Verse 6

{ "verseID": "1 Samuel.28.6", "source": "וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל שָׁאוּל֙ בַּֽיהוָ֔ה וְלֹ֥א עָנָ֖הוּ יְהוָ֑ה גַּ֧ם בַּחֲלֹמ֛וֹת גַּ֥ם בָּאוּרִ֖ים גַּ֥ם בַּנְּבִיאִֽם׃", "text": "And *wayyišʾal* *šāʾûl* in *YHWH*, and not *ʿānāhû* *YHWH*, neither in the *ḥălōmôt* neither in the *ʾûrîm* neither in the *nəḇîʾîm*.", "grammar": { "*wayyišʾal*": "consecutive imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he inquired", "*šāʾûl*": "proper noun - Saul", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*ʿānāhû*": "perfect, 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - he answered him", "*ḥălōmôt*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the dreams", "*ʾûrîm*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the Urim (divination device)", "*nəḇîʾîm*": "masculine plural noun with definite article - the prophets" }, "variants": { "*wayyišʾal*": "and he inquired/consulted/sought guidance", "*ʿānāhû*": "answered him/responded to him", "*ḥălōmôt*": "dreams/visions in sleep", "*ʾûrîm*": "Urim (divination objects used by priests)", "*nəḇîʾîm*": "prophets/seers/those who speak for God" } }

Other Translations

• GT, oversatt fra Hebraisk

  Saul spurte Herren, men Herren svarte ikke, verken gjennom drømmer, ved urim eller gjennom profetene.

• Moderne oversettelse av Bibelen fra 1611 KJV med hebraisk kontekst

  Da Saul spurte Herren, svarte Herren ham ikke, verken ved drømmer eller ved Urim eller gjennom profetene.

• Norsk King James

  Og da Saul spurte Herren, svarte ikke Herren ham, verken i drømmer, med Urim, eller gjennom profeter.

• Modernisert Norsk Bibel 1866

  Saul spurte Herren til råds, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken i drømmer, gjennom Urim, eller ved profetene.

• Oversettelse av hebraiske Bibeltekster til moderne norsk bokmål

  Saul spurte Herren, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken ved drømmer eller ved urim eller ved profeter.

• Bibelen: En Moderne Oversettelse av King James Version 1611

  Og da Saul spurte Herren til råds, svarte Herren ham ikke, verken ved drømmer, Urim eller profeter.

• o3-mini KJV Norsk

  Da Saul søkte Herren, svarte ikke Herren ham – verken gjennom drømmer, ved Urim eller gjennom profeter.

• En Moderne Oversettelse av King James Version 1611 (mar 2025)

  Og da Saul spurte Herren til råds, svarte Herren ham ikke, verken ved drømmer, Urim eller profeter.

• Lingvistisk bibeloversettelse fra grunntekst

  Saul søkte råd fra Herren, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken gjennom drømmer, urim eller profeter.

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  Saul inquired of the LORD, but the LORD did not answer him, neither by dreams, nor by the Urim, nor through the prophets.

• GT, oversatt fra hebraisk Aug2024

  Saul spurte Herren, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken gjennom drømmer, gjennom Urim eller gjennom profetene.

• Original Norsk Bibel 1866

  Og Saul adspurgte Herren, men Herren svarede ham Intet, hverken ved Drømme eller ved Urim eller ved Propheterne.

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  And when Saul inquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• KJV 1769 norsk

  Så spurte Saul Herren til råds, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken gjennom drømmer, ved urim eller ved profetene.

• KJV1611 - Moderne engelsk

  And when Saul inquired of the LORD, the LORD did not answer him, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  And when Saul enquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• Norsk oversettelse av Webster

  Da Saul spurte Herren, svarte ikke Herren ham, verken gjennom drømmer, eller Urim, eller profetene.

• Norsk oversettelse av Youngs Literal Translation

  Saul spurte Herren, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken gjennom drømmer, Urim eller profeter.

• Norsk oversettelse av ASV1901

  Saul spurte Herren, men Herren svarte ham ikke, verken gjennom drømmer, ved urim eller ved profeter.

• Norsk oversettelse av BBE

  Og da Saul søkte råd fra Herren, fikk han ingen svar; verken ved drømmer, eller ved Urim, eller gjennom profetene.

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  and he axed councell at the LORDE. But ye LORDE gaue him no answere, nether by dreames, ner by the lighte, ner by prophetes.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  Therefore Saul asked counsel of the Lord, and the Lorde answered him not, neither by dreames, nor by Vrim, nor yet by Prophets.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  And when Saul asked councell of the Lorde, the Lorde aunswered him not, neither by dreames, nor by Urim, nor yet by prophetes.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  And when Saul enquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  When Saul inquired of Yahweh, Yahweh didn't answer him, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  and Saul asketh at Jehovah, and Jehovah hath not answered him, either by dreams, or by Urim, or by prophets.

• American Standard Version (1901)

  And when Saul inquired of Jehovah, Jehovah answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  And when Saul went for directions to the Lord, the Lord gave him no answer, by a dream or by the Urim or by the prophets.

• World English Bible (2000)

  When Saul inquired of Yahweh, Yahweh didn't answer him, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  So Saul inquired of the LORD, but the LORD did not answer him– not by dreams nor by Urim nor by the prophets.

Referenced Verses

• Num 12:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Numbers.12.6", "source": "וַיֹּ֖אמֶר שִׁמְעוּ־נָ֣א דְבָרָ֑י אִם־יִֽהְיֶה֙ נְבִ֣יאֲכֶ֔ם יְהוָ֗ה בַּמַּרְאָה֙ אֵלָ֣יו אֶתְוַדָּ֔ע בַּחֲל֖וֹם אֲדַבֶּר־בּֽוֹ׃", "text": "*Wayyōʾmer* *šimʿū-nāʾ* *dəḇārāy* *ʾim-yihyeh* *nəḇîʾăkem* *YHWH* *bammarʾāh* *ʾēlāyw* *ʾetwaddāʿ* *baḥălōm* *ʾădabbēr-bō*", "grammar": { "*Wayyōʾmer*": "waw-consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - 'and he said'", "*šimʿū-nāʾ*": "Qal imperative, 2nd person masculine plural + particle of entreaty - 'hear now'", "*dəḇārāy*": "masculine plural noun + 1st person singular suffix - 'my words'", "*ʾim-yihyeh*": "conditional particle + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - 'if there is'", "*nəḇîʾăkem*": "masculine singular noun + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - 'your prophet'", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - 'the LORD'", "*bammarʾāh*": "preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun - 'in the vision'", "*ʾēlāyw*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - 'to him'", "*ʾetwaddāʿ*": "Hithpael imperfect, 1st person singular - 'I make myself known'", "*baḥălōm*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - 'in the dream'", "*ʾădabbēr-bō*": "Piel imperfect, 1st person singular + preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - 'I speak with him'" }, "variants": { "*nāʾ*": "now/please/I pray", "*ʾetwaddāʿ*": "make myself known/reveal myself", "*bammarʾāh*": "in the vision/in the appearance", "*ʾădabbēr*": "speak/communicate" } }
• Num 27:21 : 21 { "verseID": "Numbers.27.21", "source": "וְלִפְנֵ֨י אֶלְעָזָ֤ר הַכֹּהֵן֙ יַעֲמֹ֔ד וְשָׁ֥אַל ל֛וֹ בְּמִשְׁפַּ֥ט הָאוּרִ֖ים לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה עַל־פִּ֨יו יֵצְא֜וּ וְעַל־פִּ֣יו יָבֹ֗אוּ ה֛וּא וְכָל־בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֥ל אִתּ֖וֹ וְכָל־הָעֵדָֽה׃", "text": "And *wə-lip̄nê* *ʾelʿāzār* *ha-kōhēn* *yaʿămōḏ*, and *wə-šāʾal* for him in *bə-mišpaṭ* *hā-ʾûrîm* *lip̄nê* *YHWH*; by-*pîw* *yēṣəʾû* and by-*pîw* *yāḇōʾû*, he *hûʾ* and all-*bənê*-*yiśrāʾēl* with him, and all-*hā-ʿēḏāh*.", "grammar": { "*wə-lip̄nê*": "conjunction + preposition + construct - and before", "*ʾelʿāzār*": "proper name - Eleazar", "*ha-kōhēn*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the priest", "*yaʿămōḏ*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - he shall stand", "*wə-šāʾal*": "conjunction + qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - and he shall inquire", "*lô*": "preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - for him", "*bə-mišpaṭ*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - by the judgment of", "*hā-ʾûrîm*": "definite article + masculine plural noun - the Urim", "*lip̄nê*": "preposition + construct - before", "*YHWH*": "divine name - the LORD", "*ʿal*": "preposition - by/according to", "*pîw*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his mouth/word", "*yēṣəʾû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they shall go out", "*yāḇōʾû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they shall come in", "*hûʾ*": "3rd masculine singular pronoun - he", "*wə-ḵol*": "conjunction + construct - and all", "*bənê*": "masculine plural construct - children of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper name - Israel", "*ʾittô*": "preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - with him", "*wə-ḵol*": "conjunction + construct - and all", "*hā-ʿēḏāh*": "definite article + feminine singular noun - the congregation" }, "variants": { "*yaʿămōḏ*": "stand/present himself", "*šāʾal*": "inquire/ask/request", "*mišpaṭ*": "judgment/decision/manner", "*hā-ʾûrîm*": "the Urim (divination object used by high priests)", "*pîw*": "his mouth/command/word/instruction", "*yēṣəʾû*": "go out/go forth/depart", "*yāḇōʾû*": "come in/enter/arrive" } }
• 1 Sam 14:37 : 37 { "verseID": "1 Samuel.14.37", "source": "וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל שָׁאוּל֙ בֵּֽאלֹהִ֔ים הַֽאֵרֵד֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י פְלִשְׁתִּ֔ים הֲתִתְּנֵ֖ם בְּיַ֣ד יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְלֹ֥א עָנָ֖הוּ בַּיּ֥וֹם הַהֽוּא׃", "text": "*wayyišʾal* *šāʾûl* in-*ʾĕlōhîm* ?-*ʾērēd* after *pəlištîm* ?-*tittenēm* in-*yad* *yiśrāʾēl* and-not *ʿānāhû* in-the-*yôm* the-*hû*", "grammar": { "*wayyišʾal*": "verb, qal imperfect with waw consecutive, 3rd masculine singular - and he inquired", "*šāʾûl*": "proper noun - Saul", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "noun, masculine plural - God", "*ʾērēd*": "verb, qal imperfect, 1st singular with interrogative prefix - shall I go down", "*pəlištîm*": "proper noun, masculine plural - Philistines", "*tittenēm*": "verb, qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular with 3rd masculine plural suffix and interrogative prefix - will you give them", "*yad*": "noun, feminine singular construct - hand of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*ʿānāhû*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - he answered him", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular with definite article - day", "*hû*": "demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular - that" }, "variants": { "*wayyišʾal*": "and he inquired, and he asked", "*tittenēm*": "will you give them, will you deliver them" } }
• Lam 2:9 : 9 { "verseID": "Lamentations.2.9", "source": "טָבְע֤וּ בָאָ֙רֶץ֙ שְׁעָרֶ֔יהָ אִבַּ֥ד וְשִׁבַּ֖ר בְּרִיחֶ֑יהָ מַלְכָּ֨הּ וְשָׂרֶ֤יהָ בַגּוֹיִם֙ אֵ֣ין תּוֹרָ֔ה גַּם־נְבִיאֶ֕יהָ לֹא־מָצְא֥וּ חָז֖וֹן מֵיְהוָֽה׃", "text": "*ṭāḇəʿû* in-*ʾāreṣ* *šəʿārêhā* *ʾibbad* and-*šibbar* *bərîḥêhā* *malkāh* and-*śārêhā* in-*gôyim* *ʾên* *tôrâ* also-*nəḇîʾêhā* not-*māṣəʾû* *ḥāzôn* from-*YHWH*", "grammar": { "*ṭāḇəʿû*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they have sunk", "*bāʾāreṣ*": "preposition + definite article + noun, feminine singular - into the earth", "*šəʿārêhā*": "noun, masculine plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her gates", "*ʾibbad*": "piel perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he has destroyed", "*wəšibbar*": "conjunction + piel perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he has broken", "*bərîḥêhā*": "noun, masculine plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her bars", "*malkāh*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her king", "*wəśārêhā*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and her princes", "*ḇaggôyim*": "preposition + definite article + noun, masculine plural - among the nations", "*ʾên*": "particle of negation - there is no", "*tôrâ*": "noun, feminine singular - law/instruction", "*gam-nəḇîʾêhā*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - also her prophets", "*lōʾ-māṣəʾû*": "negative particle + qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they have not found", "*ḥāzôn*": "noun, masculine singular - vision", "*mêYHWH*": "preposition + proper noun - from the LORD" }, "variants": { "*ṭāḇəʿû*": "sink/sink down/be submerged", "*ʾibbad*": "destroy/annihilate/cause to perish", "*šibbar*": "break/shatter/smash", "*bərîḥêhā*": "bars/bolts (of gates)", "*gôyim*": "nations/peoples/gentiles", "*tôrâ*": "law/instruction/teaching/direction", "*ḥāzôn*": "vision/divine communication/oracle" } }
• Exod 28:30 : 30 { "verseID": "Exodus.28.30", "source": "וְנָתַתָּ֞ אֶל־חֹ֣שֶׁן הַמִּשְׁפָּ֗ט אֶת־הָאוּרִים֙ וְאֶת־הַתֻּמִּ֔ים וְהָיוּ֙ עַל־לֵ֣ב אַהֲרֹ֔ן בְּבֹא֖וֹ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְנָשָׂ֣א אַ֠הֲרֹן אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֨ט בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל עַל־לִבּ֛וֹ לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה תָּמִֽיד׃", "text": "And you shall *nāṯattā* into *ḥōšen* *ha-mišpāṭ* *ʾeṯ*-*hā-ʾûrîm* and *ʾeṯ*-*ha-tummîm*, and they shall *hāyû* upon *lēḇ* *ʾahărōn* in *ḇōʾô* before *YHWH*; and *nāśāʾ* *ʾahărōn* *ʾeṯ*-*mišpaṭ* *bənê*-*yiśrāʾēl* upon *libbô* before *YHWH* *tāmîd*", "grammar": { "*wə-nāṯattā*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular - and you shall put/place", "*ʾel-ḥōšen*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - into breastpiece of", "*ha-mišpāṭ*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the judgment", "*ʾeṯ-hā-ʾûrîm*": "direct object marker + definite article + masculine plural noun - the Urim", "*wə-ʾeṯ-ha-tummîm*": "conjunction + direct object marker + definite article + masculine plural noun - and the Thummim", "*wə-hāyû*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they shall be", "*ʿal-lēḇ*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - upon heart of", "*ʾahărōn*": "proper noun - Aaron", "*bə-ḇōʾô*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his entering", "*li-p̄nê*": "preposition + masculine plural construct - before", "*YHWH*": "divine name - YHWH", "*wə-nāśāʾ*": "conjunction + Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and shall bear/carry", "*ʾahărōn*": "proper noun - Aaron", "*ʾeṯ-mišpaṭ*": "direct object marker + masculine singular construct - judgment of", "*bənê-yiśrāʾēl*": "masculine plural construct + proper noun - sons of Israel", "*ʿal-libbô*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - upon his heart", "*li-p̄nê-YHWH*": "preposition + masculine plural construct + divine name - before YHWH", "*tāmîd*": "masculine singular adverb - continually/always" }, "variants": { "*ḥōšen ha-mišpāṭ*": "breastpiece of judgment/breastpiece for decision-making", "*hā-ʾûrîm wə-ha-tummîm*": "the Urim and Thummim/lights and perfections/revelation and truth", "*mišpaṭ*": "judgment/decision/right", "*tāmîd*": "continually/always/regularly" } }
• Deut 33:8 : 8 { "verseID": "Deuteronomy.33.8", "source": "וּלְלֵוִ֣י אָמַ֔ר תֻּמֶּ֥יךָ וְאוּרֶ֖יךָ לְאִ֣ישׁ חֲסִידֶ֑ךָ אֲשֶׁ֤ר נִסִּיתוֹ֙ בְּמַסָּ֔ה תְּרִיבֵ֖הוּ עַל־מֵ֥י מְרִיבָֽה׃", "text": "And-for-*Lēwî* *ʾāmar* *tummêkā* and-*ʾûrêkā* to-*ʾîš* *ḥăsîdekā* whom *nissîtô* in-*Massāh* *tərîbēhû* at-*mê* *Mərîbāh*", "grammar": { "*û-lə-Lēwî*": "conjunction + preposition + proper noun - and for/to Levi", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he said", "*tummêkā*": "noun, masculine plural + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your Thummim", "*wə-ʾûrêkā*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural + 2nd masculine singular suffix - and your Urim", "*lə-ʾîš*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - to/for man of", "*ḥăsîdekā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your faithful one", "*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - whom", "*nissîtô*": "piel perfect, 2nd masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - you tested him", "*bə-Massāh*": "preposition + proper noun - at Massah", "*tərîbēhû*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - you contended with him", "*ʿal-mê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - at waters of", "*Mərîbāh*": "proper noun - Meribah" }, "variants": { "*tummêkā*": "your Thummim (sacred lot for determining God's will)", "*ʾûrêkā*": "your Urim (sacred lot for determining God's will)", "*ḥăsîd*": "faithful one/godly one/pious one", "*nissâ*": "test/try/prove", "*rîb*": "contend/strive/dispute" } }
• Gen 28:12-15 : 12 { "verseID": "Genesis.28.12", "source": "וֽ͏ַיַּחֲלֹ֗ם וְהִנֵּ֤ה סֻלָּם֙ מֻצָּ֣ב אַ֔רְצָה וְרֹאשׁ֖וֹ מַגִּ֣יעַ הַשָּׁמָ֑יְמָה וְהִנֵּה֙ מַלְאֲכֵ֣י אֱלֹהִ֔ים עֹלִ֥ים וְיֹרְדִ֖ים בּֽוֹ", "text": "*wə-yaḥălōm* and-behold *sullām* *muṣṣāb* *ʾarṣâ* *wə-rōʾšô* *maggîaʿ* *haššāmāyəmâ* and-behold *malʾăkê* *ʾĕlōhîm* *ʿōlîm* *wə-yōrədîm* in-him", "grammar": { "*wə-yaḥălōm*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he dreamed", "*sullām*": "noun, masculine singular - ladder/stairway", "*muṣṣāb*": "hophal participle masculine singular - set up/stationed", "*ʾarṣâ*": "noun, feminine singular + directional heh - to the earth", "*wə-rōʾšô*": "waw conjunction + noun, masculine singular + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and its top", "*maggîaʿ*": "hiphil participle masculine singular - reaching", "*haššāmāyəmâ*": "noun, masculine dual + definite article + directional heh - to the heavens", "*malʾăkê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - messengers/angels of", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "noun, masculine plural - God", "*ʿōlîm*": "qal participle masculine plural - ascending", "*wə-yōrədîm*": "waw conjunction + qal participle masculine plural - and descending", "*bô*": "preposition + 3rd masculine singular suffix - on it" }, "variants": { "*yaḥălōm*": "dreamed/had a dream", "*sullām*": "ladder/stairway/ramp", "*muṣṣāb*": "set up/erected/placed/stationed", "*ʾarṣâ*": "earthward/to the ground/on the earth", "*rōʾšô*": "its top/its head/its upper end", "*maggîaʿ*": "reaching/touching/extending to", "*haššāmāyəmâ*": "heavenward/to the sky/to the heavens", "*malʾăkê*": "messengers/angels/divine beings", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/divine beings (plural form with singular meaning)", "*ʿōlîm*": "ascending/going up", "*yōrədîm*": "descending/going down" } } 13 { "verseID": "Genesis.28.13", "source": "וְהִנֵּ֨ה יְהוָ֜ה נִצָּ֣ב עָלָיו֮ וַיֹּאמַר֒ אֲנִ֣י יְהוָ֗ה אֱלֹהֵי֙ אַבְרָהָ֣ם אָבִ֔יךָ וֵאלֹהֵ֖י יִצְחָ֑ק הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ שֹׁכֵ֣ב עָלֶ֔יהָ לְךָ֥ אֶתְּנֶ֖נָּה וּלְזַרְעֶֽךָ", "text": "and-behold *yhwh* *niṣṣāb* upon-him *wə-yōʾmar* I *yhwh* *ʾĕlōhê* *ʾabrāhām* *ʾābîkā* and-*ʾĕlōhê* *yiṣḥāq* the-*ʾāreṣ* which you *šōkēb* upon-her to-you *ʾettənenāh* and-to-*zarʿekā*", "grammar": { "*yhwh*": "proper noun - YHWH/the LORD", "*niṣṣāb*": "niphal participle masculine singular - standing/positioned", "*wə-yōʾmar*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he said", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - God of", "*ʾabrāhām*": "proper noun - Abraham", "*ʾābîkā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your father", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - God of", "*yiṣḥāq*": "proper noun - Isaac", "*ʾāreṣ*": "noun, feminine singular + definite article - the land", "*šōkēb*": "qal participle masculine singular - lying", "*ʾettənenāh*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular + 3rd feminine singular suffix - I will give it", "*zarʿekā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your seed/offspring" }, "variants": { "*yhwh*": "YHWH/the LORD/Yahweh (divine name)", "*niṣṣāb*": "standing/positioned/stationed", "*yōʾmar*": "said/spoke/declared", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "God of/deity of (plural construct form)", "*ʾāreṣ*": "land/earth/ground/territory", "*šōkēb*": "lying/reclining/sleeping", "*ʾettənenāh*": "I will give it/I will bestow it/I will grant it", "*zarʿekā*": "your seed/your offspring/your descendants" } } 14 { "verseID": "Genesis.28.14", "source": "וְהָיָ֤ה זַרְעֲךָ֙ כַּעֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ וּפָרַצְתָּ֛ יָ֥מָּה וָקֵ֖דְמָה וְצָפֹ֣נָה וָנֶ֑גְבָּה וְנִבְרֲכ֥וּ בְךָ֛ כָּל־מִשְׁפְּחֹ֥ת הָאֲדָמָ֖ה וּבְזַרְעֶֽךָ", "text": "*wə-hāyâ* *zarʿăkā* like-*ʿăpar* the-*ʾāreṣ* *û-pāraṣtā* *yāmmâ* *wā-qēdəmâ* *wə-ṣāpōnâ* *wā-negbâ* *wə-nibrəkû* in-you all-*mišpəḥōt* the-*ʾădāmâ* and-in-*zarʿekā*", "grammar": { "*wə-hāyâ*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - and will be", "*zarʿăkā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your seed/offspring", "*ʿăpar*": "noun, masculine singular construct - dust of", "*ʾāreṣ*": "noun, feminine singular + definite article - the earth", "*û-pāraṣtā*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - and you will spread", "*yāmmâ*": "noun, masculine singular + directional heh - westward", "*wā-qēdəmâ*": "waw conjunction + noun, masculine singular + directional heh - and eastward", "*wə-ṣāpōnâ*": "waw conjunction + noun, masculine singular + directional heh - and northward", "*wā-negbâ*": "waw conjunction + noun, masculine singular + directional heh - and southward", "*wə-nibrəkû*": "waw conjunction + niphal perfect 3rd common plural - and will be blessed", "*mišpəḥōt*": "noun, feminine plural construct - families/clans of", "*ʾădāmâ*": "noun, feminine singular + definite article - the ground/earth", "*zarʿekā*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your seed/offspring" }, "variants": { "*hāyâ*": "will be/shall become", "*zarʿăkā*": "your seed/your offspring/your descendants", "*ʿăpar*": "dust/soil/dirt", "*ʾāreṣ*": "earth/land/ground", "*pāraṣtā*": "you will spread/you will break forth/you will expand", "*yāmmâ*": "westward/seaward/to the sea", "*qēdəmâ*": "eastward/to the east", "*ṣāpōnâ*": "northward/to the north", "*negbâ*": "southward/to the south", "*nibrəkû*": "will be blessed/will find blessing/will gain blessing", "*mišpəḥōt*": "families/clans/tribes", "*ʾădāmâ*": "ground/soil/earth" } } 15 { "verseID": "Genesis.28.15", "source": "וְהִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֜י עִמָּ֗ךְ וּשְׁמַרְתִּ֙יךָ֙ בְּכֹ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־תֵּלֵ֔ךְ וַהֲשִׁ֣בֹתִ֔יךָ אֶל־הָאֲדָמָ֖ה הַזֹּ֑את כִּ֚י לֹ֣א אֽ͏ֶעֱזָבְךָ֔ עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר אִם־עָשִׂ֔יתִי אֵ֥ת אֲשֶׁר־דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי לָֽךְ", "text": "and-behold I *ʿimmāk* *û-šəmartîkā* in-all which-*tēlēk* *wə-hăšibōtîkā* to-the-*ʾădāmâ* the-this for not *ʾeʿĕzābəkā* until which if-*ʿāśîtî* *ʾēt* which-*dibbartî* to-you", "grammar": { "*ʿimmāk*": "preposition + 2nd masculine singular suffix - with you", "*û-šəmartîkā*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - and I will keep you", "*tēlēk*": "qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular - you will go", "*wə-hăšibōtîkā*": "waw conjunction + hiphil perfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - and I will bring you back", "*ʾădāmâ*": "noun, feminine singular + definite article - the ground/land", "*ʾeʿĕzābəkā*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will forsake you", "*ʿāśîtî*": "qal perfect 1st common singular - I have done", "*dibbartî*": "piel perfect 1st common singular - I have spoken" }, "variants": { "*ʿimmāk*": "with you/beside you/in your company", "*šəmartîkā*": "I will keep you/I will protect you/I will watch over you", "*tēlēk*": "you will go/you will walk/you will travel", "*hăšibōtîkā*": "I will bring you back/I will return you/I will restore you", "*ʾădāmâ*": "ground/land/soil", "*ʾeʿĕzābəkā*": "I will forsake you/I will abandon you/I will leave you", "*ʿāśîtî*": "I have done/I have performed/I have accomplished", "*dibbartî*": "I have spoken/I have promised/I have declared" } }
• Gen 46:2-4 : 2 { "verseID": "Genesis.46.2", "source": "וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּמַרְאֹ֣ת הַלַּ֔יְלָה וַיֹּ֖אמֶר יַעֲקֹ֣ב ׀ יַעֲקֹ֑ב וַיֹּ֖אמֶר הִנֵּֽנִי׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* *ʾĕlōhîm* to-*Yiśrāʾēl* in-*marʾōt* the-*laylâ*, and *wayyōʾmer* *Yaʿăqōḇ* *Yaʿăqōḇ*, and *wayyōʾmer* *hinnēnî*.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - 'and he said'", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "common noun, masculine plural (with singular meaning) - 'God'", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun, masculine singular - 'Israel'", "*marʾōt*": "common noun, feminine plural construct - 'visions of'", "*laylâ*": "common noun, masculine singular with definite article - 'the night'", "*Yaʿăqōḇ*": "proper noun, masculine singular - 'Jacob'", "*hinnēnî*": "interjection with 1st person singular suffix - 'behold me/here I am'" }, "variants": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "said/spoke/declared", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods (plural form with singular meaning)", "*marʾōt*": "visions/apparitions/sights", "*hinnēnî*": "here I am/behold me/I am ready" } } 3 { "verseID": "Genesis.46.3", "source": "וַיֹּ֕אמֶר אָנֹכִ֥י הָאֵ֖ל אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֑יךָ אַל־תִּירָא֙ מֵרְדָ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יְמָה כִּֽי־לְג֥וֹי גָּד֖וֹל אֲשִֽׂימְךָ֥ שָֽׁם׃", "text": "And *wayyōʾmer* *ʾānōḵî* the-*ʾēl* *ʾĕlōhê* father-your, not-*tîrāʾ* from-going-down *Miṣrayĕmâ*, for-to-*gôy* *gāḏôl* *ʾăśîmĕḵā* there.", "grammar": { "*wayyōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - 'and he said'", "*ʾānōḵî*": "personal pronoun, 1st person singular - 'I'", "*ʾēl*": "common noun, masculine singular with definite article - 'the God/deity'", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "common noun, masculine plural construct - 'God of'", "*tîrāʾ*": "qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular jussive - 'you shall fear/be afraid'", "*Miṣrayĕmâ*": "proper noun with directional heh - 'to Egypt'", "*gôy*": "common noun, masculine singular - 'nation'", "*gāḏôl*": "adjective, masculine singular - 'great/large'", "*ʾăśîmĕḵā*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - 'I will make you'" }, "variants": { "*ʾānōḵî*": "I/I myself (emphatic)", "*ʾēl*": "God/mighty one/deity", "*ʾĕlōhê*": "God of/deity of", "*tîrāʾ*": "fear/be afraid", "*gôy*": "nation/people", "*ʾăśîmĕḵā*": "I will make you/I will set you/I will place you" } } 4 { "verseID": "Genesis.46.4", "source": "אָנֹכִ֗י אֵרֵ֤ד עִמְּךָ֙ מִצְרַ֔יְמָה וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַֽעַלְךָ֣ גַם־עָלֹ֑ה וְיוֹסֵ֕ף יָשִׁ֥ית יָד֖וֹ עַל־עֵינֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "*ʾānōḵî* *ʾērēḏ* with-you *Miṣrayĕmâ*, and-*ʾānōḵî* *ʾaʿalĕḵā* also-*ʿālōh*, and-*Yôsēp̄* *yāšît* hand-his upon-eyes-your.", "grammar": { "*ʾānōḵî*": "personal pronoun, 1st person singular - 'I'", "*ʾērēḏ*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular - 'I will go down'", "*Miṣrayĕmâ*": "proper noun with directional heh - 'to Egypt'", "*ʾaʿalĕḵā*": "hiphil imperfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - 'I will bring you up'", "*ʿālōh*": "infinitive absolute - 'going up/surely'", "*Yôsēp̄*": "proper noun, masculine singular - 'Joseph'", "*yāšît*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - 'he will place/put'" }, "variants": { "*ʾānōḵî*": "I/I myself (emphatic)", "*ʾērēḏ*": "I will go down/I will descend", "*ʾaʿalĕḵā*": "I will bring you up/I will cause you to go up", "*ʿālōh*": "up/surely/certainly (emphatic infinitive)", "*yāšît*": "will place/will put/will set" } }
• Exod 28:20 : 20 { "verseID": "Exodus.28.20", "source": "וְהַטּוּר֙ הָרְבִיעִ֔י תַּרְשִׁ֥ישׁ וְשֹׁ֖הַם וְיָשְׁפֵ֑ה מְשֻׁבָּצִ֥ים זָהָ֛ב יִהְי֖וּ בְּמִלּוּאֹתָֽם׃", "text": "And the *ṭûr* the *rəḇîʿî*: *taršîš* and *šōham* and *yāšpēh*; *məšubbāṣîm* *zāhāḇ* they shall *yihyû* in their *millûʾōṯām*", "grammar": { "*wə-*": "conjunction - and/but", "*ha-ṭûr*": "definite article + masculine singular noun - the row/line", "*hā-rəḇîʿî*": "definite article + ordinal number, masculine singular - the fourth", "*taršîš*": "masculine singular noun - precious stone, possibly chrysolite/beryl", "*wə-šōham*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and onyx/beryl", "*wə-yāšpēh*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and jasper", "*məšubbāṣîm*": "Pual participle, masculine plural - set/embedded/enclosed", "*zāhāḇ*": "masculine singular noun - gold", "*yihyû*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they shall be", "*bə-millûʾōṯām*": "preposition + feminine plural noun + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - in their settings/fillings" }, "variants": { "*taršîš*": "chrysolite/beryl/yellow jasper", "*šōham*": "onyx/beryl", "*yāšpēh*": "jasper/cat's eye", "*məšubbāṣîm*": "set/embedded/enclosed in settings", "*millûʾōṯām*": "settings/fillings/mountings" } }
• 1 Chr 10:13-14 : 13 { "verseID": "1 Chronicles.10.13", "source": "וַיָּ֣מָת שָׁא֗וּל בְּמַֽעֲלוֹ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר מָעַ֣ל בַּֽיהוָ֔ה עַל־דְּבַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹא־שָׁמָ֑ר וְגַם־לִשְׁא֥וֹל בָּא֖וֹב לִדְרֽוֹשׁ׃", "text": "And *wayyāmāt* *šāʾûl* in-*bəmaʿălô* that *māʿal* against-*bayhwh*, concerning-*dəbar* *yhwh* that *lōʾ*-*šāmār*, and also-to-*lišʾôl* with-*bāʾôb* to-*lidrôš*.", "grammar": { "*wayyāmāt*": "verb, Qal imperfect with waw consecutive, 3rd person masculine singular - and he died", "*šāʾûl*": "proper noun - Saul", "*bəmaʿălô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix and preposition - in his unfaithfulness", "*māʿal*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he committed", "*bayhwh*": "proper noun with preposition - against YHWH", "*dəbar*": "noun, masculine singular construct - word of", "*yhwh*": "proper noun - YHWH", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*šāmār*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he kept", "*lišʾôl*": "verb, Qal infinitive construct with preposition - to inquire", "*bāʾôb*": "noun, masculine singular with preposition - with the medium", "*lidrôš*": "verb, Qal infinitive construct with preposition - to seek" }, "variants": { "*bəmaʿălô*": "in his unfaithfulness/treachery/transgression", "*māʿal*": "he committed/acted unfaithfully/transgressed", "*dəbar yhwh*": "word of YHWH/command of YHWH", "*lōʾ-šāmār*": "he did not keep/observe/obey", "*lišʾôl bāʾôb*": "to inquire of the medium/to consult a necromancer", "*lidrôš*": "to seek/inquire/consult" } } 14 { "verseID": "1 Chronicles.10.14", "source": "וְלֹֽא־דָרַ֥שׁ בַּֽיהוָ֖ה וַיְמִיתֵ֑הוּ וַיַּסֵּב֙ אֶת־הַמְּלוּכָ֔ה לְדָוִ֖יד בֶּן־יִשָֽׁי׃ פ", "text": "And *wəlōʾ*-*dāraš* in-*bayhwh*, and *wayəmîtēhû*, and *wayyassēb* *ʾet*-*hamməlûkāh* to-*dāwîd* *ben*-*yišāy*.", "grammar": { "*wəlōʾ*": "conjunction with negative particle - and not", "*dāraš*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he sought", "*bayhwh*": "proper noun with preposition - of YHWH", "*wayəmîtēhû*": "verb, Hiphil imperfect with waw consecutive, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - and he killed him", "*wayyassēb*": "verb, Hiphil imperfect with waw consecutive, 3rd person masculine singular - and he turned", "*hamməlûkāh*": "noun, feminine singular with definite article - the kingdom", "*dāwîd*": "proper noun - David", "*ben*": "noun, masculine singular construct - son of", "*yišāy*": "proper noun - Jesse" }, "variants": { "*wəlōʾ-dāraš*": "and he did not seek/inquire/consult", "*bayhwh*": "of YHWH/from YHWH", "*wayəmîtēhû*": "and he killed him/put him to death", "*wayyassēb*": "and he turned/transferred/gave", "*hamməlûkāh*": "the kingdom/kingship/royal power", "*dāwîd ben-yišāy*": "David son of Jesse" } }
• Job 33:14-16 : 14 { "verseID": "Job.33.14", "source": "כִּֽי־בְאַחַ֥ת יְדַבֶּר־אֵ֑ל וּ֝בִשְׁתַּ֗יִם לֹ֣א יְשׁוּרֶֽנָּה׃", "text": "*kî*-*bəʾaḥat* *yədabber*-*ʾēl* *ûbištayim* *lō'* *yəšûrennâ*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*bəʾaḥat*": "preposition + numeral, feminine singular - in one [way]", "*yədabber*": "piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he speaks", "*ʾēl*": "noun, masculine singular - God", "*ûbištayim*": "conjunction + preposition + numeral, feminine dual - and in two [ways]", "*lō'*": "negative particle - not", "*yəšûrennâ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular with 3rd person feminine singular suffix - he regards it/perceives it" }, "variants": { "*bəʾaḥat*": "in one [way]/in one [manner]/once", "*yədabber*": "he speaks/he talks/he communicates", "*ûbištayim*": "and in two [ways]/and twice/and in the second [way]", "*yəšûrennâ*": "he regards it/he perceives it/he notices it" } } 15 { "verseID": "Job.33.15", "source": "בַּחֲל֤וֹם ׀ חֶזְי֬וֹן לַ֗יְלָה בִּנְפֹ֣ל תַּ֭רְדֵּמָה עַל־אֲנָשִׁ֑ים בִּ֝תְנוּמ֗וֹת עֲלֵ֣י מִשְׁכָּֽב׃", "text": "*baḥălôm* *ḥezyôn* *laylâ* *binpōl* *tardēmâ* *'al*-*ʾănāšîm* *bitnûmôt* *'ălê* *miškāb*", "grammar": { "*baḥălôm*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - in a dream", "*ḥezyôn*": "noun, masculine singular construct - vision of", "*laylâ*": "noun, masculine singular - night", "*binpōl*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - when falls", "*tardēmâ*": "noun, feminine singular - deep sleep", "*'al*": "preposition - upon", "*ʾănāšîm*": "noun, masculine plural - men", "*bitnûmôt*": "preposition + noun, feminine plural - in slumberings", "*'ălê*": "preposition - upon", "*miškāb*": "noun, masculine singular - bed" }, "variants": { "*ḥălôm*": "dream/dreaming", "*ḥezyôn*": "vision/revelation/sight", "*binpōl*": "when falls/when descends/when comes", "*tardēmâ*": "deep sleep/trance/stupor", "*ʾănāšîm*": "men/people/mankind", "*tnûmôt*": "slumberings/drowsings/light sleep", "*miškāb*": "bed/couch/resting place" } } 16 { "verseID": "Job.33.16", "source": "אָ֣ז יִ֭גְלֶה אֹ֣זֶן אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וּבְמֹ֖סָרָ֣ם יַחְתֹּֽם׃", "text": "*ʾāz* *yigleh* *ʾōzen* *ʾănāšîm* *ûbəmōsārām* *yaḥtōm*", "grammar": { "*ʾāz*": "adverb - then", "*yigleh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he uncovers/reveals", "*ʾōzen*": "noun, feminine singular construct - ear of", "*ʾănāšîm*": "noun, masculine plural - men", "*ûbəmōsārām*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, masculine singular construct with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and with their instruction/warning", "*yaḥtōm*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he seals/confirms" }, "variants": { "*yigleh*": "he uncovers/he reveals/he opens", "*ʾōzen*": "ear/hearing", "*ʾănāšîm*": "men/people/mankind", "*mōsārām*": "their instruction/their warning/their discipline", "*yaḥtōm*": "he seals/he confirms/he authenticates" } }
• Ps 74:9 : 9 { "verseID": "Psalms.74.9", "source": "אֽוֹתֹתֵ֗ינוּ לֹ֥א רָ֫אִ֥ינוּ אֵֽין־ע֥וֹד נָבִ֑יא וְלֹֽא־אִ֝תָּ֗נוּ יֹדֵ֥עַ עַד־מָֽה׃", "text": "Our *ototenu* not *ra'inu*, *ein-od navi*, and not with us *yodea* *ad-mah*.", "grammar": { "*ototenu*": "common plural noun with 1st person common plural suffix - 'our signs'", "*ra'inu*": "qal perfect 1st person common plural - 'we have seen'", "*ein-od*": "particle of negation + adverb - 'there is no longer'", "*navi*": "masculine singular noun - 'prophet'", "*itanu*": "preposition with 1st person common plural suffix - 'with us'", "*yodea*": "qal participle masculine singular - 'one knowing/knower'", "*ad-mah*": "preposition + interrogative - 'until when/how long'" }, "variants": { "*ototenu*": "our signs/our banners/our emblems", "*ein-od*": "there is no longer/no more", "*yodea*": "one who knows/knower/one understanding", "*ad-mah*": "until when/how long/until what time" } }
• Prov 1:1-9 : 1 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.1", "source": "מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה בֶן־דָּוִ֑ד מֶ֝֗לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃", "text": "*mishlei* *shelomoh* *ben*-*dawid* *melek* *yisra'el*", "grammar": { "*mishlei*": "construct state, masculine plural - proverbs of", "*shelomoh*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Solomon", "*ben*": "construct state, masculine singular - son of", "*dawid*": "proper noun, masculine singular - David", "*melek*": "masculine singular, construct - king of", "*yisra'el*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Israel" }, "variants": { "*mishlei*": "proverbs/parables/sayings", "*ben*": "son/descendant" } } 2 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.2", "source": "לָדַ֣עַת חָכְמָ֣ה וּמוּסָ֑ר לְ֝הָבִ֗ין אִמְרֵ֥י בִינָֽה׃", "text": "*lada'at* *ḥokmah* *wəmusar* *ləhavin* *'imrei* *vinah*", "grammar": { "*lada'at*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to know", "*ḥokmah*": "feminine singular noun - wisdom", "*wəmusar*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and discipline/instruction", "*ləhavin*": "preposition + hiphil infinitive construct - to understand/discern", "*'imrei*": "construct state, masculine plural - sayings of", "*vinah*": "feminine singular noun - understanding/discernment" }, "variants": { "*ḥokmah*": "wisdom/skill/prudence", "*musar*": "discipline/instruction/correction", "*vinah*": "understanding/discernment/insight" } } 3 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.3", "source": "לָ֭קַחַת מוּסַ֣ר הַשְׂכֵּ֑ל צֶ֥דֶק וּ֝מִשְׁפָּ֗ט וּמֵישָׁרִֽים׃", "text": "*laqaḥat* *musar* *haskel* *tsedeq* *umishpat* *umeisharim*", "grammar": { "*laqaḥat*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to receive", "*musar*": "masculine singular construct - instruction of", "*haskel*": "article + hiphil infinitive absolute - the prudence/understanding", "*tsedeq*": "masculine singular noun - righteousness", "*umishpat*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and justice", "*umeisharim*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun - and equity/uprightness" }, "variants": { "*musar*": "instruction/discipline/correction", "*haskel*": "prudence/insight/understanding", "*tsedeq*": "righteousness/justice/rightness", "*mishpat*": "justice/judgment/ordinance", "*meisharim*": "equity/uprightness/straightness" } } 4 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.4", "source": "לָתֵ֣ת לִפְתָאיִ֣ם עָרְמָ֑ה לְ֝נַ֗עַר דַּ֣עַת וּמְזִמָּֽה׃", "text": "*latet* *lifta'im* *'ormah* *ləna'ar* *da'at* *umezimmah*", "grammar": { "*latet*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to give", "*lifta'im*": "preposition + masculine plural noun - to the simple/naive", "*'ormah*": "feminine singular noun - shrewdness/prudence", "*ləna'ar*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - to the youth", "*da'at*": "feminine singular noun - knowledge", "*umezimmah*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun - and discretion/planning" }, "variants": { "*fta'im*": "simple ones/naive/inexperienced", "*'ormah*": "shrewdness/prudence/craftiness", "*na'ar*": "youth/young man/servant", "*da'at*": "knowledge/perception/skill", "*mezimmah*": "discretion/planning/device" } } 5 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.5", "source": "יִשְׁמַ֣ע חָ֭כָם וְי֣וֹסֶף לֶ֑קַח וְ֝נָב֗וֹן תַּחְבֻּל֥וֹת יִקְנֶֽה׃", "text": "*yishma'* *ḥakam* *wəyosef* *leqaḥ* *wənavon* *taḥbulot* *yiqneh*", "grammar": { "*yishma'*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - he will hear/listen", "*ḥakam*": "masculine singular adjective - wise/skillful", "*wəyosef*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he will increase", "*leqaḥ*": "masculine singular noun - learning/instruction", "*wənavon*": "conjunction + niphal participle, masculine singular - and understanding one", "*taḥbulot*": "feminine plural noun - guidance/direction/wise counsel", "*yiqneh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - he will acquire" }, "variants": { "*ḥakam*": "wise/skillful/experienced", "*leqaḥ*": "learning/instruction/insight", "*navon*": "discerning/understanding/intelligent", "*taḥbulot*": "guidance/direction/wise counsel/strategies" } } 6 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.6", "source": "לְהָבִ֣ין מָ֭שָׁל וּמְלִיצָ֑ה דִּבְרֵ֥י חֲ֝כָמִ֗ים וְחִידֹתָֽם׃", "text": "*ləhavin* *mashal* *umlitsah* *divrei* *ḥakamim* *wəḥidotam*", "grammar": { "*ləhavin*": "preposition + hiphil infinitive construct - to understand", "*mashal*": "masculine singular noun - proverb/parable", "*umlitsah*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun - and figure/enigma", "*divrei*": "construct state, masculine plural - words of", "*ḥakamim*": "masculine plural adjective - wise ones", "*wəḥidotam*": "conjunction + feminine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and their riddles" }, "variants": { "*mashal*": "proverb/parable/comparison", "*mlitsah*": "figure/enigma/satire", "*divrei*": "words/matters/things", "*ḥakamim*": "wise ones/sages/skilled persons", "*ḥidotam*": "their riddles/enigmas/difficult questions" } } 7 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.7", "source": "יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה רֵאשִׁ֣ית דָּ֑עַת חָכְמָ֥ה וּ֝מוּסָ֗ר אֱוִילִ֥ים בָּֽזוּ׃ פ", "text": "*yir'at* *YHWH* *reshit* *da'at* *ḥokmah* *umusar* *'ewilim* *bazu*", "grammar": { "*yir'at*": "construct state, feminine singular - fear of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD", "*reshit*": "feminine singular construct - beginning of", "*da'at*": "feminine singular noun - knowledge", "*ḥokmah*": "feminine singular noun - wisdom", "*umusar*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and instruction", "*'ewilim*": "masculine plural noun - fools", "*bazu*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they have despised" }, "variants": { "*yir'at*": "fear/reverence/awe", "*reshit*": "beginning/first/chief", "*da'at*": "knowledge/perception/skill", "*ḥokmah*": "wisdom/skill/prudence", "*musar*": "instruction/discipline/correction", "*'ewilim*": "fools/stupid ones", "*bazu*": "despise/disdain/hold in contempt" } } 8 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.8", "source": "שְׁמַ֣ע בְּ֭נִי מוּסַ֣ר אָבִ֑יךָ וְאַל־תִּ֝טֹּ֗שׁ תּוֹרַ֥ת אִמֶּֽךָ׃", "text": "*shema'* *bni* *musar* *avika* *wə'al*-*tittosh* *torat* *'immeka*", "grammar": { "*shema'*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - hear/listen", "*bni*": "masculine singular noun + 1st person suffix - my son", "*musar*": "construct state, masculine singular - instruction of", "*avika*": "masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your father", "*wə'al*": "conjunction + negative particle - and do not", "*tittosh*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - forsake", "*torat*": "construct state, feminine singular - teaching of", "*'immeka*": "feminine singular noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your mother" }, "variants": { "*shema'*": "hear/listen/obey", "*musar*": "instruction/discipline/correction", "*tittosh*": "forsake/abandon/reject", "*torat*": "teaching/law/instruction" } } 9 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.9", "source": "כִּ֤י ׀ לִוְיַ֤ת חֵ֓ן הֵ֬ם לְרֹאשֶׁ֑ךָ וַ֝עֲנָקִ֗ים לְגַרְגְּרֹתֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "*ki* *liwayat* *ḥen* *hem* *lərosheka* *wa'anaqim* *ləgargeroteyka*", "grammar": { "*ki*": "conjunction - for/because", "*liwayat*": "construct state, feminine singular - wreath of", "*ḥen*": "masculine singular noun - grace/favor", "*hem*": "3rd person masculine plural pronoun - they", "*lərosheka*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - to your head", "*wa'anaqim*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun - and chains/necklaces", "*ləgargeroteyka*": "preposition + feminine plural noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - to your neck" }, "variants": { "*liwayat*": "wreath/garland/crown", "*ḥen*": "grace/favor/charm", "*'anaqim*": "chains/necklaces/ornaments", "*gargerot*": "neck/throat" } } 10 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.10", "source": "בְּנִ֡י אִם־יְפַתּ֥וּךָ חַ֝טָּאִ֗ים אַל־תֹּבֵֽא׃", "text": "*bni* *'im*-*yəfatuka* *ḥatta'im* *'al*-*tove'*", "grammar": { "*bni*": "masculine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my son", "*'im*": "conditional particle - if", "*yəfatuka*": "piel imperfect, 3rd masculine plural + 2nd masculine singular suffix - they entice you", "*ḥatta'im*": "masculine plural noun - sinners", "*'al*": "negative particle - do not", "*tove'*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - consent" }, "variants": { "*yəfatuka*": "entice you/seduce you/persuade you", "*ḥatta'im*": "sinners/offenders/those who miss the mark", "*tove'*": "consent/yield/be willing" } } 11 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.11", "source": "אִם־יֹאמְרוּ֮ לְכָ֢ה אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ נֶאֶרְבָ֥ה לְדָ֑ם נִצְפְּנָ֖ה לְנָקִ֣י חִנָּֽם׃", "text": "*'im*-*yomru* *lekah* *'ittanu* *ne'ervah* *ledam* *nitspenah* *lenaqi* *ḥinnam*", "grammar": { "*'im*": "conditional particle - if", "*yomru*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they say", "*lekah*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - come", "*'ittanu*": "preposition + 1st common plural suffix - with us", "*ne'ervah*": "qal cohortative, 1st common plural - let us lie in wait", "*ledam*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - for blood", "*nitspenah*": "qal cohortative, 1st common plural - let us lurk", "*lenaqi*": "preposition + masculine singular adjective - for the innocent", "*ḥinnam*": "adverb - without cause" }, "variants": { "*ne'ervah*": "let us lie in wait/let us ambush", "*dam*": "blood/bloodshed/murder", "*nitspenah*": "let us lurk/let us hide/let us ambush", "*naqi*": "innocent/free from guilt", "*ḥinnam*": "without cause/gratuitously/for no reason" } } 12 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.12", "source": "נִ֭בְלָעֵם כִּשְׁא֣וֹל חַיִּ֑ים וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים כְּי֣וֹרְדֵי בֽוֹר׃", "text": "*nivla'em* *kish'ol* *ḥayyim* *utemimim* *keyordei* *vor*", "grammar": { "*nivla'em*": "qal imperfect, 1st common plural + 3rd masculine plural suffix - we will swallow them", "*kish'ol*": "preposition + proper noun - like Sheol", "*ḥayyim*": "masculine plural adjective - alive/living", "*utemimim*": "conjunction + masculine plural adjective - and whole/complete ones", "*keyordei*": "preposition + qal participle, masculine plural construct - like those descending", "*vor*": "masculine singular noun - pit" }, "variants": { "*nivla'em*": "swallow them/devour them/consume them", "*she'ol*": "sheol/grave/pit/underworld", "*ḥayyim*": "alive/living/lively", "*temimim*": "whole/complete/blameless/perfect", "*yordei*": "those descending/those going down", "*vor*": "pit/cistern/grave" } } 13 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.13", "source": "כָּל־ה֣וֹן יָקָ֣ר נִמְצָ֑א נְמַלֵּ֖א בָתֵּ֣ינוּ שָׁלָֽל׃", "text": "*kol*-*hon* *yaqar* *nimtsa'* *nemalle'* *batteinu* *shalal*", "grammar": { "*kol*": "construct state - all of", "*hon*": "masculine singular noun - wealth", "*yaqar*": "masculine singular adjective - precious/valuable", "*nimtsa'*": "niphal imperfect, 1st common plural - we will find", "*nemalle'*": "piel imperfect, 1st common plural - we will fill", "*batteinu*": "masculine plural noun + 1st common plural suffix - our houses", "*shalal*": "masculine singular noun - plunder/spoil" }, "variants": { "*hon*": "wealth/substance/riches", "*yaqar*": "precious/valuable/rare", "*nimtsa'*": "find/discover/acquire", "*nemalle'*": "fill/make full/satisfy", "*shalal*": "plunder/spoil/booty" } } 14 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.14", "source": "גּ֭וֹרָ֣לְךָ תַּפִּ֣יל בְּתוֹכֵ֑נוּ כִּ֥יס אֶ֝חָ֗ד יִהְיֶ֥ה לְכֻלָּֽנוּ׃", "text": "*goralka* *tappil* *betokenu* *kis* *'eḥad* *yihyeh* *lekullanu*", "grammar": { "*goralka*": "masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your lot", "*tappil*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine singular - you will cast", "*betokenu*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 1st common plural suffix - in our midst", "*kis*": "masculine singular noun - purse", "*'eḥad*": "numeral, masculine singular - one", "*yihyeh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - it will be", "*lekullanu*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 1st common plural suffix - for all of us" }, "variants": { "*goral*": "lot/portion/destiny", "*tappil*": "cast/throw/drop", "*tok*": "midst/among/within", "*kis*": "purse/bag/pouch", "*kullanu*": "all of us/everyone of us" } } 15 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.15", "source": "בְּנִ֗י אַל־תֵּלֵ֣ךְ בְּדֶ֣רֶךְ אִתָּ֑ם מְנַ֥ע רַ֝גְלְךָ֗ מִנְּתִיבָתָֽם׃", "text": "*bni* *'al*-*telek* *bederek* *'ittam* *mena'* *ragleka* *minnetivotam*", "grammar": { "*bni*": "masculine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my son", "*'al*": "negative particle - do not", "*telek*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - walk", "*bederek*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - in the way", "*'ittam*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - with them", "*mena'*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - keep back", "*ragleka*": "feminine singular noun + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your foot", "*minnetivotam*": "preposition + feminine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - from their paths" }, "variants": { "*telek*": "walk/go/travel", "*derek*": "way/road/path/journey", "*mena'*": "keep back/withhold/restrain", "*regel*": "foot/leg", "*netivotam*": "their paths/their tracks/their courses" } } 16 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.16", "source": "כִּ֣י רַ֭גְלֵיהֶם לָרַ֣ע יָר֑וּצוּ וִֽ֝ימַהֲר֗וּ לִשְׁפָּךְ־דָּֽם׃", "text": "*ki* *ragleihem* *lara'* *yarutsu* *wiymaharu* *lishpok*-*dam*", "grammar": { "*ki*": "conjunction - for/because", "*ragleihem*": "feminine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their feet", "*lara'*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - to evil", "*yarutsu*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they run", "*wiymaharu*": "conjunction + piel imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they hasten", "*lishpok*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to shed", "*dam*": "masculine singular noun - blood" }, "variants": { "*ragleihem*": "their feet/their legs", "*ra'*": "evil/bad/malignant", "*yarutsu*": "they run/they rush", "*wiymaharu*": "they hasten/they hurry/they are quick", "*lishpok*": "to shed/to pour out", "*dam*": "blood/bloodshed" } } 17 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.17", "source": "כִּֽי־חִ֭נָּם מְזֹרָ֣ה הָרָ֑שֶׁת בְּ֝עֵינֵ֗י כָל־בַּ֥עַל כָּנָֽף׃", "text": "*ki*-*ḥinnam* *məzorah* *harashet* *bə'einei* *kol*-*ba'al* *kanaf*", "grammar": { "*ki*": "conjunction - for/surely", "*ḥinnam*": "adverb - in vain", "*məzorah*": "pual participle, feminine singular - is spread", "*harashet*": "article + feminine singular noun - the net", "*bə'einei*": "preposition + construct dual, feminine - in eyes of", "*kol*": "construct state - every", "*ba'al*": "construct state, masculine singular - owner of", "*kanaf*": "feminine singular noun - wing" }, "variants": { "*ḥinnam*": "in vain/for nothing/uselessly", "*məzorah*": "is spread/is scattered", "*rashet*": "net/snare", "*einei*": "eyes of", "*ba'al*": "owner/possessor/master", "*kanaf*": "wing/extremity/edge" } } 18 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.18", "source": "וְ֭הֵם לְדָמָ֣ם יֶאֱרֹ֑בוּ יִ֝צְפְּנ֗וּ לְנַפְשֹׁתָֽם׃", "text": "*wəhem* *lədamam* *ye'erovu* *yitspənu* *lənafəshotam*", "grammar": { "*wəhem*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine plural pronoun - and they", "*lədamam*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - for their own blood", "*ye'erovu*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they lie in wait", "*yitspənu*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they lurk", "*lənafəshotam*": "preposition + feminine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - for their own lives" }, "variants": { "*dam*": "blood/bloodshed", "*ye'erovu*": "they lie in wait/they ambush", "*yitspənu*": "they lurk/they hide/they ambush", "*nefesh*": "life/soul/self/person" } } 19 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.19", "source": "כֵּ֗ן אָ֭רְחוֹת כָּל־בֹּ֣צֵֽעַ בָּ֑צַע אֶת־נֶ֖פֶשׁ בְּעָלָ֣יו יִקָּֽח׃", "text": "*ken* *'orḥot* *kol*-*botse'a* *batsa'* *'et*-*nefesh* *be'alav* *yiqqaḥ*", "grammar": { "*ken*": "adverb - so/thus", "*'orḥot*": "construct state, feminine plural - ways of", "*kol*": "construct state - every", "*botse'a*": "qal participle, masculine singular - one who gains", "*batsa'*": "masculine singular noun - unjust gain", "*'et*": "direct object marker", "*nefesh*": "feminine singular construct - life of", "*be'alav*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - its owners", "*yiqqaḥ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - it takes" }, "variants": { "*'orḥot*": "ways/paths/courses", "*botse'a*": "one who gains/profits/cuts off", "*batsa'*": "unjust gain/profit/plunder", "*nefesh*": "life/soul/self", "*be'alav*": "its owners/its possessors/its masters", "*yiqqaḥ*": "takes/seizes/removes" } } 20 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.20", "source": "חָ֭כְמוֹת בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹב֗וֹת תִּתֵּ֥ן קוֹלָֽהּ׃", "text": "*ḥokmot* *baḥuts* *taronnah* *barḥovot* *titten* *qolah*", "grammar": { "*ḥokmot*": "feminine plural noun (or singular with plural ending) - wisdom", "*baḥuts*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - in the street", "*taronnah*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - she cries aloud", "*barḥovot*": "preposition + masculine plural noun - in the squares", "*titten*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - she gives", "*qolah*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her voice" }, "variants": { "*ḥokmot*": "wisdom (with intensive plural ending)/wisdoms", "*ḥuts*": "street/outside/outward", "*taronnah*": "cries aloud/calls out/shouts", "*rḥov*": "square/open place/broad place", "*titten*": "gives/utters/produces" } } 21 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.21", "source": "בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיּ֗וֹת תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃", "text": "*bərosh* *homiyyot* *tiqra'* *bəfitḥei* *she'arim* *ba'ir* *'amareha* *tomer*", "grammar": { "*bərosh*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - at the head of", "*homiyyot*": "feminine plural adjective or noun - noisy/bustling places", "*tiqra'*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - she calls", "*bəfitḥei*": "preposition + masculine plural construct - at the openings of", "*she'arim*": "masculine plural noun - gates", "*ba'ir*": "preposition + feminine singular article + noun - in the city", "*'amareha*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her words", "*tomer*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - she speaks" }, "variants": { "*rosh*": "head/top/beginning", "*homiyyot*": "noisy places/bustling places/tumultuous streets", "*tiqra'*": "calls/proclaims/summons", "*pitḥei*": "openings/entrances/doorways", "*she'arim*": "gates/entrances", "*'ir*": "city/town", "*'amareha*": "her words/her sayings/her speeches" } } 22 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.22", "source": "עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ־פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צוֹן חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃", "text": "*'ad*-*matay* *pətayim* *tə'ehavu*-*feti* *wəletsim* *latson* *ḥamdu* *lahem* *ukəsilim* *yisne'u*-*da'at*", "grammar": { "*'ad*": "preposition - until", "*matay*": "interrogative adverb - when", "*pətayim*": "masculine plural noun - simple ones", "*tə'ehavu*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - you will love", "*feti*": "masculine singular noun - simplicity", "*wəletsim*": "conjunction + masculine plural participle - and scorners", "*latson*": "masculine singular noun - scoffing", "*ḥamdu*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they have delighted in", "*lahem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - for themselves", "*ukəsilim*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun - and fools", "*yisne'u*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will hate", "*da'at*": "feminine singular noun - knowledge" }, "variants": { "*pətayim*": "simple ones/naive/inexperienced", "*tə'ehavu*": "love/desire/delight in", "*feti*": "simplicity/naivety", "*letsim*": "scorners/mockers/scoffers", "*latson*": "scoffing/mocking/derision", "*ḥamdu*": "delight in/desire/take pleasure in", "*kəsilim*": "fools/stupid ones", "*yisne'u*": "hate/despise/reject", "*da'at*": "knowledge/perception/discernment" } } 23 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.23", "source": "תָּשׁ֗וּבוּ לְֽת֫וֹכַחְתִּ֥י הִנֵּ֤ה אַבִּ֣יעָה לָכֶ֣ם רוּחִ֑י אוֹדִ֖יעָה דְבָרַ֣י אֶתְכֶֽם׃", "text": "*tashuvu* *lətokhaḥti* *hinneh* *abbi'ah* *lakem* *ruḥi* *'odi'ah* *dəvaray* *'etkem*", "grammar": { "*tashuvu*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - you will turn", "*lətokhaḥti*": "preposition + feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - to my reproof", "*hinneh*": "interjection - behold", "*abbi'ah*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular cohortative - I will pour out", "*lakem*": "preposition + 2nd masculine plural suffix - to you", "*ruḥi*": "feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my spirit", "*'odi'ah*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular cohortative - I will make known", "*dəvaray*": "masculine plural noun + 1st person singular suffix - my words", "*'etkem*": "direct object marker + 2nd masculine plural suffix - you" }, "variants": { "*tashuvu*": "turn/return/repent", "*tokhaḥti*": "my reproof/my rebuke/my correction", "*abbi'ah*": "pour out/gush forth/bubble up", "*ruḥi*": "my spirit/my breath/my wind", "*'odi'ah*": "make known/declare/inform" } } 24 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.24", "source": "יַ֣עַן קָ֭רָאתִי וַתְּמָאֵ֑נוּ נָטִ֥יתִי יָ֝דִ֗י וְאֵ֣ין מַקְשִֽׁיב׃", "text": "*ya'an* *qarati* *wattəma'enu* *natiti* *yadi* *wə'ein* *maqshiv*", "grammar": { "*ya'an*": "conjunction - because", "*qarati*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular - I called", "*wattəma'enu*": "conjunction + qal imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - and you refused", "*natiti*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular - I stretched out", "*yadi*": "feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my hand", "*wə'ein*": "conjunction + construct state particle of negation - and there is no", "*maqshiv*": "hiphil participle, masculine singular - one who pays attention" }, "variants": { "*qarati*": "called/summoned/invited", "*wattəma'enu*": "you refused/you declined/you rejected", "*natiti*": "stretched out/extended/reached out", "*maqshiv*": "one who pays attention/listener/heeder" } } 25 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.25", "source": "וַתִּפְרְע֥וּ כָל־עֲצָתִ֑י וְ֝תוֹכַחְתִּ֗י לֹ֣א אֲבִיתֶֽם׃", "text": "*wattifre'u* *kol*-*'atsati* *wətokhaḥti* *lo* *'avitem*", "grammar": { "*wattifre'u*": "conjunction + qal imperfect, 2nd masculine plural - and you set aside", "*kol*": "construct state - all of", "*'atsati*": "feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my counsel", "*wətokhaḥti*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - and my reproof", "*lo*": "negative particle - not", "*'avitem*": "qal perfect, 2nd masculine plural - you were willing" }, "variants": { "*wattifre'u*": "set aside/ignore/neglect/reject", "*'atsati*": "my counsel/my advice/my plan", "*tokhaḥti*": "my reproof/my rebuke/my correction", "*'avitem*": "were willing/consented/desired" } } 26 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.26", "source": "גַּם־אֲ֭נִי בְּאֵידְכֶ֣ם אֶשְׂחָ֑ק אֶ֝לְעַ֗ג בְּבֹ֣א פַחְדְּכֶֽם׃", "text": "*gam*-*'ani* *bə'eidkem* *'esḥaq* *'el'ag* *bəvo* *paḥdəkem*", "grammar": { "*gam*": "adverb - also", "*'ani*": "1st person singular pronoun - I", "*bə'eidkem*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine plural suffix - at your calamity", "*'esḥaq*": "qal imperfect, 1st person singular - I will laugh", "*'el'ag*": "qal imperfect, 1st person singular - I will mock", "*bəvo*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - when comes", "*paḥdəkem*": "masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine plural suffix - your terror" }, "variants": { "*'eid*": "calamity/disaster/distress", "*'esḥaq*": "laugh/mock/deride", "*'el'ag*": "mock/deride/scorn", "*paḥd*": "terror/dread/fear" } } 27 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.27", "source": "בְּבֹ֤א *כשאוה **כְשׁוֹאָ֨ה ׀ פַּחְדְּכֶ֗ם וְֽ֭אֵידְכֶם כְּסוּפָ֣ה יֶאֱתֶ֑ה בְּבֹ֥א עֲ֝לֵיכֶ֗ם צָרָ֥ה וְצוּקָֽה׃", "text": "*bəvo* *kesho'ah* *paḥdəkem* *wə'eidkem* *kesufah* *ye'eteh* *bəvo* *'aleikem* *tsarah* *wətsuqah*", "grammar": { "*bəvo*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - when comes", "*kesho'ah*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - like a storm", "*paḥdəkem*": "masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine plural suffix - your terror", "*wə'eidkem*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun + 2nd masculine plural suffix - and your calamity", "*kesufah*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - like a whirlwind", "*ye'eteh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - it comes", "*bəvo*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - when comes", "*'aleikem*": "preposition + 2nd masculine plural suffix - upon you", "*tsarah*": "feminine singular noun - distress", "*wətsuqah*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun - and anguish" }, "variants": { "*sho'ah*": "storm/devastation/destruction", "*'eid*": "calamity/disaster/distress", "*sufah*": "whirlwind/storm/tempest", "*ye'eteh*": "comes/arrives/approaches", "*tsarah*": "distress/adversity/trouble", "*tsuqah*": "anguish/distress/constraint" } } 28 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.28", "source": "אָ֣ז יִ֭קְרָאֻנְנִי וְלֹ֣א אֶֽעֱנֶ֑ה יְ֝שַׁחֲרֻ֗נְנִי וְלֹ֣א יִמְצָאֻֽנְנִי׃", "text": "*'az* *yiqra'unni* *wəlo* *'e'eneh* *yəshaḥarunni* *wəlo* *yimtsa'unni*", "grammar": { "*'az*": "adverb - then", "*yiqra'unni*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural + 1st person singular suffix - they will call me", "*wəlo*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*'e'eneh*": "qal imperfect, 1st person singular - I will answer", "*yəshaḥarunni*": "piel imperfect, 3rd masculine plural + 1st person singular suffix - they will seek me earnestly", "*wəlo*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*yimtsa'unni*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural + 1st person singular suffix - they will find me" }, "variants": { "*yiqra'unni*": "they will call me/they will summon me", "*'e'eneh*": "I will answer/I will respond", "*yəshaḥarunni*": "they will seek me earnestly/they will search for me diligently", "*yimtsa'unni*": "they will find me/they will discover me" } } 29 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.29", "source": "תַּ֭חַת כִּי־שָׂ֣נְאוּ דָ֑עַת וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה לֹ֣א בָחָֽרוּ׃", "text": "*taḥat* *ki*-*san'u* *da'at* *wəyir'at* *YHWH* *lo* *vaḥaru*", "grammar": { "*taḥat*": "preposition - because", "*ki*": "conjunction - that", "*san'u*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they hated", "*da'at*": "feminine singular noun - knowledge", "*wəyir'at*": "conjunction + construct state, feminine singular - and fear of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD", "*lo*": "negative particle - not", "*vaḥaru*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they chose" }, "variants": { "*taḥat*": "because/instead of/in place of", "*san'u*": "they hated/they despised/they rejected", "*da'at*": "knowledge/discernment/perception", "*yir'at*": "fear of/reverence for/awe of", "*vaḥaru*": "they chose/they selected/they preferred" } } 30 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.30", "source": "לֹא־אָב֥וּ לַעֲצָתִ֑י נָ֝אֲצ֗וּ כָּל־תּוֹכַחְתִּֽי׃", "text": "*lo*-*'avu* *la'atsati* *na'atsu* *kol*-*tokhaḥti*", "grammar": { "*lo*": "negative particle - not", "*'avu*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they were willing", "*la'atsati*": "preposition + feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - for my counsel", "*na'atsu*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they spurned", "*kol*": "construct state - all of", "*tokhaḥti*": "feminine singular noun + 1st person singular suffix - my reproof" }, "variants": { "*'avu*": "they were willing/they consented/they desired", "*'atsati*": "my counsel/my advice/my plan", "*na'atsu*": "they spurned/they despised/they rejected", "*tokhaḥti*": "my reproof/my rebuke/my correction" } } 31 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.31", "source": "וְֽ֭יֹאכְלוּ מִפְּרִ֣י דַרְכָּ֑ם וּֽמִמֹּעֲצֹ֖תֵיהֶ֣ם יִשְׂבָּֽעוּ׃", "text": "*wəyoklu* *mippəri* *darkam* *umimmo'atsoteihem* *yisba'u*", "grammar": { "*wəyoklu*": "conjunction + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they will eat", "*mippəri*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - from fruit of", "*darkam*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their way", "*umimmo'atsoteihem*": "conjunction + preposition + feminine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and from their counsels", "*yisba'u*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will be filled" }, "variants": { "*yoklu*": "they will eat/they will consume/they will devour", "*pəri*": "fruit/result/outcome", "*darkam*": "their way/their path/their course", "*mo'atsoteihem*": "their counsels/their plans/their devices", "*yisba'u*": "they will be filled/they will be satisfied/they will have enough" } } 32 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.32", "source": "כִּ֤י מְשׁוּבַ֣ת פְּתָיִ֣ם תַּֽהַרְגֵ֑ם וְשַׁלְוַ֖ת כְּסִילִ֣ים תְּאַבְּדֵֽם׃", "text": "*ki* *məshuvat* *pətayim* *tahar'gem* *wəshalwat* *kəsilim* *tə'abbədem*", "grammar": { "*ki*": "conjunction - for", "*məshuvat*": "construct state, feminine singular - turning away of", "*pətayim*": "masculine plural noun - simple ones", "*tahar'gem*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - it will kill them", "*wəshalwat*": "conjunction + construct state, feminine singular - and complacency of", "*kəsilim*": "masculine plural noun - fools", "*tə'abbədem*": "piel imperfect, 3rd feminine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - it will destroy them" }, "variants": { "*məshuvat*": "turning away/backsliding/apostasy", "*pətayim*": "simple ones/naive/inexperienced", "*tahar'gem*": "it will kill them/it will slay them", "*shalwat*": "complacency/ease/prosperity", "*kəsilim*": "fools/stupid ones", "*tə'abbədem*": "it will destroy them/it will cause them to perish" } } 33 { "verseID": "Proverbs.1.33", "source": "וְשֹׁמֵ֣עַֽ לִ֭י יִשְׁכָּן־בֶּ֑טַח וְ֝שַׁאֲנַ֗ן מִפַּ֥חַד רָעָֽה׃", "text": "*wəshome'a* *li* *yishkon*-*betaḥ* *wəsha'anan* *mippaḥad* *ra'ah*", "grammar": { "*wəshome'a*": "conjunction + qal participle, masculine singular - and one who listens", "*li*": "preposition + 1st person singular suffix - to me", "*yishkon*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - he will dwell", "*betaḥ*": "masculine singular noun - securely", "*wəsha'anan*": "conjunction + pilpel participle, masculine singular - and at ease", "*mippaḥad*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - from dread of", "*ra'ah*": "feminine singular noun - evil" }, "variants": { "*shome'a*": "one who listens/one who hears/one who obeys", "*yishkon*": "he will dwell/he will reside/he will abide", "*betaḥ*": "securely/safely/confidently", "*sha'anan*": "at ease/quiet/peaceful", "*paḥad*": "dread/fear/terror", "*ra'ah*": "evil/distress/misfortune" } }
• Prov 27:1-28:28 : 1 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.1", "source": "אַֽל־תִּ֭תְהַלֵּל בְּי֣וֹם מָחָ֑ר כִּ֤י לֹא־תֵ֝דַ֗ע מַה־יֵּ֥לֶד יֽוֹם׃", "text": "*ʾal*-*tithallēl* in-*yōm māḥār kî lōʾ*-*tēdaʿ mah*-*yēled yōm*", "grammar": { "*ʾal*": "negative particle - do not", "*tithallēl*": "hithpael imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - boast yourself", "*yōm*": "masculine singular construct - day of", "*māḥār*": "adverb - tomorrow", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*tēdaʿ*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - you know", "*mah*": "interrogative pronoun - what", "*yēled*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - will bring forth/beget", "*yōm*": "masculine singular - day" }, "variants": { "*tithallēl*": "boast yourself/praise yourself/glory", "*māḥār*": "tomorrow/in the future", "*tēdaʿ*": "know/understand/perceive", "*yēled*": "will bring forth/will beget/will birth" } } 2 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.2", "source": "יְהַלֶּלְךָ֣ זָ֣ר וְלֹא־פִ֑יךָ נָ֝כְרִ֗י וְאַל־שְׂפָתֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "*yĕhallelĕkā zār wĕlōʾ*-*pîkā nākĕrî wĕʾal*-*śĕpātêkā*", "grammar": { "*yĕhallelĕkā*": "piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - he will praise you", "*zār*": "masculine singular adjective - stranger/foreigner", "*wĕlōʾ*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*pîkā*": "masculine singular noun with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your mouth", "*nākĕrî*": "masculine singular adjective - foreigner/stranger", "*wĕʾal*": "conjunction + negative particle - and not", "*śĕpātêkā*": "feminine plural noun with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your lips" }, "variants": { "*zār*": "stranger/foreigner/another person", "*nākĕrî*": "foreigner/stranger/alien" } } 3 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.3", "source": "כֹּֽבֶד־אֶ֭בֶן וְנֵ֣טֶל הַח֑וֹל וְכַ֥עַס אֱ֝וִ֗יל כָּבֵ֥ד מִשְּׁנֵיהֶֽם׃", "text": "*kōbed*-*ʾeben wĕnēṭel haḥōl wĕkaʿas ʾĕwîl kābēd miššĕnêhem*", "grammar": { "*kōbed*": "masculine singular construct - heaviness of", "*ʾeben*": "feminine singular - stone", "*wĕnēṭel*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and weight of", "*haḥōl*": "definite article + masculine singular - the sand", "*wĕkaʿas*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and vexation/anger of", "*ʾĕwîl*": "masculine singular - fool", "*kābēd*": "adjective masculine singular - heavy", "*miššĕnêhem*": "preposition + dual noun with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - than both of them" }, "variants": { "*kōbed*": "heaviness/weight/burden", "*nēṭel*": "weight/burden/load", "*kaʿas*": "vexation/provocation/anger", "*ʾĕwîl*": "fool/stupid person/senseless one", "*kābēd*": "heavy/burdensome/weighty" } } 4 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.4", "source": "אַכְזְרִיּ֣וּת חֵ֭מָה וְשֶׁ֣טֶף אָ֑ף וּמִ֥י יַ֝עֲמֹד לִפְנֵ֥י קִנְאָֽה׃", "text": "*ʾakzĕrîyût ḥēmāh wĕšeṭep ʾāp ûmî yaʿămōd lipnê qinʾāh*", "grammar": { "*ʾakzĕrîyût*": "feminine singular construct - cruelty of", "*ḥēmāh*": "feminine singular - wrath", "*wĕšeṭep*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and flood/overflowing of", "*ʾāp*": "masculine singular - anger/nose", "*ûmî*": "conjunction + interrogative pronoun - but who", "*yaʿămōd*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - will stand", "*lipnê*": "preposition + plural construct - before", "*qinʾāh*": "feminine singular - jealousy/envy" }, "variants": { "*ʾakzĕrîyût*": "cruelty/fierceness/savagery", "*ḥēmāh*": "wrath/fury/rage", "*šeṭep*": "flood/overflow/outburst", "*ʾāp*": "anger/nose/face", "*yaʿămōd*": "stand/endure/withstand", "*qinʾāh*": "jealousy/envy/zeal" } } 5 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.5", "source": "ט֭וֹבָה תּוֹכַ֣חַת מְגֻלָּ֑ה מֵֽאַהֲבָ֥ה מְסֻתָּֽרֶת׃", "text": "*ṭôbāh tôkaḥat mĕgullāh mēʾahăbāh mĕsuttāret*", "grammar": { "*ṭôbāh*": "feminine singular adjective - good/better", "*tôkaḥat*": "feminine singular construct - rebuke/correction", "*mĕgullāh*": "pual participle feminine singular - revealed/open", "*mēʾahăbāh*": "preposition + feminine singular - than love", "*mĕsuttāret*": "pual participle feminine singular - hidden/concealed" }, "variants": { "*ṭôbāh*": "good/better/pleasant", "*tôkaḥat*": "rebuke/correction/reproof", "*mĕgullāh*": "revealed/open/manifest", "*ʾahăbāh*": "love/affection", "*mĕsuttāret*": "hidden/concealed/secret" } } 6 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.6", "source": "נֶ֭אֱמָנִים פִּצְעֵ֣י אוֹהֵ֑ב וְ֝נַעְתָּר֗וֹת נְשִׁיק֥וֹת שׂוֹנֵֽא׃", "text": "*neʾĕmānîm piṣʿê ʾôhēb wĕnaʿtārôt nĕšîqôt śônēʾ*", "grammar": { "*neʾĕmānîm*": "niphal participle masculine plural - faithful/trustworthy", "*piṣʿê*": "masculine plural construct - wounds of", "*ʾôhēb*": "qal participle masculine singular - one who loves/friend", "*wĕnaʿtārôt*": "conjunction + niphal participle feminine plural - but abundant/deceitful", "*nĕšîqôt*": "feminine plural construct - kisses of", "*śônēʾ*": "qal participle masculine singular - one who hates/enemy" }, "variants": { "*neʾĕmānîm*": "faithful/trustworthy/reliable", "*piṣʿê*": "wounds/bruises/injuries", "*ʾôhēb*": "lover/friend/one who loves", "*naʿtārôt*": "abundant/deceitful/profuse/entreated", "*nĕšîqôt*": "kisses", "*śônēʾ*": "hater/enemy/one who hates" } } 7 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.7", "source": "נֶ֣פֶשׁ שְׂ֭בֵעָה תָּב֣וּס נֹ֑פֶת וְנֶ֥פֶשׁ רְ֝עֵבָ֗ה כָּל־מַ֥ר מָתֽוֹק׃", "text": "*nepeš śĕbēʿāh tābûs nōpet wĕnepeš rĕʿēbāh kol*-*mar mātôq*", "grammar": { "*nepeš*": "feminine singular construct - soul/appetite of", "*śĕbēʿāh*": "adjective feminine singular - full/sated", "*tābûs*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular - treads down/tramples", "*nōpet*": "masculine singular - honeycomb", "*wĕnepeš*": "conjunction + feminine singular construct - but soul/appetite of", "*rĕʿēbāh*": "adjective feminine singular - hungry", "*kol*": "construct - every/all", "*mar*": "adjective masculine singular - bitter thing", "*mātôq*": "adjective masculine singular - sweet" }, "variants": { "*nepeš*": "soul/self/appetite/person", "*śĕbēʿāh*": "full/satisfied/sated", "*tābûs*": "treads down/tramples/rejects", "*nōpet*": "honeycomb/honey/dripping honey", "*rĕʿēbāh*": "hungry/famished", "*mar*": "bitter/bitterness", "*mātôq*": "sweet/pleasant" } } 8 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.8", "source": "כְּ֭צִפּוֹר נוֹדֶ֣דֶת מִן־קִנָּ֑הּ כֵּֽן־אִ֝֗ישׁ נוֹדֵ֥ד מִמְּקוֹמֽוֹ׃", "text": "*kĕṣippôr nôdedet min*-*qinnāh kēn*-*ʾîš nôdēd mimĕqômô*", "grammar": { "*kĕṣippôr*": "preposition + feminine singular - like a bird", "*nôdedet*": "qal participle feminine singular - wandering", "*min*": "preposition - from", "*qinnāh*": "masculine singular + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - its nest", "*kēn*": "adverb - so", "*ʾîš*": "masculine singular - man", "*nôdēd*": "qal participle masculine singular - wandering", "*mimĕqômô*": "preposition + masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - from his place" }, "variants": { "*ṣippôr*": "bird/sparrow", "*nôdedet*": "wandering/straying/fluttering", "*qinnāh*": "nest/home", "*ʾîš*": "man/person/husband", "*nôdēd*": "wandering/straying/vagabond", "*māqôm*": "place/home/location" } } 9 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.9", "source": "שֶׁ֣מֶן וּ֭קְטֹרֶת יְשַׂמַּֽח־לֵ֑ב וּמֶ֥תֶק רֵ֝עֵ֗הוּ מֵֽעֲצַת־נָֽפֶשׁ׃", "text": "*šemen ûqĕṭōret yĕśammaḥ*-*lēb ûmeteq rēʿēhû mēʿăṣat*-*nāpeš*", "grammar": { "*šemen*": "masculine singular - oil", "*ûqĕṭōret*": "conjunction + feminine singular - and incense/perfume", "*yĕśammaḥ*": "piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - rejoices/gladdens", "*lēb*": "masculine singular - heart", "*ûmeteq*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and sweetness of", "*rēʿēhû*": "masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his friend", "*mēʿăṣat*": "preposition + feminine singular construct - from counsel of", "*nāpeš*": "feminine singular - soul" }, "variants": { "*šemen*": "oil/ointment/fat", "*qĕṭōret*": "incense/perfume/fragrance", "*yĕśammaḥ*": "rejoices/gladdens/makes joyful", "*lēb*": "heart/mind/inner being", "*meteq*": "sweetness/pleasantness", "*rēʿa*": "friend/companion/neighbor", "*ʿēṣāh*": "counsel/advice/plan", "*nepeš*": "soul/self/heart/mind" } } 10 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.10", "source": "רֵ֥עֲךָ֨ *ורעה **וְרֵ֪עַ אָבִ֡יךָ אַֽל־תַּעֲזֹ֗ב וּבֵ֥ית אָחִ֗יךָ אַל־תָּ֭בוֹא בְּי֣וֹם אֵידֶ֑ךָ ט֥וֹב שָׁכֵ֥ן קָ֝ר֗וֹב מֵאָ֥ח רָחֽוֹק׃", "text": "*rēʿăkā wĕrēaʿ ʾābîkā ʾal*-*taʿăzōb ûbêt ʾāḥîkā ʾal*-*tābôʾ bĕyôm ʾêdekā ṭôb šākēn qārôb mēʾāḥ rāḥôq*", "grammar": { "*rēʿăkā*": "masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your friend", "*wĕrēaʿ*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and friend of", "*ʾābîkā*": "masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your father", "*ʾal*": "negative particle - do not", "*taʿăzōb*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - forsake", "*ûbêt*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and house of", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your brother", "*ʾal*": "negative particle - do not", "*tābôʾ*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - enter/go", "*bĕyôm*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - in day of", "*ʾêdekā*": "masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your calamity", "*ṭôb*": "adjective masculine singular - better", "*šākēn*": "masculine singular - neighbor", "*qārôb*": "adjective masculine singular - near", "*mēʾāḥ*": "preposition + masculine singular - than brother", "*rāḥôq*": "adjective masculine singular - far off" }, "variants": { "*rēaʿ*": "friend/companion/neighbor", "*taʿăzōb*": "forsake/abandon/leave", "*tābôʾ*": "enter/go/come", "*ʾêd*": "calamity/distress/disaster", "*šākēn*": "neighbor/inhabitant", "*qārôb*": "near/close", "*rāḥôq*": "far/distant/remote" } } 11 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.11", "source": "חֲכַ֣ם בְּ֭נִי וְשַׂמַּ֣ח לִבִּ֑י וְאָשִׁ֖יבָה חֹרְפִ֣י דָבָֽר׃", "text": "*ḥăkam bĕnî wĕśammaḥ libbî wĕʾāšîbāh ḥōrĕpî dābār*", "grammar": { "*ḥăkam*": "qal imperative masculine singular - be wise", "*bĕnî*": "masculine singular + 1st person singular suffix - my son", "*wĕśammaḥ*": "conjunction + piel imperative masculine singular - and gladden", "*libbî*": "masculine singular + 1st person singular suffix - my heart", "*wĕʾāšîbāh*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect 1st person singular cohortative - that I may answer", "*ḥōrĕpî*": "qal participle masculine singular construct + 1st person singular suffix - one who reproaches me", "*dābār*": "masculine singular - word/matter" }, "variants": { "*ḥăkam*": "be wise/act wisely/become wise", "*śammaḥ*": "gladden/make rejoice/cheer", "*lēb*": "heart/mind/inner being", "*ʾāšîbāh*": "answer/return/bring back", "*ḥōrēp*": "one who reproaches/scorner/taunter", "*dābār*": "word/thing/matter" } } 12 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.12", "source": "עָר֤וּם רָאָ֣ה רָעָ֣ה נִסְתָּ֑ר פְּ֝תָאיִ֗ם עָבְר֥וּ נֶעֱנָֽשׁוּ׃", "text": "*ʿārûm rāʾāh rāʿāh nistār pĕtāʾîm ʿābĕrû neʿĕnāšû*", "grammar": { "*ʿārûm*": "adjective masculine singular - prudent/shrewd", "*rāʾāh*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - sees", "*rāʿāh*": "feminine singular - evil/disaster", "*nistār*": "niphal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - hides himself", "*pĕtāʾîm*": "masculine plural - simple ones", "*ʿābĕrû*": "qal perfect 3rd person common plural - pass on", "*neʿĕnāšû*": "niphal perfect 3rd person common plural - are punished" }, "variants": { "*ʿārûm*": "prudent/shrewd/crafty/sensible", "*rāʾāh*": "sees/perceives/observes", "*rāʿāh*": "evil/distress/calamity/disaster", "*nistār*": "hides himself/conceals himself", "*pĕtāʾîm*": "simple ones/naive/inexperienced", "*ʿābĕrû*": "pass on/go ahead/continue", "*neʿĕnāšû*": "are punished/suffer penalty/pay the price" } } 13 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.13", "source": "קַח־בִּ֭גְדוֹ כִּי־עָ֣רַב זָ֑ר וּבְעַ֖ד נָכְרִיָּ֣ה חַבְלֵֽהוּ׃", "text": "*qaḥ*-*bigdô kî*-*ʿārab zār ûbĕʿad nākĕrîyāh ḥablēhû*", "grammar": { "*qaḥ*": "qal imperative masculine singular - take", "*bigdô*": "masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his garment", "*kî*": "conjunction - when/because", "*ʿārab*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - has become surety for", "*zār*": "adjective masculine singular - stranger", "*ûbĕʿad*": "conjunction + preposition - and for/on behalf of", "*nākĕrîyāh*": "adjective feminine singular - foreign woman", "*ḥablēhû*": "qal imperative masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - take pledge from him" }, "variants": { "*qaḥ*": "take/seize/get", "*beged*": "garment/clothing/covering", "*ʿārab*": "become surety/pledge/guarantee", "*zār*": "stranger/foreigner/another", "*nākĕrîyāh*": "foreign woman/strange woman", "*ḥabal*": "take pledge/take in pledge/hold as collateral" } } 14 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.14", "source": "מְבָ֘רֵ֤ךְ רֵעֵ֨הוּ ׀ בְּק֣וֹל גָּ֭דוֹל בַּבֹּ֣קֶר הַשְׁכֵּ֑ים קְ֝לָלָ֗ה תֵּחָ֥שֶׁב לֽוֹ׃", "text": "*mĕbārēk rēʿēhû bĕqôl gādôl babbōqer haškēm qĕlālāh tēḥāšeb lô*", "grammar": { "*mĕbārēk*": "piel participle masculine singular - blessing", "*rēʿēhû*": "masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his friend", "*bĕqôl*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - with voice", "*gādôl*": "adjective masculine singular - loud", "*babbōqer*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - in the morning", "*haškēm*": "hiphil infinitive absolute - rising early", "*qĕlālāh*": "feminine singular - curse", "*tēḥāšeb*": "niphal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular - will be counted", "*lô*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - to him" }, "variants": { "*bārak*": "bless/praise/salute", "*rēaʿ*": "friend/companion/neighbor", "*qôl*": "voice/sound", "*gādôl*": "loud/great/strong", "*bōqer*": "morning/dawn", "*hiškim*": "rising early/getting up early", "*qĕlālāh*": "curse/cursing/execration", "*ḥāšab*": "count/consider/reckon/impute" } } 15 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.15", "source": "דֶּ֣לֶף ט֭‪[t]‬וֹרֵד בְּי֣וֹם סַגְרִ֑יר וְאֵ֥שֶׁת *מדונים **מִ֝דְיָנִ֗ים נִשְׁתָּוָֽה׃", "text": "*delep ṭôrēd bĕyôm sagrîr wĕʾēšet midyānîm ništāwāh*", "grammar": { "*delep*": "masculine singular - dripping", "*ṭôrēd*": "qal participle masculine singular - continual", "*bĕyôm*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - in day of", "*sagrîr*": "masculine singular - heavy rain", "*wĕʾēšet*": "conjunction + feminine singular construct - and wife of", "*midyānîm*": "masculine plural - contentions", "*ništāwāh*": "niphal perfect 3rd person feminine singular - are alike" }, "variants": { "*delep*": "dripping/leak/dropping", "*ṭôrēd*": "continual/persistent/constant", "*sagrîr*": "heavy rain/downpour/rainstorm", "*ʾiššāh*": "woman/wife/female", "*midyānîm*": "contentions/quarrels/strife", "*ništāwāh*": "are alike/are comparable/are equal" } } 16 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.16", "source": "צֹפְנֶ֥יהָ צָֽפַן־ר֑וּחַ וְשֶׁ֖מֶן יְמִינ֣וֹ יִקְרָֽא׃", "text": "*ṣōpĕnêhā ṣāpan*-*rûaḥ wĕšemen yĕmînô yiqrāʾ*", "grammar": { "*ṣōpĕnêhā*": "qal participle masculine singular construct + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - one who hides her", "*ṣāpan*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - hides", "*rûaḥ*": "feminine singular - wind", "*wĕšemen*": "conjunction + masculine singular - and oil", "*yĕmînô*": "feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his right hand", "*yiqrāʾ*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - calls/proclaims" }, "variants": { "*ṣāpan*": "hide/restrain/store up", "*rûaḥ*": "wind/breath/spirit", "*šemen*": "oil/fat/ointment", "*yāmîn*": "right hand/right side", "*qārāʾ*": "call/call out/proclaim/encounters" } } 17 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.17", "source": "בַּרְזֶ֣ל בְּבַרְזֶ֣ל יָ֑חַד וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ יַ֣חַד פְּנֵֽי־רֵעֵֽהוּ׃", "text": "*barzel bĕbarzel yāḥad wĕʾîš yaḥad pĕnê*-*rēʿēhû*", "grammar": { "*barzel*": "masculine singular - iron", "*bĕbarzel*": "preposition + masculine singular - with iron", "*yāḥad*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - sharpens", "*wĕʾîš*": "conjunction + masculine singular - and man", "*yaḥad*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - sharpens", "*pĕnê*": "plural construct - face of", "*rēʿēhû*": "masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his friend" }, "variants": { "*barzel*": "iron/iron tool", "*yāḥad*": "sharpens/makes sharp", "*ʾîš*": "man/person", "*pānîm*": "face/presence/countenance", "*rēaʿ*": "friend/companion/neighbor" } } 18 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.18", "source": "נֹצֵ֣ר תְּ֭אֵנָה יֹאכַ֣ל פִּרְיָ֑הּ וְשֹׁמֵ֖ר אֲדֹנָ֣יו יְכֻבָּֽד׃", "text": "*nōṣēr tĕʾēnāh yōʾkal piryāh wĕšōmēr ʾădōnāyw yĕkubbād*", "grammar": { "*nōṣēr*": "qal participle masculine singular - one who keeps/tends", "*tĕʾēnāh*": "feminine singular - fig tree", "*yōʾkal*": "qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - will eat", "*piryāh*": "masculine singular + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - its fruit", "*wĕšōmēr*": "conjunction + qal participle masculine singular - and one who keeps/guards", "*ʾădōnāyw*": "masculine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his master", "*yĕkubbād*": "pual imperfect 3rd person masculine singular - will be honored" }, "variants": { "*nāṣar*": "guard/keep/protect/tend", "*tĕʾēnāh*": "fig tree", "*ʾākal*": "eat/consume/devour", "*pĕrî*": "fruit/produce/result", "*šāmar*": "keep/guard/protect/watch", "*ʾādôn*": "lord/master/owner", "*kubbad*": "be honored/be respected/be glorified" } } 19 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.19", "source": "כַּ֭מַּיִם הַפָּנִ֣ים לַפָּנִ֑ים כֵּ֤ן לֵֽב־הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לָאָדָֽם׃", "text": "*kammayim happānîm lappānîm kēn lēb*-*hāʾādām lāʾādām*", "grammar": { "*kammayim*": "preposition + definite article + masculine plural - as the waters", "*happānîm*": "definite article + masculine plural - the face", "*lappānîm*": "preposition + definite article + masculine plural - to the face", "*kēn*": "adverb - so", "*lēb*": "masculine singular construct - heart of", "*hāʾādām*": "definite article + masculine singular - the man", "*lāʾādām*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - to the man" }, "variants": { "*mayim*": "water/waters", "*pānîm*": "face/presence/countenance", "*lēb*": "heart/mind/inner being", "*ʾādām*": "man/mankind/person" } } 20 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.20", "source": "שְׁא֣וֹל *ואבדה **וַ֭אֲבַדּוֹ לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּ֑עְנָה וְעֵינֵ֥י הָ֝אָדָ֗ם לֹ֣א תִשְׂבַּֽעְנָה׃", "text": "*šĕʾôl waʾăbaddô lōʾ tiśbaʿnāh wĕʿênê hāʾādām lōʾ tiśbaʿnāh*", "grammar": { "*šĕʾôl*": "feminine singular - Sheol/underworld", "*waʾăbaddô*": "conjunction + masculine singular - and Abaddon/destruction", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*tiśbaʿnāh*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine plural - are satisfied", "*wĕʿênê*": "conjunction + feminine dual construct - and eyes of", "*hāʾādām*": "definite article + masculine singular - the man", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*tiśbaʿnāh*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine plural - are satisfied" }, "variants": { "*šĕʾôl*": "Sheol/grave/pit/underworld", "*ʾăbaddôn*": "Abaddon/destruction/place of destruction", "*śābaʿ*": "be satisfied/be full/have enough", "*ʿayin*": "eye/sight/vision", "*ʾādām*": "man/mankind/person" } } 21 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.21", "source": "מַצְרֵ֣ף לַ֭כֶּסֶף וְכ֣וּר לַזָּהָ֑ב וְ֝אִ֗ישׁ לְפִ֣י מַהֲלָלֽוֹ׃", "text": "*maṣrēp lakkesep wĕkûr lazzāhāb wĕʾîš lĕpî mahălālô*", "grammar": { "*maṣrēp*": "masculine singular - crucible/refining pot", "*lakkesep*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - for the silver", "*wĕkûr*": "conjunction + masculine singular - and furnace", "*lazzāhāb*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - for the gold", "*wĕʾîš*": "conjunction + masculine singular - and man", "*lĕpî*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - according to mouth of", "*mahălālô*": "masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his praise" }, "variants": { "*maṣrēp*": "crucible/refining pot/smelting pot", "*kesep*": "silver/money", "*kûr*": "furnace/smelting furnace", "*zāhāb*": "gold", "*ʾîš*": "man/person", "*peh*": "mouth/speech", "*mahălāl*": "praise/boasting/flattery" } } 22 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.22", "source": "אִ֥ם תִּכְתּֽוֹשׁ־אֶת־הָאֱוִ֨יל ׀ בַּֽמַּכְתֵּ֡שׁ בְּת֣וֹךְ הָ֭רִיפוֹת בַּֽעֱלִ֑י לֹא־תָס֥וּר מֵ֝עָלָ֗יו אִוַּלְתּֽוֹ׃ פ", "text": "*ʾim tiktôš*-*ʾet*-*hāʾĕwîl bamaktēš bĕtôk hārîpôt baʿĕlî lōʾ*-*tāsûr mēʿālāyw ʾiwwaltô*", "grammar": { "*ʾim*": "conjunction - if", "*tiktôš*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - you pound", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*hāʾĕwîl*": "definite article + masculine singular - the fool", "*bamaktēš*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - in the mortar", "*bĕtôk*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - in the midst of", "*hārîpôt*": "definite article + feminine plural - the grain", "*baʿĕlî*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular - with the pestle", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*tāsûr*": "qal imperfect 3rd person feminine singular - will depart", "*mēʿālāyw*": "preposition + preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - from upon him", "*ʾiwwaltô*": "feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his foolishness" }, "variants": { "*kātaš*": "pound/crush/beat", "*ʾĕwîl*": "fool/foolish person", "*maktēš*": "mortar/grinding bowl", "*tāwek*": "midst/middle", "*rîpôt*": "grain/crushed grain/groats", "*ʿĕlî*": "pestle/club", "*sûr*": "turn aside/depart/be removed", "*ʾiwwelet*": "foolishness/folly" } } 23 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.23", "source": "יָדֹ֣עַ תֵּ֭דַע פְּנֵ֣י צֹאנֶ֑ךָ שִׁ֥ית לִ֝בְּךָ֗ לַעֲדָרִֽים׃", "text": "*yādōaʿ tēdaʿ pĕnê ṣōʾnekā šît libbĕkā laʿădārîm*", "grammar": { "*yādōaʿ*": "qal infinitive absolute - knowing", "*tēdaʿ*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - know", "*pĕnê*": "masculine plural construct - face/condition of", "*ṣōʾnekā*": "feminine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your flock", "*šît*": "qal imperative masculine singular - set/place", "*libbĕkā*": "masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*laʿădārîm*": "preposition + definite article + masculine plural - to the herds" }, "variants": { "*yādaʿ*": "know/understand/perceive", "*pānîm*": "face/appearance/condition", "*ṣōʾn*": "flock/sheep", "*šît*": "set/place/put", "*lēb*": "heart/mind/attention", "*ʿēder*": "flock/herd" } } 24 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.24", "source": "כִּ֤י לֹ֣א לְעוֹלָ֣ם חֹ֑סֶן וְאִם־נֵ֝֗זֶר לְד֣וֹר *דור **וָדֽוֹר׃", "text": "*kî lōʾ lĕʿôlām ḥōsen wĕʾim*-*nēzer lĕdôr wādôr*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*lĕʿôlām*": "preposition + masculine singular - forever", "*ḥōsen*": "masculine singular - wealth/riches", "*wĕʾim*": "conjunction + conjunction - and if", "*nēzer*": "masculine singular - crown", "*lĕdôr*": "preposition + masculine singular - to generation", "*wādôr*": "conjunction + masculine singular - and generation" }, "variants": { "*ʿôlām*": "forever/eternity/perpetuity", "*ḥōsen*": "wealth/riches/abundance/treasure", "*nēzer*": "crown/diadem/separation", "*dôr*": "generation/age/period" } } 25 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.25", "source": "גָּלָ֣ה חָ֭צִיר וְנִרְאָה־דֶ֑שֶׁא וְ֝נֶאֶסְפ֗וּ עִשְּׂב֥וֹת הָרִֽים׃", "text": "*gālāh ḥāṣîr wĕnirʾāh*-*dešeʾ wĕneʾespû ʿiśśĕbôt hārîm*", "grammar": { "*gālāh*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - reveals/appears", "*ḥāṣîr*": "masculine singular - grass/hay", "*wĕnirʾāh*": "conjunction + niphal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - and appears", "*dešeʾ*": "masculine singular - tender grass", "*wĕneʾespû*": "conjunction + niphal perfect 3rd person common plural - and are gathered", "*ʿiśśĕbôt*": "feminine plural construct - herbs of", "*hārîm*": "definite article + masculine plural - the mountains" }, "variants": { "*gālāh*": "reveal/appear/remove", "*ḥāṣîr*": "grass/hay/herb", "*nirʾāh*": "appear/become visible/be seen", "*dešeʾ*": "tender grass/vegetation/green plant", "*neʾesap*": "be gathered/be collected/be harvested", "*ʿēśeb*": "herb/plant/vegetation", "*har*": "mountain/hill" } } 26 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.26", "source": "כְּבָשִׂ֥ים לִלְבוּשֶׁ֑ךָ וּמְחִ֥יר שָׂ֝דֶ֗ה עַתּוּדִֽים׃", "text": "*kĕbāśîm lilbûšekā ûmĕḥîr śādeh ʿattûdîm*", "grammar": { "*kĕbāśîm*": "masculine plural - lambs", "*lilbûšekā*": "preposition + masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - for your clothing", "*ûmĕḥîr*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and price of", "*śādeh*": "masculine singular - field", "*ʿattûdîm*": "masculine plural - he-goats" }, "variants": { "*kebeś*": "lamb/sheep", "*lĕbûš*": "clothing/garment/attire", "*mĕḥîr*": "price/worth/value", "*śādeh*": "field/land/countryside", "*ʿattûd*": "he-goat/male goat/leader" } } 27 { "verseID": "Proverbs.27.27", "source": "וְדֵ֤י ׀ חֲלֵ֬ב עִזִּ֗ים לְֽ֭לַחְמְךָ לְלֶ֣חֶם בֵּיתֶ֑ךָ וְ֝חַיִּ֗ים לְנַעֲרוֹתֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "*wĕdê ḥălēb ʿizzîm lĕlaḥmĕkā lĕleḥem bêtekā wĕḥayyîm lĕnaʿărôtêkā*", "grammar": { "*wĕdê*": "conjunction + construct - and enough of", "*ḥălēb*": "masculine singular construct - milk of", "*ʿizzîm*": "feminine plural - goats", "*lĕlaḥmĕkā*": "preposition + masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - for your food", "*lĕleḥem*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - for food of", "*bêtekā*": "masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your household", "*wĕḥayyîm*": "conjunction + masculine plural - and maintenance/life", "*lĕnaʿărôtêkā*": "preposition + feminine plural + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - for your maidens/servant girls" }, "variants": { "*day*": "enough/sufficient/abundance", "*ḥālāb*": "milk", "*ʿēz*": "goat/female goat", "*leḥem*": "food/bread/nourishment", "*bayit*": "house/household/family", "*ḥayyîm*": "life/maintenance/livelihood/sustenance", "*naʿărāh*": "girl/maiden/female servant" } } 1 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.1", "source": "נָ֣סוּ וְאֵין־רֹדֵ֣ף רָשָׁ֑ע וְ֝צַדִּיקִ֗ים כִּכְפִ֥יר יִבְטָֽח׃", "text": "*nāsû* *wə-'ên*-*rōdēp̄* *rāšāʿ* *wə-ṣaddîqîm* *kikp̄îr* *yiḇṭāḥ*", "grammar": { "*nāsû*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person plural - flee/fled", "*wə-'ên*": "conjunction + particle of negation - and there is no", "*rōdēp̄*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - pursuer/one pursuing", "*rāšāʿ*": "adjective/noun, masculine singular - wicked/evil person", "*wə-ṣaddîqîm*": "conjunction + noun, masculine plural - and righteous ones", "*kikp̄îr*": "preposition *kə* + noun, masculine singular - like a young lion", "*yiḇṭāḥ*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - is confident/trusts" }, "variants": { "*nāsû*": "they flee/they have fled", "*rāšāʿ*": "wicked person/evil one/guilty one", "*ṣaddîqîm*": "righteous ones/those who are just", "*kikp̄îr*": "like a young lion/as a lion", "*yiḇṭāḥ*": "is confident/trusts/feels secure" } } 2 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.2", "source": "בְּפֶ֣שַֽׁע אֶ֭רֶץ רַבִּ֣ים שָׂרֶ֑יהָ וּבְאָדָ֥ם מֵבִ֥ין יֹ֝דֵ֗עַ כֵּ֣ן יַאֲרִֽיךְ׃", "text": "*bəp̄ešaʿ* *'ereṣ* *rabbîm* *śārêhā* *û-ḇə'āḏām* *mēḇîn* *yōḏēaʿ* *kēn* *ya'ărîḵ*", "grammar": { "*bəp̄ešaʿ*": "preposition *bə* + noun, masculine singular - in/by transgression", "*'ereṣ*": "noun, feminine singular - land/earth/country", "*rabbîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - many", "*śārêhā*": "noun, masculine plural + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - its princes/officials", "*û-ḇə'āḏām*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, masculine singular - and with/by a man", "*mēḇîn*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - understanding/discerning", "*yōḏēaʿ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - knowing", "*kēn*": "adverb - so/thus/right", "*ya'ărîḵ*": "Hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will prolong/extend" }, "variants": { "*pešaʿ*": "transgression/rebellion/sin", "*'ereṣ*": "land/country/earth", "*rabbîm*": "many/numerous", "*śārêhā*": "its princes/its rulers/its officials", "*mēḇîn*": "understanding/discerning/having insight", "*yōḏēaʿ*": "knowing/having knowledge", "*kēn*": "so/thus/right", "*ya'ărîḵ*": "will prolong/will extend/will continue" } } 3 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.3", "source": "גּ‪[t]‬בֶר רָ֭שׁ וְעֹשֵׁ֣ק דַּלִּ֑ים מָטָ֥ר סֹ֝חֵ֗ף וְאֵ֣ין לָֽחֶם׃", "text": "*geḇer* *rāš* *wə-ʿōšēq* *dallîm* *māṭār* *sōḥēp̄* *wə-'ên* *lāḥem*", "grammar": { "*geḇer*": "noun, masculine singular - man/strong man", "*rāš*": "adjective, masculine singular - poor/impoverished", "*wə-ʿōšēq*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - and oppressing", "*dallîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - poor/weak ones", "*māṭār*": "noun, masculine singular - rain", "*sōḥēp̄*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - sweeping away/flooding", "*wə-'ên*": "conjunction + particle of negation - and there is no", "*lāḥem*": "noun, masculine singular - bread/food" }, "variants": { "*geḇer*": "man/strong man/mighty one", "*rāš*": "poor/impoverished/needy", "*ʿōšēq*": "oppressing/exploiting", "*dallîm*": "poor ones/weak ones/needy ones", "*māṭār*": "rain/downpour", "*sōḥēp̄*": "sweeping away/flooding/driving", "*lāḥem*": "bread/food/sustenance" } } 4 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.4", "source": "עֹזְבֵ֣י ת֭וֹרָה יְהַֽלְל֣וּ רָשָׁ֑ע וְשֹׁמְרֵ֥י ת֝וֹרָ֗ה יִתְגָּ֥רוּ בָֽם׃", "text": "*ʿōzḇê* *tôrāh* *yəhaləlû* *rāšāʿ* *wə-šōmərê* *tôrāh* *yiṯgārû* *ḇām*", "grammar": { "*ʿōzḇê*": "Qal participle, masculine plural construct - those forsaking/abandoning", "*tôrāh*": "noun, feminine singular - law/teaching/instruction", "*yəhaləlû*": "Piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they praise", "*rāšāʿ*": "adjective/noun, masculine singular - wicked/evil person", "*wə-šōmərê*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine plural construct - and those keeping/observing", "*tôrāh*": "noun, feminine singular - law/teaching/instruction", "*yiṯgārû*": "Hithpael imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they contend/struggle", "*ḇām*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - against them" }, "variants": { "*ʿōzḇê*": "those forsaking/those abandoning/those leaving", "*tôrāh*": "law/teaching/instruction", "*yəhaləlû*": "they praise/they commend", "*rāšāʿ*": "wicked person/evil one/guilty one", "*šōmərê*": "those keeping/those observing/those guarding", "*yiṯgārû*": "they contend with/they struggle against/they engage in conflict" } } 5 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.5", "source": "אַנְשֵׁי־רָ֭ע לֹא־יָבִ֣ינוּ מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וּמְבַקְשֵׁ֥י יְ֝הוָ֗ה יָבִ֥ינוּ כֹֽל׃", "text": "*'anšê*-*rāʿ* *lō'*-*yāḇînû* *mišpāṭ* *û-məḇaqšê* *YHWH* *yāḇînû* *ḵōl*", "grammar": { "*'anšê*-*rāʿ*": "noun, masculine plural construct + noun, masculine singular - men of evil", "*lō'*-*yāḇînû*": "negative particle + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they do not understand", "*mišpāṭ*": "noun, masculine singular - justice/judgment", "*û-məḇaqšê*": "conjunction + Piel participle, masculine plural construct - and those seeking", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD/Yahweh", "*yāḇînû*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they understand", "*ḵōl*": "noun, masculine singular - all/everything" }, "variants": { "*'anšê*-*rāʿ*": "evil men/wicked men", "*yāḇînû*": "they understand/they comprehend/they discern", "*mišpāṭ*": "justice/judgment/what is right", "*məḇaqšê*": "those seeking/those searching for", "*ḵōl*": "all/everything/completely" } } 6 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.6", "source": "טֽוֹב־רָ֭שׁ הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּתֻמּ֑וֹ מֵעִקֵּ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם וְה֣וּא עָשִֽׁיר׃", "text": "*ṭôḇ*-*rāš* *hôlēḵ* *bəṯummô* *mē'iqqēš* *dərāḵayim* *wəhû'* *'āšîr*", "grammar": { "*ṭôḇ*-*rāš*": "adjective, masculine singular + adjective, masculine singular - better is a poor man", "*hôlēḵ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - walking", "*bəṯummô*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his integrity", "*mē'iqqēš*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - than a perverse one", "*dərāḵayim*": "noun, feminine dual - ways/paths", "*wəhû'*": "conjunction + pronoun, 3rd person masculine singular - though he", "*'āšîr*": "adjective, masculine singular - rich" }, "variants": { "*ṭôḇ*": "better/good", "*rāš*": "poor man/poor person/impoverished one", "*hôlēḵ*": "walking/going/proceeding", "*bəṯummô*": "in his integrity/in his completeness/in his blamelessness", "*'iqqēš*": "perverse one/crooked one/twisted one", "*dərāḵayim*": "ways/paths/roads", "*'āšîr*": "rich/wealthy" } } 7 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.7", "source": "נוֹצֵ֣ר תּ֭וֹרָה בֵּ֣ן מֵבִ֑ין וְרֹעֶ֥‪[t]‬ה זֽ֝וֹלְלִ֗ים יַכְלִ֥ים אָבִֽיו׃", "text": "*nôṣēr* *tôrāh* *bēn* *mēḇîn* *wərō'eh* *zôləlîm* *yaḵlîm* *'āḇîw*", "grammar": { "*nôṣēr*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - keeping/guarding", "*tôrāh*": "noun, feminine singular - law/teaching/instruction", "*bēn*": "noun, masculine singular - son", "*mēḇîn*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - understanding/discerning", "*wərō'eh*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - and one shepherding/associating with", "*zôləlîm*": "Qal participle, masculine plural - gluttons/wasteful ones", "*yaḵlîm*": "Hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he disgraces/shames", "*'āḇîw*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his father" }, "variants": { "*nôṣēr*": "one keeping/one guarding/one observing", "*tôrāh*": "law/teaching/instruction", "*bēn*": "son/child", "*mēḇîn*": "understanding/discerning/wise", "*rō'eh*": "companion of/associate of/friend of", "*zôləlîm*": "gluttons/wasteful ones/profligate ones", "*yaḵlîm*": "disgraces/shames/humiliates" } } 8 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.8", "source": "מַרְבֶּ֣ה ה֭וֹנוֹ בְּנֶ֣שֶׁךְ *ובתרבית **וְתַרְבִּ֑ית לְחוֹנֵ֖ן דַּלִּ֣ים יִקְבְּצֶֽנּוּ׃", "text": "*marbeh* *hônô* *bənešeḵ* *wəṯarbîṯ* *ləḥônēn* *dallîm* *yiqbəṣennû*", "grammar": { "*marbeh*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - one increasing", "*hônô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his wealth", "*bənešeḵ*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - by interest/usury", "*wəṯarbîṯ*": "conjunction + noun, feminine singular - and increase/profit", "*ləḥônēn*": "preposition + Qal participle, masculine singular - for one being gracious to", "*dallîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - poor ones/weak ones", "*yiqbəṣennû*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - he gathers it" }, "variants": { "*marbeh*": "one increasing/one multiplying", "*hônô*": "his wealth/his substance/his riches", "*nešeḵ*": "interest/usury", "*tarbîṯ*": "increase/profit/unjust gain", "*ḥônēn*": "one being gracious to/one showing favor to", "*dallîm*": "poor ones/weak ones/needy ones", "*yiqbəṣennû*": "gathers it/collects it/accumulates it" } } 9 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.9", "source": "מֵסִ֣יר אָ֭זְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹ֣עַ תּוֹרָ֑ה גַּ֥ם תְּ֝פִלָּת֗וֹ תּוֹעֵבָֽה׃", "text": "*mēsîr* *'āznô* *miššəmōaʿ* *tôrāh* *gam* *təp̄illāṯô* *tô'ēḇāh*", "grammar": { "*mēsîr*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - turning aside", "*'āznô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his ear", "*miššəmōaʿ*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - from hearing/listening to", "*tôrāh*": "noun, feminine singular - law/teaching/instruction", "*gam*": "particle - even/also", "*təp̄illāṯô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his prayer", "*tô'ēḇāh*": "noun, feminine singular - abomination/detestable thing" }, "variants": { "*mēsîr*": "one turning aside/one removing", "*miššəmōaʿ*": "from hearing/from listening to/from obeying", "*tôrāh*": "law/teaching/instruction", "*gam*": "even/also/moreover", "*təp̄illāṯô*": "his prayer/his petition", "*tô'ēḇāh*": "abomination/detestable thing/disgusting thing" } } 10 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.10", "source": "מַשְׁגֶּ֤ה יְשָׁרִ֨ים ׀ בְּדֶ֥רֶךְ רָ֗ע בִּשְׁחוּת֥וֹ הֽוּא־יִפּ֑וֹל וּ֝תְמִימִ֗ים יִנְחֲלוּ־טֽוֹב׃", "text": "*mašgeh* *yəšārîm* *bədereḵ* *rāʿ* *bišḥûṯô* *hû'*-*yippôl* *ûṯəmîmîm* *yinḥălû*-*ṭôḇ*", "grammar": { "*mašgeh*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - leading astray", "*yəšārîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - upright ones", "*bədereḵ*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - in a way/path", "*rāʿ*": "adjective, masculine singular - evil/bad", "*bišḥûṯô*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his own pit", "*hû'*-*yippôl*": "pronoun, 3rd person masculine singular + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will fall", "*ûṯəmîmîm*": "conjunction + adjective, masculine plural - and blameless ones", "*yinḥălû*-*ṭôḇ*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural + noun, masculine singular - they will inherit good" }, "variants": { "*mašgeh*": "one leading astray/one causing to err", "*yəšārîm*": "upright ones/straight ones/righteous ones", "*dereḵ*": "way/path/road", "*rāʿ*": "evil/bad/wicked", "*šəḥûṯô*": "his pit/his trap/his destruction", "*yippôl*": "will fall/will drop", "*təmîmîm*": "blameless ones/complete ones/perfect ones", "*yinḥălû*": "will inherit/will possess", "*ṭôḇ*": "good/goodness/prosperity" } } 11 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.11", "source": "חָכָ֣ם בְּ֭עֵינָיו אִ֣ישׁ עָשִׁ֑יר וְדַ֖ל מֵבִ֣ין יַחְקְרֶֽנּוּ׃", "text": "*ḥāḵām* *bə'ênāyw* *'îš* *'āšîr* *wədal* *mēḇîn* *yaḥqərennû*", "grammar": { "*ḥāḵām*": "adjective, masculine singular - wise", "*bə'ênāyw*": "preposition + noun, feminine dual + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his own eyes", "*'îš*": "noun, masculine singular - man", "*'āšîr*": "adjective, masculine singular - rich", "*wədal*": "conjunction + adjective, masculine singular - but a poor man", "*mēḇîn*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - understanding/discerning", "*yaḥqərennû*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - searches him out" }, "variants": { "*ḥāḵām*": "wise/skilful", "*bə'ênāyw*": "in his own eyes/in his own sight", "*'îš*": "man/person", "*'āšîr*": "rich/wealthy", "*dal*": "poor/low/weak", "*mēḇîn*": "understanding/discerning/having insight", "*yaḥqərennû*": "searches him out/examines him/investigates him" } } 12 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.12", "source": "בַּעֲלֹ֣ץ צַ֭דִּיקִים רַבָּ֣ה תִפְאָ֑רֶת וּבְק֥וּם רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יְחֻפַּ֥שׂ אָדָֽם׃", "text": "*ba'ălōṣ* *ṣaddîqîm* *rabbāh* *ṯip̄'āreṯ* *ûḇəqûm* *rəšā'îm* *yəḥuppāś* *'āḏām*", "grammar": { "*ba'ălōṣ*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - when rejoice", "*ṣaddîqîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - righteous ones", "*rabbāh*": "adjective, feminine singular - great/much", "*ṯip̄'āreṯ*": "noun, feminine singular - glory/beauty/splendor", "*ûḇəqûm*": "conjunction + preposition + Qal infinitive construct - and when rise", "*rəšā'îm*": "adjective, masculine plural - wicked ones", "*yəḥuppāś*": "Pual imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - is searched for/is hidden", "*'āḏām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/mankind" }, "variants": { "*ba'ălōṣ*": "when rejoice/when exult/when triumph", "*ṣaddîqîm*": "righteous ones/just ones", "*rabbāh*": "great/much/abundant", "*ṯip̄'āreṯ*": "glory/beauty/splendor", "*ûḇəqûm*": "and when rise/and when stand", "*rəšā'îm*": "wicked ones/evil ones", "*yəḥuppāś*": "is searched for/is hidden/must hide himself", "*'āḏām*": "man/person/people" } } 13 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.13", "source": "מְכַסֶּ֣ה פְ֭שָׁעָיו לֹ֣א יַצְלִ֑יחַ וּמוֹדֶ֖ה וְעֹזֵ֣ב יְרֻחָֽם׃", "text": "*məḵasseh* *p̄əšā'āyw* *lō'* *yaṣlîaḥ* *ûmôḏeh* *wə'ōzēḇ* *yəruḥām*", "grammar": { "*məḵasseh*": "Piel participle, masculine singular - covering/concealing", "*p̄əšā'āyw*": "noun, masculine plural + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his transgressions", "*lō'*": "negative particle - not", "*yaṣlîaḥ*": "Hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will prosper", "*ûmôḏeh*": "conjunction + Hiphil participle, masculine singular - but one confessing", "*wə'ōzēḇ*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - and forsaking", "*yəruḥām*": "Pual imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will be shown mercy" }, "variants": { "*məḵasseh*": "covering/concealing/hiding", "*p̄əšā'āyw*": "his transgressions/his sins/his rebellions", "*yaṣlîaḥ*": "prospers/succeeds", "*môḏeh*": "confessing/acknowledging", "*'ōzēḇ*": "forsaking/abandoning/leaving", "*yəruḥām*": "will be shown mercy/will receive compassion" } } 14 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.14", "source": "אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד וּמַקְשֶׁ֥ה לִ֝בּ֗וֹ יִפּ֥וֹל בְּרָעָֽה׃", "text": "*'ašrê* *'āḏām* *məp̄aḥēḏ* *tāmîḏ* *ûmaqšeh* *libbô* *yippôl* *bərā'āh*", "grammar": { "*'ašrê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - blessed/happy", "*'āḏām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/person", "*məp̄aḥēḏ*": "Piel participle, masculine singular - fearing", "*tāmîḏ*": "adverb - continually/always", "*ûmaqšeh*": "conjunction + Hiphil participle, masculine singular - but one hardening", "*libbô*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his heart", "*yippôl*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will fall", "*bərā'āh*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - into evil/calamity" }, "variants": { "*'ašrê*": "blessed/happy/fortunate", "*'āḏām*": "man/person", "*məp̄aḥēḏ*": "fearing/dreading/being in awe", "*tāmîḏ*": "continually/always/constantly", "*maqšeh*": "hardening/making stubborn", "*libbô*": "his heart/his mind", "*yippôl*": "will fall/will collapse", "*rā'āh*": "evil/distress/calamity" } } 15 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.15", "source": "אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל׃", "text": "*'ărî*-*nōhēm* *wəḏōḇ* *šôqēq* *mōšēl* *rāšāʿ* *'al* *'am*-*dāl*", "grammar": { "*'ărî*-*nōhēm*": "noun, masculine singular + Qal participle, masculine singular - lion roaring", "*wəḏōḇ*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular - and a bear", "*šôqēq*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - charging/rushing", "*mōšēl*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - ruling", "*rāšāʿ*": "adjective, masculine singular - wicked", "*'al*": "preposition - over", "*'am*-*dāl*": "noun, masculine singular + adjective, masculine singular - poor people" }, "variants": { "*'ărî*": "lion", "*nōhēm*": "roaring/growling", "*dōḇ*": "bear", "*šôqēq*": "charging/rushing/running", "*mōšēl*": "ruler/one ruling", "*rāšāʿ*": "wicked/evil", "*'am*": "people/nation", "*dāl*": "poor/weak/lowly" } } 16 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.16", "source": "נָגִ֗יד חֲסַ֣ר תְּ֭בוּנוֹת וְרַ֥ב מַעֲשַׁקּ֑וֹת *שנאי **שֹׂ֥נֵא בֶ֝֗צַע יַאֲרִ֥יךְ יָמִֽים׃", "text": "*nāḡîḏ* *ḥăsar* *təḇûnôṯ* *wəraḇ* *ma'ăšaqqôṯ* *śōnē'* *ḇeṣa'* *ya'ărîḵ* *yāmîm*", "grammar": { "*nāḡîḏ*": "noun, masculine singular - ruler/leader", "*ḥăsar*": "adjective, masculine singular construct - lacking", "*təḇûnôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural - understanding/insights", "*wəraḇ*": "conjunction + adjective, masculine singular construct - and abundant in", "*ma'ăšaqqôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural - oppressions/extortions", "*śōnē'*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - hating/one who hates", "*ḇeṣa'*": "noun, masculine singular - unjust gain/profit", "*ya'ărîḵ*": "Hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will prolong", "*yāmîm*": "noun, masculine plural - days" }, "variants": { "*nāḡîḏ*": "ruler/leader/prince", "*ḥăsar*": "lacking/devoid of/without", "*təḇûnôṯ*": "understanding/insight/intelligence", "*raḇ*": "abundant in/great in/many in", "*ma'ăšaqqôṯ*": "oppressions/extortions/acts of extortion", "*śōnē'*": "hating/one who hates/detesting", "*ḇeṣa'*": "unjust gain/profit/dishonest gain", "*ya'ărîḵ*": "will prolong/will extend", "*yāmîm*": "days/lifetime" } } 17 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.17", "source": "אָ֭דָם עָשֻׁ֣ק בְּדַם־נָפֶשׁ‪[c]‬ עַד־בּ֥וֹר יָ֝נ֗וּס אַל־יִתְמְכוּ־בֽוֹ׃", "text": "*'āḏām* *'āšuq* *bəḏam*-*nāp̄eš* *'aḏ*-*bôr* *yānûs* *'al*-*yiṯməḵû*-*ḇô*", "grammar": { "*'āḏām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/person", "*'āšuq*": "Qal passive participle, masculine singular - oppressed/burdened", "*bəḏam*-*nāp̄eš*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct + noun, feminine singular - by blood of a life", "*'aḏ*-*bôr*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - to the pit", "*yānûs*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will flee", "*'al*-*yiṯməḵû*-*ḇô*": "negative particle + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural + preposition + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - let them not support him" }, "variants": { "*'āḏām*": "man/person/human", "*'āšuq*": "oppressed/burdened/guilty", "*dam*": "blood/bloodshed/bloodguilt", "*nāp̄eš*": "life/person/soul", "*bôr*": "pit/grave/cistern", "*yānûs*": "will flee/will run", "*yiṯməḵû*": "support/uphold/grasp" } } 18 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.18", "source": "הוֹלֵ֣ךְ תָּ֭מִים יִוָּשֵׁ֑עַ וְנֶעְקַ֥שׁ דְּ֝רָכַ֗יִם יִפּ֥וֹל בְּאֶחָֽת׃", "text": "*hôlēḵ* *tāmîm* *yiwwāšēa'* *wəne'qaš* *dərāḵayim* *yippôl* *bə'eḥāṯ*", "grammar": { "*hôlēḵ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - walking", "*tāmîm*": "adjective, masculine singular - blamelessly/with integrity", "*yiwwāšēa'*": "Niphal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will be saved", "*wəne'qaš*": "conjunction + Niphal participle, masculine singular - but one who is perverse/crooked", "*dərāḵayim*": "noun, feminine dual - in ways", "*yippôl*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will fall", "*bə'eḥāṯ*": "preposition + numeral, feminine singular - in one [of them]/suddenly" }, "variants": { "*hôlēḵ*": "walking/going", "*tāmîm*": "blamelessly/with integrity/completely", "*yiwwāšēa'*": "will be saved/will be delivered/will be rescued", "*ne'qaš*": "perverse/crooked/twisted", "*dərāḵayim*": "ways/paths", "*yippôl*": "will fall/will stumble", "*bə'eḥāṯ*": "in one [of them]/suddenly/at once" } } 19 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.19", "source": "עֹבֵ֣ד אַ֭דְמָתוֹ יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־לָ֑חֶם וּמְרַדֵּ֥ף רֵ֝קִ֗ים יִֽשְׂבַּֽע־רִֽישׁ׃", "text": "*'ōḇēḏ* *'aḏmāṯô* *yiśba'*-*lāḥem* *ûməradēp̄* *rēqîm* *yiśba'*-*rîš*", "grammar": { "*'ōḇēḏ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - working/tilling", "*'aḏmāṯô*": "noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his land/ground", "*yiśba'*-*lāḥem*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + noun, masculine singular - will be satisfied with bread", "*ûməradēp̄*": "conjunction + Piel participle, masculine singular - but one pursuing", "*rēqîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - empty/worthless things", "*yiśba'*-*rîš*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + noun, masculine singular - will be filled with poverty" }, "variants": { "*'ōḇēḏ*": "working/tilling/cultivating", "*'aḏmāṯô*": "his land/his ground/his soil", "*yiśba'*": "will be satisfied/will be filled", "*lāḥem*": "bread/food", "*məradēp̄*": "pursuing/chasing after", "*rēqîm*": "empty things/worthless things/vain pursuits", "*rîš*": "poverty/need/lack" } } 20 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.20", "source": "אִ֣ישׁ אֱ֭מוּנוֹת רַב־בְּרָכ֑וֹת וְאָ֥ץ לְ֝הַעֲשִׁ֗יר לֹ֣א יִנָּקֶֽה׃", "text": "*'îš* *'ĕmûnôṯ* *raḇ*-*bərāḵôṯ* *wə'āṣ* *ləha'ăšîr* *lō'* *yinnāqeh*", "grammar": { "*'îš*": "noun, masculine singular - man", "*'ĕmûnôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural - faithfulness/trusts", "*raḇ*-*bərāḵôṯ*": "adjective, masculine singular construct + noun, feminine plural - abundant in blessings", "*wə'āṣ*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - but one hastening", "*ləha'ăšîr*": "preposition + Hiphil infinitive construct - to be rich", "*lō'*": "negative particle - not", "*yinnāqeh*": "Niphal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will be innocent/go unpunished" }, "variants": { "*'îš*": "man/person", "*'ĕmûnôṯ*": "faithfulness/trustworthiness/reliability", "*raḇ*": "abundant in/great in/many", "*bərāḵôṯ*": "blessings/benefits", "*'āṣ*": "hastening/hurrying", "*ləha'ăšîr*": "to be rich/to gain wealth", "*yinnāqeh*": "will go unpunished/will be held guiltless" } } 21 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.21", "source": "הַֽכֵּר־פָּנִ֥ים לֹא־ט֑וֹב וְעַל־פַּת־לֶ֝֗חֶם יִפְשַׁע־גָּֽבֶר׃", "text": "*hakkēr*-*pānîm* *lō'*-*ṭôḇ* *wə'al*-*paṯ*-*leḥem* *yip̄ša'*-*gāḇer*", "grammar": { "*hakkēr*-*pānîm*": "Hiphil infinitive construct + noun, masculine plural - to show partiality/recognize faces", "*lō'*-*ṭôḇ*": "negative particle + adjective, masculine singular - not good", "*wə'al*-*paṯ*-*leḥem*": "conjunction + preposition + noun, feminine singular construct + noun, masculine singular - and for a piece of bread", "*yip̄ša'*-*gāḇer*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + noun, masculine singular - a man will transgress" }, "variants": { "*hakkēr*-*pānîm*": "showing partiality/favoritism/respect of persons", "*ṭôḇ*": "good/right", "*paṯ*": "piece/morsel/bit", "*leḥem*": "bread/food", "*yip̄ša'*": "will transgress/will rebel", "*gāḇer*": "man/strong man" } } 22 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.22", "source": "נִֽבֳהָֽ‪[m]‬ל לַה֗וֹן אִ֭ישׁ רַ֣ע עָ֑יִן וְלֹֽא־יֵ֝דַע כִּי־חֶ֥סֶר יְבֹאֶֽנּוּ׃", "text": "*niḇŏhāl* *lahôn* *'îš* *ra'* *'āyin* *wəlō'*-*yēḏa'* *kî*-*ḥeser* *yəḇō'ennû*", "grammar": { "*niḇŏhāl*": "Niphal participle, masculine singular - hastening/being anxious", "*lahôn*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - for wealth", "*'îš*": "noun, masculine singular - man", "*ra'*": "adjective, masculine singular construct - evil of", "*'āyin*": "noun, feminine singular - eye", "*wəlō'*-*yēḏa'*": "conjunction + negative particle + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and does not know", "*kî*-*ḥeser*": "conjunction + noun, masculine singular - that poverty", "*yəḇō'ennû*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - will come upon him" }, "variants": { "*niḇŏhāl*": "hastening/anxious/troubled", "*hôn*": "wealth/riches/substance", "*'îš*": "man/person", "*ra'* *'āyin*": "evil of eye/having evil eye/envious", "*yēḏa'*": "knows/understands/perceives", "*ḥeser*": "poverty/want/lack", "*yəḇō'ennû*": "will come upon him/will overtake him" } } 23 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.23", "source": "מ֘וֹכִ֤יחַ אָדָ֣ם אַ֭חֲרַי חֵ֣ן יִמְצָ֑א מִֽמַּחֲלִ֥יק לָשֽׁוֹן׃", "text": "*môḵîaḥ* *'āḏām* *'aḥăray* *ḥēn* *yimṣā'* *mimmaḥălîq* *lāšôn*", "grammar": { "*môḵîaḥ*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - reproving/rebuking", "*'āḏām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/person", "*'aḥăray*": "preposition + 1st person singular suffix - after me", "*ḥēn*": "noun, masculine singular - favor/grace", "*yimṣā'*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will find", "*mimmaḥălîq*": "preposition + Hiphil participle, masculine singular - than one flattering", "*lāšôn*": "noun, feminine singular - tongue" }, "variants": { "*môḵîaḥ*": "reproving/rebuking/correcting", "*'āḏām*": "man/person", "*'aḥăray*": "afterward/in the end", "*ḥēn*": "favor/grace/approval", "*yimṣā'*": "will find/will obtain", "*maḥălîq*": "flattering/smooth-talking", "*lāšôn*": "tongue/language/speech" } } 24 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.24", "source": "גּוֹזֵ֤ל ׀ אָ֘בִ֤יו וְאִמּ֗וֹ וְאֹמֵ֥ר אֵֽין־פָּ֑שַׁע חָבֵ֥ר ה֝֗וּא לְאִ֣ישׁ מַשְׁחִֽית׃", "text": "*gôzēl* *'āḇîw* *wə'immô* *wə'ōmēr* *'ên*-*pāša'* *ḥāḇēr* *hû'* *lə'îš* *mašḥîṯ*", "grammar": { "*gôzēl*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - robbing", "*'āḇîw*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his father", "*wə'immô*": "conjunction + noun, feminine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - and his mother", "*wə'ōmēr*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - and says", "*'ên*-*pāša'*": "particle of negation + noun, masculine singular - there is no transgression", "*ḥāḇēr*": "noun, masculine singular - companion", "*hû'*": "pronoun, 3rd person masculine singular - he", "*lə'îš*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - to a man", "*mašḥîṯ*": "Hiphil participle, masculine singular - destroying" }, "variants": { "*gôzēl*": "robbing/plundering/stealing from", "*'āḇîw*": "his father", "*'immô*": "his mother", "*'ōmēr*": "saying/claiming", "*'ên*-*pāša'*": "it is not transgression/no wrong", "*ḥāḇēr*": "companion/partner/associate", "*'îš*": "man/person", "*mašḥîṯ*": "destroying/ruining/causing destruction" } } 25 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.25", "source": "רְחַב־נֶ֭פֶשׁ יְגָרֶ֣ה מָד֑וֹן וּבוֹטֵ֖חַ עַל־יְהוָ֣ה יְדֻשָּֽׁן׃", "text": "*rəḥaḇ*-*nep̄eš* *yəḡāreh* *māḏôn* *ûḇôṭēaḥ* *'al*-*YHWH* *yəḏuššān*", "grammar": { "*rəḥaḇ*-*nep̄eš*": "adjective, masculine singular construct + noun, feminine singular - wide of soul/greedy", "*yəḡāreh*": "Piel imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - stirs up", "*māḏôn*": "noun, masculine singular - strife/contention", "*ûḇôṭēaḥ*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - but one trusting", "*'al*-*YHWH*": "preposition + proper noun - in the LORD/Yahweh", "*yəḏuššān*": "Pual imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will be made fat/prosperous" }, "variants": { "*rəḥaḇ*-*nep̄eš*": "greedy person/proud person/one with large appetite", "*yəḡāreh*": "stirs up/incites/provokes", "*māḏôn*": "strife/contention/dispute", "*bôṭēaḥ*": "trusting/relying", "*yəḏuššān*": "will be made fat/will prosper/will be enriched" } } 26 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.26", "source": "בּוֹטֵ֣חַ בְּ֭לִבּוֹ ה֣וּא כְסִ֑יל וְהוֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּ֝חָכְמָ֗ה ה֣וּא יִמָּלֵֽט׃", "text": "*bôṭēaḥ* *bəlibbô* *hû'* *ḵəsîl* *wəhôlēḵ* *bəḥāḵmāh* *hû'* *yimmālēṭ*", "grammar": { "*bôṭēaḥ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - trusting", "*bəlibbô*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - in his heart", "*hû'*": "pronoun, 3rd person masculine singular - he", "*ḵəsîl*": "noun, masculine singular - fool", "*wəhôlēḵ*": "conjunction + Qal participle, masculine singular - but one walking", "*bəḥāḵmāh*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular - in wisdom", "*hû'*": "pronoun, 3rd person masculine singular - he", "*yimmālēṭ*": "Niphal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - will be delivered" }, "variants": { "*bôṭēaḥ*": "trusting/relying on", "*bəlibbô*": "in his heart/in his mind/in his own understanding", "*ḵəsîl*": "fool/stupid person", "*hôlēḵ*": "walking/going/conducting oneself", "*bəḥāḵmāh*": "in wisdom/with wisdom/wisely", "*yimmālēṭ*": "will be delivered/will escape/will be rescued" } } 27 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.27", "source": "נוֹתֵ֣ן לָ֭רָשׁ אֵ֣ין מַחְס֑וֹר וּמַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗יו רַב־מְאֵרֽוֹת׃", "text": "*nôṯēn* *lārāš* *'ên* *maḥsôr* *ûma'lîm* *'ênāyw* *raḇ*-*mə'ērôṯ*", "grammar": { "*nôṯēn*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - giving", "*lārāš*": "preposition + adjective, masculine singular - to the poor", "*'ên*": "particle of negation - there is no", "*maḥsôr*": "noun, masculine singular - lack/want", "*ûma'lîm*": "conjunction + Hiphil participle, masculine singular - but one hiding", "*'ênāyw*": "noun, feminine dual + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his eyes", "*raḇ*-*mə'ērôṯ*": "adjective, masculine singular construct + noun, feminine plural - many curses" }, "variants": { "*nôṯēn*": "giving/one who gives", "*lārāš*": "to the poor/to the needy", "*'ên* *maḥsôr*": "no lack/no want/no poverty", "*ma'lîm*": "hiding/averting/closing", "*'ênāyw*": "his eyes/his sight", "*raḇ*-*mə'ērôṯ*": "many curses/abundant cursing" } } 28 { "verseID": "Proverbs.28.28", "source": "בְּק֣וּם רְ֭שָׁעִים יִסָּתֵ֣ר אָדָ֑ם וּ֝בְאָבְדָ֗ם יִרְבּ֥וּ צַדִּיקִֽים׃", "text": "*bəqûm* *rəšā'îm* *yissāṯēr* *'āḏām* *ûḇə'āḇḏām* *yirbû* *ṣaddîqîm*", "grammar": { "*bəqûm*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct - when rise", "*rəšā'îm*": "adjective, masculine plural - wicked ones", "*yissāṯēr*": "Niphal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - hides himself", "*'āḏām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/mankind", "*ûḇə'āḇḏām*": "conjunction + preposition + Qal infinitive construct + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and when they perish", "*yirbû*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - increase/multiply", "*ṣaddîqîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - righteous ones" }, "variants": { "*bəqûm*": "when rise/when come to power", "*rəšā'îm*": "wicked ones/evil people", "*yissāṯēr*": "hides himself/conceals himself", "*'āḏām*": "man/people/mankind", "*bə'āḇḏām*": "when they perish/when they are destroyed", "*yirbû*": "increase/multiply/become many", "*ṣaddîqîm*": "righteous ones/just ones" } }
• Jer 23:28 : 28 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.23.28", "source": "הַנָּבִ֞יא אֲשֶׁר־אִתּ֤וֹ חֲלוֹם֙ יְסַפֵּ֣ר חֲל֔וֹם וַאֲשֶׁ֤ר דְּבָרִי֙ אִתּ֔וֹ יְדַבֵּ֥ר דְּבָרִ֖י אֱמֶ֑ת מַה־לַתֶּ֥בֶן אֶת־הַבָּ֖ר נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה׃", "text": "The-*nābîʾ* which-with-him *ḥălôm* *yəsappēr* *ḥălôm*, and-which *dəbārî* with-him *yədabbēr* *dəbārî* *ʾĕmet*. What-to-the-*teben* *ʾet*-the-*bār*, *nəʾum*-*YHWH*?", "grammar": { "*nābîʾ*": "noun, masculine singular - prophet", "*ḥălôm*": "noun, masculine singular - dream", "*yəsappēr*": "piel imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - let him tell", "*dəbārî*": "noun, masculine singular + 1st singular suffix - my word", "*yədabbēr*": "piel imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - let him speak", "*ʾĕmet*": "noun, feminine singular - truth/faithfulness", "*teben*": "noun, masculine singular - chaff/straw", "*bār*": "noun, masculine singular - grain/corn", "*nəʾum*": "noun, masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD/Yahweh" }, "variants": { "*ḥălôm*": "dream/vision during sleep", "*dəbārî*": "my word/my speech/my message", "*ʾĕmet*": "truth/faithfulness/reliability", "*teben*": "chaff/straw/stubble", "*bār*": "grain/corn/wheat" } }
• Ezek 20:1-3 : 1 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.20.1", "source": "וַיְהִ֣י ׀ בַּשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗ית בַּֽחֲמִשִׁי֙ בֶּעָשׂ֣וֹר לַחֹ֔דֶשׁ בָּ֧אוּ אֲנָשִׁ֛ים מִזִּקְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לִדְרֹ֣שׁ אֶת־יְהוָ֑ה וַיֵּשְׁב֖וּ לְפָנָֽי׃", "text": "And *wayehî* in-the-*šānâ* the-*šebîʿît* in-the-*ḥămîšî* in-*ʿāśôr* to-the-*ḥōdeš* *bāʾû* *ʾănāšîm* from-*ziqnê* *yiśrāʾēl* to-*lidrōš* *ʾet*-*YHWH* and-*wayyēšbû* before-*pānāy*.", "grammar": { "*wayehî*": "waw-consecutive with imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and it happened/came to pass", "*šānâ*": "noun, feminine singular with definite article - year", "*šebîʿît*": "adjective, feminine singular with definite article - seventh", "*ḥămîšî*": "ordinal number, masculine singular with definite article - fifth (month)", "*ʿāśôr*": "noun, masculine singular - tenth (day)", "*ḥōdeš*": "noun, masculine singular with preposition - month", "*bāʾû*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd plural - they came", "*ʾănāšîm*": "noun, masculine plural - men", "*ziqnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - elders of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*lidrōš*": "verb, qal infinitive construct with preposition - to inquire/seek", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*wayyēšbû*": "waw-consecutive with imperfect, 3rd plural - and they sat", "*pānāy*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 1st person singular suffix - my face/presence" }, "variants": { "*wayehî*": "and it happened/came to pass/was", "*lidrōš*": "to inquire/seek/consult", "*pānāy*": "my face/my presence/before me" } } 2 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.20.2", "source": "וַיְהִ֥י דְבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֵלַ֥י לֵאמֹֽר׃", "text": "And *wayehî* *debar*-*YHWH* to-me *lēʾmōr*.", "grammar": { "*wayehî*": "waw-consecutive with imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and it happened/came", "*debar*": "noun, masculine singular construct - word of", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*ʾēlay*": "preposition with 1st person singular suffix - to me", "*lēʾmōr*": "preposition with qal infinitive construct - saying" }, "variants": { "*wayehî*": "and it happened/came to pass/was", "*debar*": "word/speech/command", "*lēʾmōr*": "saying/to say" } } 3 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.20.3", "source": "בֶּן־אָדָ֗ם דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶת־זִקְנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶ֗ם כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה הֲלִדְרֹ֥שׁ אֹתִ֖י אַתֶּ֣ם בָּאִ֑ים חַי־אָ֙נִי֙ אִם־אִדָּרֵ֣שׁ לָכֶ֔ם נְאֻ֖ם אֲדֹנָ֥י יְהוִֽה׃", "text": "*Ben*-*ʾādām* *dabbēr* *ʾet*-*ziqnê* *yiśrāʾēl* and-*wĕʾāmartā* to-them *kōh* *ʾāmar* *ʾădōnāy* *YHWH* *hălidrōš* *ʾōtî* you *bāʾîm*? *ḥay*-*ʾānî* if-*ʾiddārēš* to-you, *nĕʾum* *ʾădōnāy* *YHWH*.", "grammar": { "*ben*": "noun, masculine singular construct - son of", "*ʾādām*": "noun, masculine singular - man/mankind", "*dabbēr*": "verb, piel imperative, masculine singular - speak", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ziqnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - elders of", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*wĕʾāmartā*": "waw-consecutive with qal perfect, 2nd masculine singular - and you shall say", "*kōh*": "adverb - thus", "*ʾāmar*": "verb, qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he said", "*ʾădōnāy*": "divine title - Lord/my Lord", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*hălidrōš*": "interrogative + preposition + qal infinitive construct - to seek?", "*ʾōtî*": "direct object marker with 1st person singular suffix - me", "*bāʾîm*": "verb, qal participle, masculine plural - coming", "*ḥay*": "adjective, masculine singular - living/alive", "*ʾānî*": "pronoun, 1st person singular - I", "*ʾiddārēš*": "verb, niphal imperfect, 1st singular - I will be sought/consulted", "*lākem*": "preposition with 2nd masculine plural suffix - to/for you", "*nĕʾum*": "noun, masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*ʾădōnāy*": "divine title - Lord/my Lord" }, "variants": { "*ben-ʾādām*": "son of man/human being/mortal", "*dabbēr*": "speak/talk", "*hălidrōš*": "to seek/inquire of/consult?", "*ḥay-ʾānî*": "as I live/by my life (oath formula)", "*ʾiddārēš*": "I will be sought/I will allow myself to be consulted/I will respond", "*nĕʾum*": "declaration/oracle/utterance" } }
• Matt 1:20 : 20 { "verseID": "Matthew.1.20", "source": "Ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐνθυμηθέντος, ἰδού, ἄγγελος Κυρίου κατʼ ὄναρ ἐφάνη αὐτῷ, λέγων, Ἰωσήφ, υἱὸς Δαυίδ, μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν Μαριὰμ τὴν γυναῖκά σου: τὸ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν ἐκ Πνεύματός ἐστιν Ἁγίου.", "text": "These [things] *de* of him *enthumēthentos*, *idou*, *angelos* of *Kyriou* according to *onar* *ephanē* to him, *legōn*, *Iōsēph*, *huios* of *David*, not *phobēthēs* *paralabein* *Mariam* the *gynaika* of you: the [thing] *gar* in her *gennēthen* from *Pneumatos* *estin* *Hagiou*.", "grammar": { "*Tauta*": "accusative, neuter, plural, demonstrative pronoun - these things", "*de*": "postpositive conjunction - and/but/now", "*autou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - of him", "*enthumēthentos*": "aorist participle, passive, genitive, masculine, singular - having considered/pondered", "*idou*": "interjection - behold/look", "*angelos*": "nominative, masculine, singular - angel/messenger", "*Kyriou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - of Lord", "*kat*": "preposition governing accusative - according to", "*onar*": "accusative, neuter, singular - dream", "*ephanē*": "aorist, indicative, passive, 3rd person singular - appeared", "*autō*": "dative, masculine, singular - to him", "*legōn*": "present participle, active, nominative, masculine, singular - saying", "*Iōsēph*": "vocative, masculine - Joseph", "*huios*": "nominative, masculine, singular - son", "*David*": "genitive, masculine, proper name - of David", "*mē*": "negative particle - not", "*phobēthēs*": "aorist, subjunctive, passive, 2nd person singular - you should fear", "*paralabein*": "aorist infinitive, active - to take/receive", "*Mariam*": "accusative, feminine, proper name - Mary", "*tēn*": "accusative, feminine, singular, article - the", "*gynaika*": "accusative, feminine, singular - wife/woman", "*sou*": "genitive, singular, 2nd person pronoun - of you", "*to*": "nominative, neuter, singular, article - the thing", "*gar*": "postpositive conjunction - for", "*en*": "preposition governing dative - in", "*autē*": "dative, feminine, singular - her", "*gennēthen*": "aorist participle, passive, nominative, neuter, singular - having been conceived/begotten", "*ek*": "preposition governing genitive - from/out of", "*Pneumatos*": "genitive, neuter, singular - of Spirit", "*estin*": "present, indicative, active, 3rd person singular - is", "*Hagiou*": "genitive, neuter, singular, adjective - Holy" }, "variants": { "*de*": "and/but/now/then", "*enthumēthentos*": "having considered/pondered/thought about", "*idou*": "behold/look/see", "*angelos*": "angel/messenger", "*Kyriou*": "Lord/YHWH", "*onar*": "dream/vision during sleep", "*ephanē*": "appeared/was revealed/was manifested", "*phobēthēs*": "you should fear/be afraid/hesitate", "*paralabein*": "to take/receive/accept", "*gynaika*": "wife/woman", "*gennēthen*": "having been conceived/begotten/born", "*Pneumatos Hagiou*": "Holy Spirit" } }
• John 9:31 : 31 { "verseID": "John.9.31", "source": "Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὁ Θεὸς οὐκ ἀκούει: ἀλλʼ ἐάν τις θεοσεβὴς ᾖ, καὶ τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ ποιῇ, τούτου ἀκούει.", "text": "We-*oidamen* but that *hamartōlōn* the *Theos* not *akouei*: but if anyone *theosebēs ē*, and the *thelēma* of-him *poiē*, of-this-one he-*akouei*.", "grammar": { "*oidamen*": "perfect active indicative, 1st plural with present meaning - we know", "*hamartōlōn*": "genitive masculine plural - of sinners", "*Theos*": "nominative masculine singular - God", "*akouei*": "present active indicative, 3rd singular - hears", "*theosebēs*": "nominative masculine singular - God-fearing", "*ē*": "present active subjunctive, 3rd singular - might be", "*thelēma*": "accusative neuter singular - will", "*poiē*": "present active subjunctive, 3rd singular - might do", "*akouei*": "present active indicative, 3rd singular - hears" }, "variants": { "*oidamen*": "we know/understand", "*hamartōlōn*": "of sinners/transgressors", "*Theos*": "God/Deity", "*akouei*": "hears/listens to", "*theosebēs*": "God-fearing/devout/worshipper of God", "*ē*": "might be/is", "*thelēma*": "will/desire/wish", "*poiē*": "might do/perform/carry out" } }
• Jas 4:3 : 3 { "verseID": "James.4.3", "source": "Αἰτεῖτε, καὶ οὐ λαμβάνετε, διότι κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε, ἵνα ἐν ταῖς ἡδοναῖς ὑμῶν δαπανήσητε.", "text": "You *aiteite*, and not you *lambanete*, because *kakōs* you *aiteisthe*, that in the *hēdonais* of you you may *dapanēsēte*.", "grammar": { "*aiteite*": "present active indicative, 2nd plural - ask/request", "*lambanete*": "present active indicative, 2nd plural - receive/take", "*kakōs*": "adverb - wrongly/badly/evilly", "*aiteisthe*": "present middle indicative, 2nd plural - ask/request", "*hēdonais*": "dative, feminine, plural - pleasures/desires", "*dapanēsēte*": "aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural - spend/consume" }, "variants": { "*aiteite*": "ask/request/beg", "*lambanete*": "receive/take/accept", "*kakōs*": "wrongly/badly/evilly/improperly", "*aiteisthe*": "ask/request for yourselves", "*hēdonais*": "pleasures/lusts/desires", "*dapanēsēte*": "spend/consume/waste" } }