakedness",
"*gam*": "particle - also/even",
"*hîʾ*": "3rd feminine singular pronoun - she",
"*neʾenḥāh*": "nifal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she groaned",
"*wa*": "conjunction - and",
"*tāšāḇ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - she turns back",
"*ʾāḥôr*": "adverb - backward"
},
"variants": {
"*ḥēṭə ḥāṭəʾāh*": "greatly sinned/committed grave sin",
"*nîḏāh*": "impurity/filth/abhorrence/menstrual impurity",
"*məḵabbəḏeyhā*": "her honorers/those who honored her/those who respected her",
"*hizzîlûhā*": "they despised her/they held her in contempt/they degraded her",
"*ʿerwāṯāh*": "her nakedness/her shame/her private parts",
"*neʾenḥāh*": "she groaned/she sighed/she moaned",
"*tāšāḇ ʾāḥôr*": "turns backward/retreats/withdraws"
}
}