Verse 23

{ "verseID": "Genesis.25.23", "source": "וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה לָ֗הּ שְׁנֵ֤י *גיים **גוֹיִם֙ בְּבִטְנֵ֔ךְ וּשְׁנֵ֣י לְאֻמִּ֔ים מִמֵּעַ֖יִךְ יִפָּרֵ֑דוּ וּלְאֹם֙ מִלְאֹ֣ם יֶֽאֱמָ֔ץ וְרַ֖ב יַעֲבֹ֥ד צָעִֽיר׃", "text": "*wə-yōʾmer* *yhwh* *lāh* *šənê* *gôyim* *bə-ḇiṭnēḵ* *û-šənê* *ləʾummîm* *mi-mēʿayiḵ* *yippārēḏû* *û-ləʾōm* *mi-ləʾōm* *yeʾĕmāṣ* *wə-raḇ* *yaʿăḇōḏ* *ṣāʿîr*", "grammar": { "*wə-yōʾmer*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and said", "*yhwh*": "divine name - YHWH", "*lāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - to her", "*šənê*": "numeral, masculine dual construct - two of", "*gôyim*": "noun, masculine plural - nations", "*bə-ḇiṭnēḵ*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular + 2nd feminine singular suffix - in your womb", "*û-šənê*": "waw conjunction + numeral, masculine dual construct - and two of", "*ləʾummîm*": "noun, masculine plural - peoples", "*mi-mēʿayiḵ*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural + 2nd feminine singular suffix - from your bowels", "*yippārēḏû*": "Niphal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - will be separated", "*û-ləʾōm*": "waw conjunction + noun, masculine singular - and people", "*mi-ləʾōm*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular - than people", "*yeʾĕmāṣ*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will be stronger", "*wə-raḇ*": "waw conjunction + adjective, masculine singular - and greater", "*yaʿăḇōḏ*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will serve", "*ṣāʿîr*": "adjective, masculine singular - younger" }, "variants": { "*gôyim*": "nations/peoples/gentiles", "*ləʾummîm*": "peoples/nations/tribes", "*yippārēḏû*": "will be separated/will be divided/will part", "*yeʾĕmāṣ*": "will be stronger/will prevail/will overpower", "*wə-raḇ* *yaʿăḇōḏ* *ṣāʿîr*": "and the older will serve the younger/and the greater will serve the lesser" } }

Other Translations

• GT, oversatt fra Hebraisk

  Herren sa til henne: "To nasjoner er i ditt morsliv, og to folk skal skilles ut fra deg. Det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngre."

• Moderne oversettelse av Bibelen fra 1611 KJV med hebraisk kontekst

  Og Herren sa til henne: Det er to folkeslag i ditt liv, og to folk skal skilles fra ditt indre. Det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngste.

• Norsk King James

  Og Herren sa til henne: "To nasjoner er i ditt mors liv, og to folk skal skilles fra deg; og det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre; og den eldste skal tjene den yngste."

• Modernisert Norsk Bibel 1866

  Herren sa til henne: To folk er i ditt liv; to folkeslag skal skilles ut fra ditt skjød. Det ene skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngre.

• Oversettelse av hebraiske Bibeltekster til moderne norsk bokmål

  Herren sa til henne: "To nasjoner er i ditt liv, to folk skal skille seg fra ditt indre. Det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldre skal tjene den yngre."

• Bibelen: En Moderne Oversettelse av King James Version 1611

  Og Herren sa til henne: To folk er i ditt morsliv, og to folk avviker fra ditt indre; det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngre.

• o3-mini KJV Norsk

  Herren sa til henne: «To folkeslag er i din livmor, og to folk skal skilles fra hverandre. Det ene folk skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngste.»

• En Moderne Oversettelse av King James Version 1611 (mar 2025)

  Og Herren sa til henne: To folk er i ditt morsliv, og to folk avviker fra ditt indre; det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngre.

• Lingvistisk bibeloversettelse fra grunntekst

  Herren sa til henne: "To nasjoner er i ditt indre, og to folk skal skilles fra ditt skjød; det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldre skal tjene den yngre."

• Linguistic Bible Translation from Source Texts

  The LORD said to her, 'Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you will be separated. One people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.'

• GT, oversatt fra hebraisk Aug2024

  23 HERREN sa til henne: "To folkeslag er i ditt skjød, to folk skal skilles ut fra din livmor. Det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, den eldste skal tjene den yngste."

• Original Norsk Bibel 1866

  Og Herren sagde til hende: Tvende Folk ere i dit Liv, og to (Slags) Folk skulle skille sig af dine Indvolde, og (det ene) Folk skal være stærkere end (det andet) Folk, og det større skal tjene det mindre.

• King James Version 1769 (Standard Version)

  And the LORD said unto her, Two nations are in thy womb, and two manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels; and the one people shall be stronr than the other people; and the elder shall serve the younr.

• KJV 1769 norsk

  Herren sa til henne: "To folkeslag er i ditt skjød, to folk skal skilles fra ditt indre; det ene folk skal være sterkere enn det andre, og den eldste skal tjene den yngste."

• KJV1611 - Moderne engelsk

  And the LORD said to her, Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples shall be separated from your body; and one people shall be stronger than the other, and the older shall serve the younger.

• King James Version 1611 (Original)

  And the LORD said unto her, Two nations are in thy womb, and two manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels; and the one people shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall serve the younger.

• Norsk oversettelse av Webster

  Herren sa til henne: To folk er i ditt liv; to folk skal skilles fra ditt liv. Det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre. Den eldre skal tjene den yngre.

• Norsk oversettelse av Youngs Literal Translation

  Herren sa til henne: "To folkeslag er i ditt morsliv, to folk skal skilles fra ditt skjød. Det ene folket skal være sterkere enn det andre, den eldste skal tjene den yngste."

• Norsk oversettelse av ASV1901

  Herren sa til henne: «To folkeslag er i ditt liv; to folk skal skilles fra ditt morsliv. Det ene skal være sterkere enn det andre; den eldste skal tjene den yngste.»

• Norsk oversettelse av BBE

  Og Herren sa til henne: To nasjoner er i din kropp, og to folk vil komme fra deg: Den ene vil være sterkere enn den andre, og den eldste vil tjene den yngste.

• Tyndale Bible (1526/1534)

  And ye LORde sayde vnto her there are.ij. maner of people in the wombe and ij. nations shall springe out of thy bowels and the one nation shalbe myghtier than the other and the eldest shalbe servaunte vnto the yonger.

• Coverdale Bible (1535)

  And the LORDE sayde vnto her: Two maner of folke are in thy wombe, and two maner of people shall be deuyded out of thy body, and the one nacion shall ouercome the other, and the greater shall serue the lesse.

• Geneva Bible (1560)

  And the Lord sayd to her, Two nations are in thy wombe, and two maner of people shalbe diuided out of thy bowels, and the one people shall be mightier then the other, and the elder shall serue the yonger.

• Bishops' Bible (1568)

  And the Lorde sayde vnto her: there are two maner of people in thy wombe, and two nations shalbe deuided out of thy bowelles, and the one nation shalbe mightier then the other, and the elder shalbe seruaunt vnto the younger.

• Authorized King James Version (1611)

  And the LORD said unto her, Two nations [are] in thy womb, and two manner of people shall be separated from thy bowels; and [the one] people shall be stronger than [the other] people; and the elder shall serve the younger.

• Webster's Bible (1833)

  Yahweh said to her, Two nations are in your womb, Two peoples will be separated from your body. The one people will be stronger than the other people. The elder will serve the younger.

• Young's Literal Translation (1862/1898)

  And Jehovah saith to her, `Two nations `are' in thy womb, and two peoples from thy bowels are parted; and the `one' people than the `other' people is stronger; and the elder doth serve the younger.'

• American Standard Version (1901)

  And Jehovah said unto her, Two nations are in thy womb, And two peoples shall be separated from thy bowels: And the one people shall be stronger than the other people; And the elder shall serve the younger.

• Bible in Basic English (1941)

  And the Lord said to her, Two nations are in your body, and two peoples will come to birth from you: the one will be stronger than the other, and the older will be the servant of the younger.

• World English Bible (2000)

  Yahweh said to her, "Two nations are in your womb. Two peoples will be separated from your body. The one people will be stronger than the other people. The elder will serve the younger."

• NET Bible® (New English Translation)

  and the LORD said to her,“Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples will be separated from within you. One people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.”

Referenced Verses

• Gen 27:29 : 29 { "verseID": "Genesis.27.29", "source": "יֽ͏ַעַבְד֣וּךָ עַמִּ֗ים *וישתחו **וְיִֽשְׁתַּחֲו֤וּ לְךָ֙ לְאֻמִּ֔ים הֱוֵ֤ה גְבִיר֙ לְאַחֶ֔יךָ וְיִשְׁתַּחֲוּ֥וּ לְךָ֖ בְּנֵ֣י אִמֶּ֑ךָ אֹרְרֶ֣יךָ אָר֔וּר וּֽמְבָרֲכֶ֖יךָ בָּרֽוּךְ׃", "text": "*Yaʿabdûkā* *ʿammîm* and-*wəyištaḥăwû* to-you *ləʾummîm* *hĕwēh* *gəbîr* to-*ləʾaḥeykā* and-*wəyištaḥăwû* to-you *bənê* *ʾimmekā* *ʾōrəreykā* *ʾārûr* and-*ûməbārăkeykā* *bārûk*", "grammar": { "*Yaʿabdûkā*": "Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - they will serve you", "*ʿammîm*": "noun, masculine plural - peoples", "*wəyištaḥăwû*": "waw conjunctive + Hishtaphel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they will bow down", "*ləʾummîm*": "noun, masculine plural - nations/peoples", "*hĕwēh*": "Qal imperative, masculine singular - be", "*gəbîr*": "noun, masculine singular - master/lord", "*ləʾaḥeykā*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - to your brothers", "*wəyištaḥăwû*": "waw conjunctive + Hishtaphel imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - and they will bow down", "*bənê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons of", "*ʾimmekā*": "noun, feminine singular construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your mother", "*ʾōrəreykā*": "Qal participle, masculine plural construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - those cursing you", "*ʾārûr*": "Qal passive participle, masculine singular - cursed", "*ûməbārăkeykā*": "waw conjunctive + Piel participle, masculine plural construct with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - and those blessing you", "*bārûk*": "Qal passive participle, masculine singular - blessed" }, "variants": { "*Yaʿabdûkā*": "they will serve you/be your servants", "*ʿammîm*": "peoples/nations/tribes", "*wəyištaḥăwû*": "they will bow down/prostrate themselves", "*ləʾummîm*": "nations/peoples/communities", "*gəbîr*": "master/lord/ruler", "*ʾōrəreykā*": "those cursing you/your cursers", "*ûməbārăkeykā*": "those blessing you/your blessers" } }
• Gen 27:40 : 40 { "verseID": "Genesis.27.40", "source": "וְעַל־חַרְבְּךָ֣ תִֽחְיֶ֔ה וְאֶת־אָחִ֖יךָ תַּעֲבֹ֑ד וְהָיָה֙ כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר תָּרִ֔יד וּפָרַקְתָּ֥ עֻלּ֖וֹ מֵעַ֥ל צַוָּארֶֽךָ׃", "text": "And-upon-*ḥarbəḵā* *tiḥyeh* and-*ʾet-ʾāḥîḵā* *taʿăḇōd* and-*hāyāh* *kaʾăšer* *tārîd* and-*pāraqtā* *ʿullô* from-upon-*ṣawwāreḵā*", "grammar": { "*ḥarbəḵā*": "noun, feminine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your sword", "*tiḥyeh*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - you shall live", "*ʾet-ʾāḥîḵā*": "direct object marker + noun, masculine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your brother", "*taʿăḇōd*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - you shall serve", "*hāyāh*": "qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular - it shall come to pass", "*kaʾăšer*": "conjunction + relative pronoun - when/as", "*tārîd*": "qal imperfect 2nd person masculine singular - you shall break loose/have dominion", "*pāraqtā*": "qal perfect 2nd person masculine singular - you shall break off", "*ʿullô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his yoke", "*ṣawwāreḵā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your neck" }, "variants": { "*ḥarbəḵā*": "your sword/your violence/your fierceness", "*tiḥyeh*": "you shall live/you shall sustain yourself", "*taʿăḇōd*": "you shall serve/you shall be subject to", "*tārîd*": "you shall break loose/you shall have dominion/you shall become restless", "*pāraqtā*": "you shall break off/you shall cast off/you shall tear away" } }
• 2 Sam 8:14 : 14 { "verseID": "2 Samuel.8.14", "source": "וַיָּ֨שֶׂם בֶּאֱד֜וֹם נְצִבִ֗ים בְּכָל־אֱדוֹם֙ שָׂ֣ם נְצִבִ֔ים וַיְהִ֥י כָל־אֱד֖וֹם עֲבָדִ֣ים לְדָוִ֑ד וַיּ֤וֹשַׁע יְהוָה֙ אֶת־דָּוִ֔ד בְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָלָֽךְ׃", "text": "And *wayyāśem* in *ʾĔdôm* *nəṣibîm* in all-*ʾĔdôm* *śām* *nəṣibîm* and *wayəhî* all-*ʾĔdôm* *ʿăbādîm* to *Dāwid* and *wayyôšaʿ* *YHWH* *ʾet*-*Dāwid* in all that he *hālāk*.", "grammar": { "*wayyāśem*": "waw-consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular of *śîm* - and he placed/set", "*beʾĔdôm*": "preposition + proper noun - in Edom", "*nəṣibîm*": "noun, masculine plural - garrisons/officials", "*bəkol*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - in all", "*ʾĔdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*śām*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he placed/set", "*nəṣibîm*": "noun, masculine plural - garrisons/officials", "*wayəhî*": "waw-consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and became", "*kol*": "noun, masculine singular construct - all", "*ʾĔdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*ʿăbādîm*": "noun, masculine plural - servants", "*ləDāwid*": "preposition + proper noun - to/for David", "*wayyôšaʿ*": "waw-consecutive + hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular of *yāšaʿ* - and he saved/delivered", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - the LORD", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*Dāwid*": "proper noun, masculine singular - David", "*bəkōl*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - in all", "*ʾăšer*": "relative particle - that/which", "*hālāk*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he went" }, "variants": { "*nəṣibîm*": "garrisons/officials/governors/prefects", "*wayyôšaʿ*": "saved/delivered/gave victory to", "*ʿăbādîm*": "servants/slaves/subjects" } }
• Gen 17:16 : 16 { "verseID": "Genesis.17.16", "source": "וּבֵרַכְתִּ֣י אֹתָ֔הּ וְגַ֨ם נָתַ֧תִּי מִמֶּ֛נָּה לְךָ֖ בֵּ֑ן וּבֵֽרַכְתִּ֙יהָ֙ וְהָֽיְתָ֣ה לְגוֹיִ֔ם מַלְכֵ֥י עַמִּ֖ים מִמֶּ֥נָּה יִהְיֽוּ׃", "text": "*û-ḇēraḵtî* *ʾōtāh* *wə-gam* *nātattî* *mimmennāh* *ləḵā* *bēn* *û-ḇēraḵtîhā* *wə-hāytāh* *lə-gôyim* *malḵê* *ʿammîm* *mimmennāh* *yihyû*", "grammar": { "*û-ḇēraḵtî*": "conjunction + piel perfect 1st person singular - and I will bless", "*ʾōtāh*": "direct object marker + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - her", "*wə-gam*": "conjunction + adverb - and also", "*nātattî*": "qal perfect 1st person singular - I will give", "*mimmennāh*": "preposition + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - from her", "*ləḵā*": "preposition + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - to you", "*bēn*": "noun masculine singular - son", "*û-ḇēraḵtîhā*": "conjunction + piel perfect 1st person singular + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - and I will bless her", "*wə-hāytāh*": "conjunction + qal perfect 3rd feminine singular - and she shall be/become", "*lə-gôyim*": "preposition + noun masculine plural - into nations", "*malḵê*": "noun masculine plural construct - kings of", "*ʿammîm*": "noun masculine plural - peoples", "*mimmennāh*": "preposition + 3rd person feminine singular suffix - from her", "*yihyû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they will be" }, "variants": { "*bēraḵtî*": "bless/kneel/praise", "*ʿammîm*": "peoples/nations/tribes", "*gôyim*": "nations/peoples/gentiles" } }
• Gen 24:60 : 60 { "verseID": "Genesis.24.60", "source": "וַיְבָרֲכ֤וּ אֶת־רִבְקָה֙ וַיֹּ֣אמְרוּ לָ֔הּ אֲחֹתֵ֕נוּ אַ֥תְּ הֲיִ֖י לְאַלְפֵ֣י רְבָבָ֑ה וְיִירַ֣שׁ זַרְעֵ֔ךְ אֵ֖ת שַׁ֥עַר שֹׂנְאָֽיו׃", "text": "And*wayeḇārăḵû* *ʾet*-*Riḇqāh* and*wayyōʾmerû* to*lāh* *ʾăḥōtēnû* *ʾatt* *hăyî* to*leʾalpê* *reḇāḇāh* and*weyîraš* *zarʿēḵ* *ʾēt* *šaʿar* *śōneʾāyw*", "grammar": { "And*wayeḇārăḵû*": "conjunction + verb, piel imperfect consecutive, 3mp - and they blessed", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*Riḇqāh*": "proper noun - Rebecca", "and*wayyōʾmerû*": "conjunction + verb, qal imperfect consecutive, 3mp - and they said", "to*lāh*": "preposition + 3fs suffix - to her", "*ʾăḥōtēnû*": "noun, feminine singular + 1cp suffix - our sister", "*ʾatt*": "pronoun, 2fs - you", "*hăyî*": "verb, qal imperative, 2fs - be/become", "to*leʾalpê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - to thousands of", "*reḇāḇāh*": "noun, feminine singular - ten thousand/myriad", "and*weyîraš*": "conjunction + verb, qal jussive, 3ms - and may possess/inherit", "*zarʿēḵ*": "noun, masculine singular + 2fs suffix - your seed/offspring", "*ʾēt*": "direct object marker", "*šaʿar*": "noun, masculine singular construct - gate of", "*śōneʾāyw*": "verb, qal participle, masculine plural + 3ms suffix - those who hate him/his enemies" }, "variants": { "*wayeḇārăḵû*": "blessed/pronounced blessing on", "*wayyōʾmerû*": "said/spoke/declared", "*ʾăḥōtēnû*": "our sister", "*hăyî*": "become/may you be/grow into", "*leʾalpê*": "to thousands of/innumerable", "*reḇāḇāh*": "ten thousands/myriads/countless numbers", "*weyîraš*": "may possess/inherit/take possession of", "*zarʿēḵ*": "your seed/offspring/descendants", "*šaʿar*": "gate/city/stronghold", "*śōneʾāyw*": "those who hate him/his enemies/his foes" } }
• Num 20:14 : 14 { "verseID": "Numbers.20.14", "source": "וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח מֹשֶׁ֧ה מַלְאָכִ֛ים מִקָּדֵ֖שׁ אֶל־מֶ֣לֶךְ אֱד֑וֹם כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אָחִ֣יךָ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֔עְתָּ אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַתְּלָאָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר מְצָאָֽתְנוּ", "text": "And-*yišlaḥ* *mōšeh* *malʾākîm* from-*qādēš* to-*melek* *ʾĕdôm* thus *ʾāmar* *ʾāḥîkā* *yiśrāʾēl* *ʾattâ* *yādaʿtā* *ʾēt* all-the-*təlāʾâ* which *məṣāʾātnû*", "grammar": { "*yišlaḥ*": "waw-consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and he sent", "*mōšeh*": "proper noun - Moses", "*malʾākîm*": "masculine plural - messengers", "*qādēš*": "proper noun - Kadesh", "*melek*": "masculine singular construct - king of", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - says", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "masculine singular construct with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your brother", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*ʾattâ*": "2nd masculine singular pronoun - you", "*yādaʿtā*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you know", "*ʾēt*": "direct object marker", "*təlāʾâ*": "feminine singular with definite article - the hardship", "*məṣāʾātnû*": "qal perfect 3rd feminine singular with 1st plural suffix - has found us" }, "variants": { "*malʾākîm*": "messengers/ambassadors", "*melek*": "king", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "your brother", "*təlāʾâ*": "hardship/travail/trouble", "*məṣāʾātnû*": "found us/befallen us" } }
• Mal 1:2-5 : 2 { "verseID": "Malachi.1.2", "source": "אָהַ֤בְתִּי אֶתְכֶם֙ אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם בַּמָּ֣ה אֲהַבְתָּ֑נוּ הֲלוֹא־אָ֨ח עֵשָׂ֤ו לְיַֽעֲקֹב֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה וָאֹהַ֖ב אֶֽת־יַעֲקֹֽב׃", "text": "*ʾāhaḇtî* *ʾeṯḵem* *ʾāmar* *YHWH* *waʾămartem* *bammāh* *ʾăhaḇtānû* *hălôʾ*-*ʾāḥ* *ʿĒśāw* *ləYaʿăqōḇ* *nəʾum*-*YHWH* *wāʾōhaḇ* *ʾeṯ*-*Yaʿăqōḇ*", "grammar": { "*ʾāhaḇtî*": "verb, Qal perfect, 1st person singular - I have loved", "*ʾeṯḵem*": "direct object marker + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - you (plural)", "*ʾāmar*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he said/says", "*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name", "*waʾămartem*": "conjunction + verb, Qal perfect, 2nd person masculine plural - and you have said", "*bammāh*": "preposition + interrogative - in what/how/whereby", "*ʾăhaḇtānû*": "verb, Qal perfect, 2nd person masculine singular + 1st person plural suffix - you have loved us", "*hălôʾ*": "interrogative particle - is not/was not", "*ʾāḥ*": "noun, masculine singular construct - brother of", "*ʿĒśāw*": "proper noun - Esau", "*ləYaʿăqōḇ*": "preposition + proper noun - to/for Jacob", "*nəʾum*": "construct noun, masculine singular - declaration/oracle of", "*wāʾōhaḇ*": "conjunction + verb, Qal imperfect, 1st person singular - and I loved/have loved", "*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker", "*Yaʿăqōḇ*": "proper noun - Jacob" }, "variants": { "*ʾāhaḇtî*": "I have loved/I love", "*bammāh*": "in what way/how/whereby", "*hălôʾ*": "was not/is not (rhetorical question)", "*nəʾum*": "declaration/utterance/oracle", "*wāʾōhaḇ*": "yet I loved/and I have loved/and I continue to love" } } 3 { "verseID": "Malachi.1.3", "source": "וְאֶת־עֵשָׂ֖ו שָׂנֵ֑אתִי וָאָשִׂ֤ים אֶת־הָרָיו֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה וְאֶת־נַחֲלָת֖וֹ לְתַנּ֥וֹת מִדְבָּֽר׃", "text": "*wəʾeṯ*-*ʿĒśāw* *śānēʾṯî* *wāʾāśîm* *ʾeṯ*-*hārāyw* *šəmāmāh* *wəʾeṯ*-*naḥălāṯô* *ləṯannôṯ* *miḏbār*", "grammar": { "*wəʾeṯ*": "conjunction + direct object marker", "*ʿĒśāw*": "proper noun - Esau", "*śānēʾṯî*": "verb, Qal perfect, 1st person singular - I have hated", "*wāʾāśîm*": "conjunction + verb, Qal imperfect, 1st person singular with waw consecutive - and I appointed/made", "*ʾeṯ*": "direct object marker", "*hārāyw*": "noun, masculine plural construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his mountains", "*šəmāmāh*": "noun, feminine singular - desolation/waste", "*wəʾeṯ*": "conjunction + direct object marker", "*naḥălāṯô*": "noun, feminine singular construct + 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his inheritance/possession", "*ləṯannôṯ*": "preposition + noun, feminine plural construct - for jackals/dragons of", "*miḏbār*": "noun, masculine singular - desert/wilderness" }, "variants": { "*śānēʾṯî*": "I hated/I have hated/I rejected", "*wāʾāśîm*": "and I made/appointed/turned", "*šəmāmāh*": "desolation/waste/wilderness", "*naḥălāṯô*": "his inheritance/possession/territory", "*ləṯannôṯ*": "for jackals/dragons/desert creatures", "*miḏbār*": "wilderness/desert/wasteland" } } 4 { "verseID": "Malachi.1.4", "source": "כִּֽי־תֹאמַ֨ר אֱד֜וֹם רֻשַּׁ֗שְׁנוּ וְנָשׁוּב֙ וְנִבְנֶ֣ה חֳרָב֔וֹת כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת הֵ֥מָּה יִבְנ֖וּ וַאֲנִ֣י אֶהֱר֑וֹס וְקָרְא֤וּ לָהֶם֙ גְּב֣וּל רִשְׁעָ֔ה וְהָעָ֛ם אֲשֶׁר־זָעַ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃", "text": "*kî*-*ṯōʾmar* *ʾĔḏôm* *ruššašnû* *wənāšûḇ* *wəniḇneh* *ḥŏrāḇôṯ* *kōh* *ʾāmar* *YHWH* *ṣəḇāʾôṯ* *hēmmāh* *yiḇnû* *waʾănî* *ʾehĕrôs* *wəqārəʾû* *lāhem* *gəḇûl* *rišʿāh* *wəhāʿām* *ʾăšer*-*zāʿam* *YHWH* *ʿaḏ*-*ʿôlām*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because/though", "*ṯōʾmar*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - she says/will say", "*ʾĔḏôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*ruššašnû*": "verb, Pual perfect, 1st person plural - we have been broken down/impoverished", "*wənāšûḇ*": "conjunction + verb, Qal imperfect, 1st person plural - and we will return", "*wəniḇneh*": "conjunction + verb, Qal imperfect, 1st person plural - and we will build", "*ḥŏrāḇôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural - ruins/waste places", "*kōh*": "adverb - thus/so", "*ʾāmar*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he has said", "*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name", "*ṣəḇāʾôṯ*": "noun, feminine plural - hosts/armies", "*hēmmāh*": "pronoun, 3rd person masculine plural - they", "*yiḇnû*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they will build", "*waʾănî*": "conjunction + pronoun, 1st person singular - but I", "*ʾehĕrôs*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 1st person singular - I will tear down", "*wəqārəʾû*": "conjunction + verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person common plural - and they will call", "*lāhem*": "preposition + 3rd person masculine plural suffix - to them", "*gəḇûl*": "noun, masculine singular construct - territory/border of", "*rišʿāh*": "noun, feminine singular - wickedness/evil", "*wəhāʿām*": "conjunction + definite article + noun, masculine singular - and the people", "*ʾăšer*": "relative particle - who/which/that", "*zāʿam*": "verb, Qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he has been indignant/angry", "*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name", "*ʿaḏ*": "preposition - until/forever", "*ʿôlām*": "noun, masculine singular - eternity/everlasting" }, "variants": { "*kî*": "for/because/though/when", "*ruššašnû*": "we are beaten down/impoverished/destroyed", "*ḥŏrāḇôṯ*": "ruins/waste places/desolations", "*ṣəḇāʾôṯ*": "hosts/armies/of armies", "*ʾehĕrôs*": "I will destroy/tear down/overthrow", "*gəḇûl*": "territory/border/region", "*rišʿāh*": "wickedness/evil/guilt", "*zāʿam*": "denounced/been angry/cursed", "*ʿaḏ*-*ʿôlām*": "forever/perpetually/for all time" } } 5 { "verseID": "Malachi.1.5", "source": "וְעֵינֵיכֶ֖ם תִּרְאֶ֑ינָה וְאַתֶּ֤ם תֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ יִגְדַּ֣ל יְהוָ֔ה מֵעַ֖ל לִגְב֥וּל יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃", "text": "*wəʿênêḵem* *tirʾeynāh* *wəʾattem* *tōʾmərû* *yiḡdal* *YHWH* *mēʿal* *liḡḇûl* *Yiśrāʾēl*", "grammar": { "*wəʿênêḵem*": "conjunction + noun, feminine dual construct + 2nd person masculine plural suffix - and your eyes", "*tirʾeynāh*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - they will see", "*wəʾattem*": "conjunction + pronoun, 2nd person masculine plural - and you", "*tōʾmərû*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine plural - you will say", "*yiḡdal*": "verb, Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular jussive - may he be magnified/let him be great", "*YHWH*": "proper noun, divine name", "*mēʿal*": "preposition + preposition - from upon/beyond", "*liḡḇûl*": "preposition + noun, masculine singular construct - to the border/territory of", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel" }, "variants": { "*tirʾeynāh*": "they will see/they shall see/they will witness", "*yiḡdal*": "may he be magnified/be great/is magnified", "*mēʿal*": "beyond/above/from upon", "*liḡḇûl*": "to the border/territory/region" } }
• Rom 9:10-13 : 10 { "verseID": "Romans.9.10", "source": "Οὐ μόνον δέ· ἀλλὰ καὶ Ῥεβέκκα ἐξ ἑνὸς κοίτην ἔχουσα, Ἰσαὰκ τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν·", "text": "Not *monon de*; but also *Rhebekka* from *henos koitēn echousa*, *Isaak* the *patros* of us;", "grammar": { "*monon*": "adverb - only/merely", "*de*": "particle - but/and/moreover", "*Rhebekka*": "nominative, feminine, singular - Rebecca", "*henos*": "genitive, masculine, singular - of one", "*koitēn*": "accusative, feminine, singular - conception/bed", "*echousa*": "present, participle, active, nominative, feminine, singular - having", "*Isaak*": "proper noun, genitive - of Isaac", "*patros*": "genitive, masculine, singular - father" }, "variants": { "*monon*": "only/merely/alone", "*koitēn echousa*": "having conception/having bed/conceived", "*patros*": "father/ancestor/forefather" } } 11 { "verseID": "Romans.9.11", "source": "(Μήπω γὰρ γεννηθέντων, μηδὲ πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακόν, ἵνα ἡ κατʼ ἐκλογὴν τοῦ πρόθεσις Θεοῦ μένῃ,", "text": "(For not yet *gennēthentōn*, neither *praxantōn ti agathon ē kakon*, in order that the according to *eklogēn* of *prothesis Theou menē*,", "grammar": { "*gennēthentōn*": "aorist, participle, passive, genitive, masculine, plural - being born", "*praxantōn*": "aorist, participle, active, genitive, masculine, plural - having done", "*ti*": "indefinite pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular - anything", "*agathon*": "adjective, accusative, neuter, singular - good", "*ē*": "conjunction - or", "*kakon*": "adjective, accusative, neuter, singular - evil", "*eklogēn*": "accusative, feminine, singular - election/choice", "*prothesis*": "nominative, feminine, singular - purpose/plan", "*Theou*": "genitive, masculine, singular - of God", "*menē*": "present, subjunctive, active, 3rd person singular - might remain" }, "variants": { "*gennēthentōn*": "being born/having been born", "*praxantōn*": "having done/having practiced/having performed", "*agathon*": "good/righteous/beneficial", "*kakon*": "evil/bad/wrong", "*eklogēn*": "election/choice/selection", "*prothesis*": "purpose/plan/intention", "*menē*": "might remain/continue/stand" } } 12 { "verseID": "Romans.9.12", "source": "οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος·) ⋄Ἐρρήθη αὐτῇ, ὅτι Ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι.", "text": "not from *ergōn*, but from the *kalountos*;) It was *errēthē* to her, that The *meizōn douleusei* to the *elassoni*.", "grammar": { "*ergōn*": "genitive, neuter, plural - of works", "*kalountos*": "present, participle, active, genitive, masculine, singular - calling/one who calls", "*errēthē*": "aorist, indicative, passive, 3rd person singular - it was said", "*meizōn*": "comparative adjective, nominative, masculine, singular - greater/older", "*douleusei*": "future, indicative, active, 3rd person singular - will serve", "*elassoni*": "comparative adjective, dative, masculine, singular - lesser/younger" }, "variants": { "*ergōn*": "works/deeds/actions", "*kalountos*": "calling/one who calls/the caller", "*errēthē*": "it was said/told/spoken", "*meizōn*": "greater/older/elder", "*douleusei*": "will serve/will be slave to", "*elassoni*": "lesser/younger/smaller" } } 13 { "verseID": "Romans.9.13", "source": "Καθὼς γέγραπται, Τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἠγάπησα, τὸν δὲ Ἠσαῦ ἐμίσησα.", "text": "Just as it has been *gegraptai*, *Iakōb ēgapēsa*, *de Ēsau emisēsa*.", "grammar": { "*gegraptai*": "perfect, indicative, passive, 3rd person singular - it has been written", "*Iakōb*": "accusative, masculine, singular - Jacob", "*ēgapēsa*": "aorist, indicative, active, 1st person singular - I loved", "*de*": "particle - but/and", "*Ēsau*": "accusative, masculine, singular - Esau", "*emisēsa*": "aorist, indicative, active, 1st person singular - I hated" }, "variants": { "*gegraptai*": "it has been written/it stands written", "*ēgapēsa*": "I loved/I showed favor to", "*emisēsa*": "I hated/I loved less/I rejected" } }
• Gen 17:4 : 4 { "verseID": "Genesis.17.4", "source": "אֲנִ֕י הִנֵּ֥ה בְרִיתִ֖י אִתָּ֑ךְ וְהָיִ֕יתָ לְאַ֖ב הֲמ֥וֹן גּוֹיִֽם׃", "text": "*ʾănî* *hinnēh* *bərîtî* *ʾittāḵ* *wə-hāyîtā* *lə-ʾaḇ* *hămôn* *gôyîm*", "grammar": { "*ʾănî*": "1st person singular pronoun - I", "*hinnēh*": "interjection - behold/look/see", "*bərîtî*": "noun feminine singular + 1st person singular suffix - my covenant", "*ʾittāḵ*": "preposition + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - with you", "*wə-hāyîtā*": "conjunction + qal perfect 2nd person masculine singular - and you will be/become", "*lə-ʾaḇ*": "preposition + noun masculine singular construct - for father of", "*hămôn*": "noun masculine singular construct - multitude/crowd of", "*gôyîm*": "noun masculine plural - nations/peoples/gentiles" }, "variants": { "*hinnēh*": "behold/look/see here (drawing attention)", "*hămôn*": "multitude/crowd/abundance/noise", "*gôyîm*": "nations/peoples/gentiles/non-Israelites" } }
• Gen 25:27 : 27 { "verseID": "Genesis.25.27", "source": "וֽ͏ַיִּגְדְּלוּ֙ הַנְּעָרִ֔ים וַיְהִ֣י עֵשָׂ֗ו אִ֛ישׁ יֹדֵ֥עַ צַ֖יִד אִ֣ישׁ שָׂדֶ֑ה וְיַעֲקֹב֙ אִ֣ישׁ תָּ֔ם יֹשֵׁ֖ב אֹהָלִֽים׃", "text": "*wə-yiḡdəlû* *ha-nəʿārîm* *wə-yəhî* *ʿēśāw* *ʾîš* *yōḏēaʿ* *ṣayiḏ* *ʾîš* *śāḏeh* *wə-yaʿăqōḇ* *ʾîš* *tām* *yōšēḇ* *ʾōhālîm*", "grammar": { "*wə-yiḡdəlû*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and grew up", "*ha-nəʿārîm*": "definite article + noun, masculine plural - the youths", "*wə-yəhî*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and became", "*ʿēśāw*": "proper noun, masculine singular - Esau", "*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular construct - man of", "*yōḏēaʿ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular construct - knowing", "*ṣayiḏ*": "noun, masculine singular - hunting", "*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular construct - man of", "*śāḏeh*": "noun, masculine singular - field", "*wə-yaʿăqōḇ*": "waw conjunction + proper noun, masculine singular - and Jacob", "*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular construct - man", "*tām*": "adjective, masculine singular - complete/quiet", "*yōšēḇ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular construct - dwelling in", "*ʾōhālîm*": "noun, masculine plural - tents" }, "variants": { "*wə-yiḡdəlû*": "grew up/matured/developed", "*ha-nəʿārîm*": "youths/boys/lads", "*yōḏēaʿ* *ṣayiḏ*": "skilled in hunting/knowledgeable about game", "*ʾîš* *śāḏeh*": "man of the field/outdoorsman", "*ʾîš* *tām*": "complete man/perfect man/quiet man/simple man", "*yōšēḇ* *ʾōhālîm*": "dwelling in tents/staying among tents/homebody" } }
• Gen 32:6 : 6 { "verseID": "Genesis.32.6", "source": "וַֽיְהִי־לִי֙ שׁ֣וֹר וַחֲמ֔וֹר צֹ֖אן וְעֶ֣בֶד וְשִׁפְחָ֑ה וָֽאֶשְׁלְחָה֙ לְהַגִּ֣יד לֽ͏ַאדֹנִ֔י לִמְצֹא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֶֽיךָ׃", "text": "*wə-yəhî*-to-me *šôr wa-ḥămôr ṣōʾn wə-ʿebed wə-šipḥāh wā-ʾešləḥāh ləhaggîd* to-lord-my *limṣōʾ-ḥēn* in-eyes-your.", "grammar": { "*wə-yəhî*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and there is/has been", "*šôr*": "masculine singular noun - ox, bull", "*wa-ḥămôr*": "waw conjunction + masculine singular noun - and donkey", "*ṣōʾn*": "collective noun - flock, sheep and goats", "*wə-ʿebed*": "waw conjunction + masculine singular noun - and male servant", "*wə-šipḥāh*": "waw conjunction + feminine singular noun - and female servant", "*wā-ʾešləḥāh*": "waw consecutive + Qal imperfect cohortative, 1st common singular - and I am sending", "*ləhaggîd*": "preposition + Hiphil infinitive construct - to tell", "*limṣōʾ-ḥēn*": "preposition + Qal infinitive construct + masculine singular noun - to find favor" }, "variants": { "*yəhî*": "to be, to become, to exist", "*šôr*": "ox, bull, cattle", "*ḥămôr*": "donkey, ass", "*ṣōʾn*": "sheep, goats, flock", "*ʿebed*": "servant, slave, subject", "*šipḥāh*": "maidservant, female slave, handmaid", "*ʾešləḥāh*": "to send, to send word", "*ləhaggîd*": "to tell, to declare, to announce", "*limṣōʾ-ḥēn*": "to find favor, to obtain grace" } }
• Gen 33:3 : 3 { "verseID": "Genesis.33.3", "source": "וְה֖וּא עָבַ֣ר לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם וַיִּשְׁתַּ֤חוּ אַ֙רְצָה֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֔ים עַד־גִּשְׁתּ֖וֹ עַד־אָחִֽיו׃", "text": "*wə-hûʾ* *ʿābar* *lipnêhem* *wə-yištaḥû* *ʾarṣāh* *šebaʿ pəʿāmîm* until-*gištô* until-*ʾāḥîw*", "grammar": { "*wə-hûʾ*": "conjunction + personal pronoun, 3rd masculine singular - and he", "*ʿābar*": "Qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - passed over/crossed/went ahead", "*lipnêhem*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct with 3rd masculine plural suffix - before them", "*wə-yištaḥû*": "waw consecutive + Hishtaphel imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he bowed down", "*ʾarṣāh*": "noun, feminine singular with directional heh - to the ground/earthward", "*šebaʿ*": "cardinal number - seven", "*pəʿāmîm*": "noun, feminine plural - times", "*gištô*": "infinitive construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his approaching", "*ʾāḥîw*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his brother" }, "variants": { "*ʿābar*": "passed over/crossed/went ahead", "*yištaḥû*": "bowed down/prostrated himself", "*ʾarṣāh*": "to the ground/earthward/to the earth", "*gištô*": "his approaching/drawing near/coming close to" } }
• Gen 36:31 : 31 { "verseID": "Genesis.36.31", "source": "וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר מָלְכ֖וּ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֑וֹם לִפְנֵ֥י מְלָךְ־מֶ֖לֶךְ לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃", "text": "And-*ʾēlleh* *ha-mməlākîm* *ʾăšer* *mālkû* in-*ʾereṣ* *ʾĔdôm* to-*p̄ənê* *məlok*-*melek* to-*bənê* *Yiśrāʾēl*", "grammar": { "*wə-*": "conjunction - and", "*ʾēlleh*": "demonstrative pronoun, plural - these", "*ha-mməlākîm*": "definite article + noun, masculine plural - the kings", "*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - who/which/that", "*mālkû*": "verb, qal perfect 3rd plural - they reigned", "*bə-ʾereṣ*": "preposition + noun, feminine singular construct - in the land of", "*li-p̄ənê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - before", "*məlok*": "verb, qal infinitive construct - to reign", "*melek*": "noun, masculine singular - king", "*li-bənê*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural construct - for the sons of" }, "variants": { "*mālkû*": "reigned/ruled/were kings", "*p̄ənê*": "before/in front of/in the time of", "*məlok-melek*": "a king reigned/any king ruled" } }
• 1 Kgs 22:47 : 47 { "verseID": "1 Kings.22.47", "source": "וְיֶ֙תֶר֙ הַקָּדֵ֔שׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִשְׁאַ֔ר בִּימֵ֖י אָסָ֣א אָבִ֑יו בִּעֵ֖ר מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ׃", "text": "And-remainder *haqqādēš* which *nišʾar* in-days-of *ʾāsāʾ* his-father, *biʿēr* from-*hāʾāreṣ*.", "grammar": { "*haqqādēš*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the cult prostitute/temple prostitute", "*nišʾar*": "Niphal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he remained/was left", "*ʾāsāʾ*": "proper noun - Asa", "*biʿēr*": "Piel perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he removed/purged", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the land" }, "variants": { "*haqqādēš*": "cult prostitute/temple prostitute/sacred one", "*nišʾar*": "remained/was left/survived", "*biʿēr*": "removed/purged/burned/swept away" } }
• 1 Chr 18:13 : 13 { "verseID": "1 Chronicles.18.13", "source": "וַיָּ֤שֶׂם בֶּֽאֱדוֹם֙ נְצִיבִ֔ים וַיִּהְי֥וּ כָל־אֱד֖וֹם עֲבָדִ֣ים לְדָוִ֑יד וַיּ֤וֹשַׁע יְהוָה֙ אֶת־דָּוִ֔יד בְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָלָֽךְ", "text": "*wə-yāśem* in-*ʾĔdôm* *nəṣîbîm* and *wə-yihyû* all-*ʾĔdôm* *ʿăbādîm* to-*Dāwid* and *wə-yôšaʿ* *YHWH* *ʾet*-*Dāwid* in-all which he-*hālāk*", "grammar": { "*wə-yāśem*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3ms - and he placed", "*be-ʾĔdôm*": "preposition + proper noun - in Edom", "*nəṣîbîm*": "noun masculine plural - garrisons/officials", "*wə-yihyû*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3mp - and they became", "*kol-ʾĔdôm*": "noun + proper noun - all Edom", "*ʿăbādîm*": "noun masculine plural - servants", "*lə-Dāwid*": "preposition + proper noun - to David", "*wə-yôšaʿ*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect 3ms - and he saved", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - LORD", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*Dāwid*": "proper noun - David", "*bə-kōl*": "preposition + noun - in all", "*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - which", "*hālāk*": "qal perfect 3ms - he went" }, "variants": { "*wə-yāśem*": "and he placed/set/stationed", "*nəṣîbîm*": "garrisons/officials/governors", "*wə-yihyû*": "and they became/were", "*ʿăbādîm*": "servants/slaves/vassals", "*wə-yôšaʿ*": "and he saved/delivered/gave victory", "*hālāk*": "went/walked/proceeded" } }
• 2 Chr 25:11-12 : 11 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.25.11", "source": "וַאֲמַצְיָ֙הוּ֙ הִתְחַזַּ֔ק וַיִּנְהַג֙ אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ וַיֵּ֖לֶךְ גֵּ֣יא הַמֶּ֑לַח וַיַּ֥ךְ אֶת־בְּנֵי־שֵׂעִ֖יר עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִֽים׃", "text": "*wa-ʾămaṣyāhû hitḥazzaq wa-yinhag ʾet-ʿammô wa-yēlek gêʾ ha-melaḥ wa-yak ʾet-bənê-śēʿîr ʿăśeret ʾălāpîm*", "grammar": { "*wa-ʾămaṣyāhû*": "conjunction + proper noun, 'and Amaziah'", "*hitḥazzaq*": "hithpael perfect 3rd masculine singular, 'strengthened himself'", "*wa-yinhag*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular, 'and he led'", "*ʾet-ʿammô*": "direct object marker + noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix, 'his people'", "*wa-yēlek*": "conjunction + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular, 'and he went'", "*gêʾ*": "noun construct, 'valley of'", "*ha-melaḥ*": "definite article + noun, 'the salt'", "*wa-yak*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine singular, 'and he struck'", "*ʾet-bənê-śēʿîr*": "direct object marker + noun construct + proper noun, 'the sons of Seir'", "*ʿăśeret ʾălāpîm*": "cardinal number + noun, 'ten thousand'" }, "variants": { "*hitḥazzaq*": "strengthened himself/took courage/prepared himself", "*yinhag*": "led/guided/brought", "*yak*": "struck/defeated/killed", "*bənê-śēʿîr*": "sons of Seir/Edomites" } } 12 { "verseID": "2 Chronicles.25.12", "source": "וַעֲשֶׂ֨רֶת אֲלָפִ֜ים חַיִּ֗ים שָׁבוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וַיְבִיא֖וּם לְרֹ֣אשׁ הַסָּ֑לַע וַיַּשְׁלִיכ֥וּם מֵֽרֹאשׁ־הַסֶּ֖לַע וְכֻלָּ֥ם נִבְקָֽעוּ׃ ס", "text": "*wa-ʿăśeret ʾălāpîm ḥayyîm šābû bənê yəhûdâ wa-yəbîʾûm lə-rōʾš ha-sālaʿ wa-yašlîkûm mē-rōʾš-ha-selaʿ wə-kullām nibqāʿû*", "grammar": { "*wa-ʿăśeret*": "conjunction + cardinal number, 'and ten'", "*ʾălāpîm*": "noun masculine plural, 'thousands'", "*ḥayyîm*": "adjective masculine plural, 'living'", "*šābû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural, 'captured'", "*bənê*": "noun masculine plural construct, 'sons of'", "*yəhûdâ*": "proper noun, 'Judah'", "*wa-yəbîʾûm*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural + 3rd masculine plural suffix, 'and they brought them'", "*lə-rōʾš*": "preposition + noun construct, 'to the top of'", "*ha-sālaʿ*": "definite article + noun, 'the rock/cliff'", "*wa-yašlîkûm*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect 3rd masculine plural + 3rd masculine plural suffix, 'and they threw them'", "*mē-rōʾš-ha-selaʿ*": "preposition + noun construct + definite article + noun, 'from the top of the rock'", "*wə-kullām*": "conjunction + noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix, 'and all of them'", "*nibqāʿû*": "niphal perfect 3rd common plural, 'were broken/split open'" }, "variants": { "*ḥayyîm*": "living/alive/remaining", "*šābû*": "captured/took captive", "*ha-sālaʿ*": "the rock/the cliff/the crag", "*nibqāʿû*": "were broken/were dashed to pieces/were split open" } }
• Ps 60:8-9 : 8 { "verseID": "Psalms.60.8", "source": "אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ דִּבֶּ֥ר בְּקָדְשׁ֗וֹ אֶ֫עְלֹ֥זָה אֲחַלְּקָ֥ה שְׁכֶ֑ם וְעֵ֖מֶק סֻכּ֣וֹת אֲמַדֵּֽד׃", "text": "*ʾĕlōhîm* *dibber* in-*qādšô* *ʾeʿlōzâ* *ʾăḥallĕqâ* *šĕḵem* and-*ʿēmeq* *sukkôt* *ʾămaddēd*", "grammar": { "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun (divine plural) - God", "*dibber*": "piel perfect 3rd masculine singular - he has spoken", "*qādšô*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his holiness/sanctuary", "*ʾeʿlōzâ*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular cohortative - I will exult", "*ʾăḥallĕqâ*": "piel imperfect 1st common singular cohortative - I will divide", "*šĕḵem*": "proper noun - Shechem", "*ʿēmeq*": "masculine singular construct - valley of", "*sukkôt*": "proper noun - Succoth", "*ʾămaddēd*": "piel imperfect 1st common singular - I will measure out" }, "variants": { "*dibber*": "he has spoken/promised/declared", "*qādšô*": "his holiness/sanctuary/holy place", "*ʾeʿlōzâ*": "I will exult/rejoice/triumph", "*ʾăḥallĕqâ*": "I will divide/apportion/distribute", "*ʾămaddēd*": "I will measure out/survey/allot" } } 9 { "verseID": "Psalms.60.9", "source": "לִ֤י גִלְעָ֨ד ׀ וְלִ֬י מְנַשֶּׁ֗ה וְ֭אֶפְרַיִם מָע֣וֹז רֹאשִׁ֑י יְ֝הוּדָ֗ה מְחֹֽקְקִי׃", "text": "To-me *gilʿād* and-to-me *mĕnaššeh* and-*ʾep̄rayim* *māʿôz* *rōʾšî* *yĕhûdâ* *mĕḥōqqî*", "grammar": { "*gilʿād*": "proper noun - Gilead", "*mĕnaššeh*": "proper noun - Manasseh", "*ʾep̄rayim*": "proper noun - Ephraim", "*māʿôz*": "masculine singular construct - stronghold of", "*rōʾšî*": "masculine singular noun with 1st common singular suffix - my head", "*yĕhûdâ*": "proper noun - Judah", "*mĕḥōqqî*": "poel participle masculine singular with 1st common singular suffix - my lawgiver" }, "variants": { "*māʿôz*": "stronghold/fortress/protection of", "*mĕḥōqqî*": "my lawgiver/my ruler's staff/my commander" } }
• Ps 83:5-9 : 5 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.5", "source": "אָמְר֗וּ לְ֭כוּ וְנַכְחִידֵ֣ם מִגּ֑וֹי וְלֹֽא־יִזָּכֵ֖ר שֵֽׁם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל עֽוֹד׃", "text": "*ʾāmerû* *leḵû* *wenaḵḥîdēm* *miggôy* *welōʾ-yizzāḵēr* *šēm-yiśrāʾēl* *ʿôd*", "grammar": { "*ʾāmerû*": "3cp Qal perfect - they have said", "*leḵû*": "2mp Qal imperative - come/go", "*wenaḵḥîdēm*": "conjunction + 1cp Hiphil imperfect + 3mp suffix - and let us cut them off", "*miggôy*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - from being a nation", "*welōʾ-yizzāḵēr*": "conjunction + negative particle + 3ms Niphal imperfect - and will not be remembered", "*šēm-yiśrāʾēl*": "masculine singular construct + proper noun - name of Israel", "*ʿôd*": "adverb - still/anymore" }, "variants": { "*kāḥad*": "hide/conceal/cut off/destroy", "*gôy*": "nation/people", "*zāḵar*": "remember/mention/recall", "*šēm*": "name/reputation" } } 6 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.6", "source": "כִּ֤י נוֹעֲצ֣וּ לֵ֣ב יַחְדָּ֑ו עָ֝לֶ֗יךָ בְּרִ֣ית יִכְרֹֽתוּ׃", "text": "*kî* *nôʿăṣû* *lēḇ* *yaḥdāw* *ʿālêḵā* *berît* *yiḵrōtû*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*nôʿăṣû*": "3cp Niphal perfect - they have consulted together", "*lēḇ*": "masculine singular noun - heart/mind", "*yaḥdāw*": "adverb - together/unitedly", "*ʿālêḵā*": "preposition + 2ms suffix - against you", "*berît*": "feminine singular noun - covenant", "*yiḵrōtû*": "3mp Qal imperfect - they cut/make" }, "variants": { "*yāʿaṣ*": "advise/consult/plan", "*lēḇ*": "heart/mind/inner self", "*kārat* *berît*": "cut a covenant (idiom for making an agreement/alliance)" } } 7 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.7", "source": "אָהֳלֵ֣י אֱ֭דוֹם וְיִשְׁמְעֵאלִ֗ים מוֹאָ֥ב וְהַגְרֽ͏ִים׃", "text": "*ʾohŏlê* *ʾĕdôm* *weyišmeʿēlîm* *môʾāḇ* *wehagˈrîm*", "grammar": { "*ʾohŏlê*": "masculine plural construct - tents of", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*weyišmeʿēlîm*": "conjunction + proper noun plural - and Ishmaelites", "*môʾāḇ*": "proper noun - Moab", "*wehagˈrîm*": "conjunction + proper noun plural - and Hagrites" }, "variants": { "*ʾōhel*": "tent/dwelling/habitation", "*ʾĕdôm*": "Edom (nation descended from Esau)", "*yišmeʿēlîm*": "Ishmaelites (descendants of Ishmael)", "*môʾāḇ*": "Moab (nation descended from Lot)", "*hagˈrîm*": "Hagrites (Arabian tribe)" } } 8 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.8", "source": "גְּבָ֣ל וְ֭עַמּוֹן וַעֲמָלֵ֑ק פְּ֝לֶ֗שֶׁת עִם־יֹ֥שְׁבֵי צֽוֹר׃", "text": "*geḇāl* *weʿammôn* *waʿămālēq* *pelešet* *ʿim-yōšeḇê* *ṣôr*", "grammar": { "*geḇāl*": "proper noun - Gebal", "*weʿammôn*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Ammon", "*waʿămālēq*": "conjunction + proper noun - and Amalek", "*pelešet*": "proper noun - Philistia", "*ʿim-yōšeḇê*": "preposition + masculine plural construct Qal participle - with inhabitants of", "*ṣôr*": "proper noun - Tyre" }, "variants": { "*geḇāl*": "Gebal (region south of Dead Sea or in Lebanon)", "*ʿammôn*": "Ammon (nation descended from Lot)", "*ʿămālēq*": "Amalek (nomadic tribe)", "*pelešet*": "Philistia (coastal region)", "*yāšaḇ*": "dwell/sit/remain", "*ṣôr*": "Tyre (Phoenician city)" } } 9 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.9", "source": "גַּם־אַ֭שּׁוּר נִלְוָ֣ה עִמָּ֑ם הָ֤י֥וּ זְר֖וֹעַ לִבְנֵי־ל֣וֹט סֶֽלָה׃", "text": "*gam-ʾaššûr* *nilwâ* *ʿimmām* *hāyû* *zerôaʿ* *liḇnê-lôṭ* *selâ*", "grammar": { "*gam-ʾaššûr*": "adverb + proper noun - also Assyria", "*nilwâ*": "3ms Niphal perfect - has joined", "*ʿimmām*": "preposition + 3mp suffix - with them", "*hāyû*": "3cp Qal perfect - they have become", "*zerôaʿ*": "feminine singular noun - arm/strength/support", "*liḇnê-lôṭ*": "preposition + masculine plural construct + proper noun - for sons of Lot", "*selâ*": "musical or liturgical term - selah" }, "variants": { "*ʾaššûr*": "Assyria (empire to the northeast)", "*lāwâ*": "join/attach/accompany", "*zerôaʿ*": "arm/strength/support/help", "*benê-lôṭ*": "sons of Lot (referring to Moab and Ammon)", "*selâ*": "musical pause/interlude/emphasis" } } 10 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.10", "source": "עֲשֵֽׂה־לָהֶ֥ם כְּמִדְיָ֑ן כְּֽסִֽיסְרָ֥א כְ֝יָבִ֗ין בְּנַ֣חַל קִישֽׁוֹן׃", "text": "*ʿăśêh-lāhem* *kemidyān* *kesîserāʾ* *keyāḇîn* *benaḥal* *qîšôn*", "grammar": { "*ʿăśêh-lāhem*": "2ms Qal imperative + preposition + 3mp suffix - do to them", "*kemidyān*": "preposition + proper noun - as to Midian", "*kesîserāʾ*": "preposition + proper noun - as to Sisera", "*keyāḇîn*": "preposition + proper noun - as to Jabin", "*benaḥal*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - in stream of", "*qîšôn*": "proper noun - Kishon" }, "variants": { "*ʿāśâ*": "do/make/act", "*midyān*": "Midian (defeated by Gideon, Judges 7)", "*sîserāʾ*": "Sisera (Canaanite commander defeated by Barak, Judges 4)", "*yāḇîn*": "Jabin (Canaanite king, Judges 4)", "*naḥal*": "stream/wadi/valley", "*qîšôn*": "Kishon (river where Sisera was defeated)" } } 11 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.11", "source": "נִשְׁמְד֥וּ בְֽעֵין־דֹּ֑אר הָ֥יוּ דֹ֝֗מֶן לָאֲדָמָֽה׃", "text": "*nišmedû* *beʿên-dōʾr* *hāyû* *dōmen* *lāʾădāmâ*", "grammar": { "*nišmedû*": "3cp Niphal perfect - they were destroyed", "*beʿên-dōʾr*": "preposition + noun construct + proper noun - at En-dor", "*hāyû*": "3cp Qal perfect - they became", "*dōmen*": "masculine singular noun - dung/manure/refuse", "*lāʾădāmâ*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - for the ground" }, "variants": { "*šāmad*": "destroy/exterminate/annihilate", "*ʿên-dōʾr*": "En-dor (place near Mount Tabor)", "*dōmen*": "dung/manure/refuse", "*ʾădāmâ*": "ground/land/soil" } } 12 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.12", "source": "שִׁיתֵ֣מוֹ נְ֭דִיבֵמוֹ כְּעֹרֵ֣ב וְכִזְאֵ֑ב וּֽכְזֶ֥בַח וּ֝כְצַלְמֻנָּ֗ע כָּל־נְסִיכֵֽמוֹ׃", "text": "*šîtēmô* *neḏîḇēmô* *keʿōrēḇ* *weḵizʾēḇ* *ûḵezeḇaḥ* *ûḵeṣalmunnāʿ* *kol-nesîḵēmô*", "grammar": { "*šîtēmô*": "2ms Qal imperative + 3mp suffix (archaic) - make them", "*neḏîḇēmô*": "masculine plural noun + 3mp suffix (archaic) - their nobles", "*keʿōrēḇ*": "preposition + proper noun - like Oreb", "*weḵizʾēḇ*": "conjunction + preposition + proper noun - and like Zeeb", "*ûḵezeḇaḥ*": "conjunction + preposition + proper noun - and like Zebah", "*ûḵeṣalmunnāʿ*": "conjunction + preposition + proper noun - and like Zalmunna", "*kol-nesîḵēmô*": "construct + masculine plural noun + 3mp suffix (archaic) - all their princes" }, "variants": { "*šît*": "put/place/make", "*nāḏîḇ*": "noble/prince/willing one", "*ʿōrēḇ*": "Oreb (Midianite prince, Judges 7:25)", "*zʾēḇ*": "Zeeb (Midianite prince, Judges 7:25)", "*zeḇaḥ*": "Zebah (Midianite king, Judges 8)", "*ṣalmunnāʿ*": "Zalmunna (Midianite king, Judges 8)", "*nāsîḵ*": "prince/ruler/drink offering" } } 13 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.13", "source": "אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָ֭מְרוּ נִ֣ירֲשָׁה לָּ֑נוּ אֵ֝֗ת נְא֣וֹת אֱלֹהִֽים׃", "text": "*ʾăšer* *ʾāmerû* *nîrăšâ* *lānû* *ʾēt* *neʾôt* *ʾĕlōhîm*", "grammar": { "*ʾăšer*": "relative pronoun - who", "*ʾāmerû*": "3cp Qal perfect - they said", "*nîrăšâ*": "1cp Qal imperfect cohortative - let us take possession", "*lānû*": "preposition + 1cp suffix - for ourselves", "*ʾēt*": "direct object marker", "*neʾôt*": "feminine plural construct - pastures of/dwellings of", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "masculine plural noun - God" }, "variants": { "*yāraš*": "possess/inherit/dispossess", "*nāʾâ*": "pasture/meadow/dwelling-place", "*ʾĕlōhîm*": "God/gods/divine beings", "*neʾôt* *ʾĕlōhîm*": "pastures of God/habitations of God (possibly referring to the promised land)" } } 14 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.14", "source": "אֱ‍ֽלֹהַ֗י שִׁיתֵ֥מוֹ כַגַּלְגַּ֑ל כְּ֝קַ֗שׁ לִפְנֵי־רֽוּחַ׃", "text": "*ʾĕlōhay* *šîtēmô* *ḵaggalggal* *keqaš* *lip̄nê-rûaḥ*", "grammar": { "*ʾĕlōhay*": "masculine plural noun + 1cs suffix - my God", "*šîtēmô*": "2ms Qal imperative + 3mp suffix (archaic) - make them", "*ḵaggalggal*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - like the whirling dust", "*keqaš*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - like chaff/stubble", "*lip̄nê-rûaḥ*": "preposition + plural construct + feminine singular noun - before wind" }, "variants": { "*ʾĕlōah*": "God/deity", "*šît*": "put/place/make", "*galggal*": "wheel/whirling dust/tumbleweed", "*qaš*": "chaff/stubble/straw", "*rûaḥ*": "wind/breath/spirit" } } 15 { "verseID": "Psalms.83.15", "source": "כְּאֵ֥שׁ תִּבְעַר־יָ֑עַר וּ֝כְלֶהָבָ֗ה תְּלַהֵ֥ט הָרִֽים׃", "text": "*keʾēš* *tiḇʿar-yāʿar* *ûḵelehāḇâ* *telaheṭ* *hārîm*", "grammar": { "*keʾēš*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - like fire", "*tiḇʿar-yāʿar*": "3fs Qal imperfect + masculine singular noun - burns forest", "*ûḵelehāḇâ*": "conjunction + preposition + feminine singular noun - and like flame", "*telaheṭ*": "3fs Piel imperfect - sets ablaze", "*hārîm*": "masculine plural noun - mountains" }, "variants": { "*ʾēš*": "fire", "*bāʿar*": "burn/consume/kindle", "*yāʿar*": "forest/thicket/woods", "*lehāḇâ*": "flame/blaze", "*lāhaṭ*": "set ablaze/burn/consume", "*har*": "mountain/hill" } }
• Isa 34:1-9 : 1 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.1", "source": "קִרְב֤וּ גוֹיִם֙ לִשְׁמֹ֔עַ וּלְאֻמִּ֖ים הַקְשִׁ֑יבוּ תִּשְׁמַ֤ע הָאָ֙רֶץ֙ וּמְלֹאָ֔הּ תֵּבֵ֖ל וְכָל־צֶאֱצָאֶֽיהָ׃", "text": "*qirbû* *gôyim* *lišmōʿa* *ûlʾummîm* *haqšîbû* *tišmaʿ* *hāʾāreṣ* *ûmĕlōʾāh* *tēbēl* *wĕkāl*-*ṣeʾĕṣāʾêhā*", "grammar": { "*qirbû*": "imperative, plural - draw near/approach", "*gôyim*": "masculine plural noun - nations/gentiles", "*lišmōʿa*": "preposition + infinitive construct - to hear", "*ûlʾummîm*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun - and peoples/nations", "*haqšîbû*": "imperative, plural - give attention/listen", "*tišmaʿ*": "imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - will hear/let hear", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "definite article + feminine singular noun - the earth/land", "*ûmĕlōʾāh*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and its fullness", "*tēbēl*": "feminine singular noun - world/inhabited earth", "*wĕkāl*": "conjunction + construct form - and all of", "*ṣeʾĕṣāʾêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its offspring/produce" }, "variants": { "*qirbû*": "draw near/approach/come near", "*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*lišmōʿa*": "to hear/to listen/to obey", "*ûlʾummîm*": "and peoples/and nations/and tribes", "*haqšîbû*": "pay attention/listen carefully/give ear", "*tišmaʿ*": "let hear/will hear/should hear", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "the earth/the land/the ground", "*mĕlōʾāh*": "its fullness/that which fills it/its contents", "*tēbēl*": "world/inhabited part of earth/dwelling place", "*ṣeʾĕṣāʾêhā*": "its offspring/its produce/that which comes from it" } } 2 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.2", "source": "כִּ֣י קֶ֤צֶף לַֽיהוָה֙ עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֔ם וְחֵמָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־צְבָאָ֑ם הֶחֱרִימָ֖ם נְתָנָ֥ם לַטָּֽבַח׃", "text": "*kî* *qeṣep* *lāyhwh* *ʿal*-*kāl*-*haggôyim* *wĕḥēmâ* *ʿal*-*kāl*-*ṣĕbāʾām* *heḥĕrîmām* *nĕtānām* *laṭṭābaḥ*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*qeṣep*": "masculine singular noun - wrath/anger", "*lāyhwh*": "preposition + divine name - to/for YHWH", "*ʿal*": "preposition - upon/against", "*kāl*": "construct form - all of", "*haggôyim*": "definite article + masculine plural noun - the nations", "*wĕḥēmâ*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun - and fury/rage", "*ṣĕbāʾām*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their host/army", "*heḥĕrîmām*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - he has utterly destroyed them", "*nĕtānām*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - he has given them", "*laṭṭābaḥ*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - to the slaughter" }, "variants": { "*qeṣep*": "wrath/anger/indignation/rage", "*haggôyim*": "the nations/the gentiles/the peoples", "*ḥēmâ*": "fury/rage/hot anger/wrath", "*ṣĕbāʾām*": "their host/their army/their multitude", "*heḥĕrîmām*": "he has devoted them to destruction/utterly destroyed them/banned them", "*nĕtānām*": "he has given them/delivered them/handed them over", "*laṭṭābaḥ*": "to the slaughter/to the butchering/to the killing" } } 3 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.3", "source": "וְחַלְלֵיהֶ֣ם יֻשְׁלָ֔כוּ וּפִגְרֵיהֶ֖ם יַעֲלֶ֣ה בָאְשָׁ֑ם וְנָמַ֥סּוּ הָרִ֖ים מִדָּמָֽם׃", "text": "*wĕḥallêhem* *yušlākû* *ûpigrêhem* *yaʿăleh* *bāʾšām* *wĕnāmassû* *hārîm* *middāmām*", "grammar": { "*wĕḥallêhem*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and their slain", "*yušlākû*": "hophal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will be cast out/thrown", "*ûpigrêhem*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and their corpses", "*yaʿăleh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will go up/ascend", "*bāʾšām*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their stench", "*wĕnāmassû*": "conjunction + niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will be dissolved/melted", "*hārîm*": "masculine plural noun - mountains", "*middāmām*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - from their blood" }, "variants": { "*ḥallêhem*": "their slain/their pierced/their wounded", "*yušlākû*": "they will be cast out/thrown away/flung", "*pigrêhem*": "their corpses/their dead bodies/their carcasses", "*yaʿăleh*": "will go up/will rise/will ascend", "*bāʾšām*": "their stench/their foul smell/their putridness", "*nāmassû*": "will be dissolved/will melt/will flow away", "*hārîm*": "mountains/hills/heights", "*middāmām*": "from their blood/with their blood/because of their blood" } } 4 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.4", "source": "וְנָמַ֙קּוּ֙ כָּל־צְבָ֣א הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וְנָגֹ֥לּוּ כַסֵּ֖פֶר הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְכָל־צְבָאָ֣ם יִבּ֔וֹל כִּנְבֹ֤ל עָלֶה֙ מִגֶּ֔פֶן וּכְנֹבֶ֖לֶת מִתְּאֵנָֽה׃", "text": "*wĕnāmaqqû* *kāl*-*ṣĕbāʾ* *haššāmayim* *wĕnāgōllû* *kassēper* *haššāmāyim* *wĕkāl*-*ṣĕbāʾām* *yibbôl* *kinbōl* *ʿāleh* *miggepen* *ûkĕnōbelet* *mittĕʾēnâ*", "grammar": { "*wĕnāmaqqû*": "conjunction + niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will rot/dissolve", "*kāl*": "construct form - all of", "*ṣĕbāʾ*": "masculine singular construct noun - host of", "*haššāmayim*": "definite article + masculine dual noun - the heavens", "*wĕnāgōllû*": "conjunction + niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will be rolled up", "*kassēper*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - like the scroll/book", "*haššāmāyim*": "definite article + masculine dual noun - the heavens", "*wĕkāl*": "conjunction + construct form - and all of", "*ṣĕbāʾām*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their host", "*yibbôl*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will wither/fade", "*kinbōl*": "preposition + infinitive construct - like the withering of", "*ʿāleh*": "masculine singular noun - leaf", "*miggepen*": "preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun - from the vine", "*ûkĕnōbelet*": "conjunction + preposition + feminine singular noun - and like the falling/fading", "*mittĕʾēnâ*": "preposition + definite article + feminine singular noun - from the fig tree" }, "variants": { "*nāmaqqû*": "will rot/will dissolve/will decay/will waste away", "*ṣĕbāʾ*": "host/army/multitude", "*haššāmayim*": "the heavens/the sky", "*nāgōllû*": "will be rolled up/will be rolled together/will be rolled away", "*kassēper*": "like the scroll/like the book/as a scroll", "*ṣĕbāʾām*": "their host/their army/their multitude", "*yibbôl*": "will wither/will fade/will fall/will decay", "*kinbōl*": "like the withering of/as the falling of/as the fading of", "*ʿāleh*": "leaf/foliage", "*miggepen*": "from the vine/from the grapevine", "*nōbelet*": "falling/fading/withering", "*mittĕʾēnâ*": "from the fig tree" } } 5 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.5", "source": "כִּֽי־רִוְּתָ֥ה בַשָּׁמַ֖יִם חַרְבִּ֑י הִנֵּה֙ עַל־אֱד֣וֹם תֵּרֵ֔ד וְעַל־עַ֥ם חֶרְמִ֖י לְמִשְׁפָּֽט׃", "text": "*kî*-*riwwĕtâ* *baššāmayim* *ḥarbî* *hinnēh* *ʿal*-*ʾĕdôm* *tērēd* *wĕʿal*-*ʿam* *ḥermî* *lĕmišpāṭ*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*riwwĕtâ*": "piel perfect, 3rd feminine singular - it has drunk its fill/is saturated", "*baššāmayim*": "preposition + definite article + masculine dual noun - in the heavens", "*ḥarbî*": "feminine singular noun + 1st singular suffix - my sword", "*hinnēh*": "interjection - behold/lo", "*ʿal*": "preposition - upon/against", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*tērēd*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - it will come down/descend", "*wĕʿal*": "conjunction + preposition - and upon", "*ʿam*": "masculine singular construct - people of", "*ḥermî*": "masculine singular noun + 1st singular suffix - my destruction/ban", "*lĕmišpāṭ*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - for judgment" }, "variants": { "*riwwĕtâ*": "has drunk its fill/is saturated/is drenched", "*baššāmayim*": "in the heavens/in the sky", "*ḥarbî*": "my sword/my weapon", "*hinnēh*": "behold/look/see", "*ʾĕdôm*": "Edom (nation south of Judah)", "*tērēd*": "will come down/will descend/will fall", "*ʿam*": "people/nation", "*ḥermî*": "my destruction/my ban/my devoted thing/people I have devoted to destruction", "*lĕmišpāṭ*": "for judgment/for justice/for a verdict" } } 6 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.6", "source": "חֶ֣רֶב לַיהוָ֞ה מָלְאָ֥ה דָם֙ הֻדַּ֣שְׁנָה מֵחֵ֔לֶב מִדַּ֤ם כָּרִים֙ וְעַתּוּדִ֔ים מֵחֵ֖לֶב כִּלְי֣וֹת אֵילִ֑ים כִּ֣י זֶ֤בַח לַֽיהוָה֙ בְּבָצְרָ֔ה וְטֶ֥בַח גָּד֖וֹל בְּאֶ֥רֶץ אֱדֽוֹם׃", "text": "*ḥereb* *lāyhwh* *mālĕʾâ* *dām* *huddašĕnâ* *mēḥēleb* *middam* *kārîm* *wĕʿattûdîm* *mēḥēleb* *kilyôt* *ʾêlîm* *kî* *zebaḥ* *lāyhwh* *bĕbāṣrâ* *wĕṭebaḥ* *gādôl* *bĕʾereṣ* *ʾĕdôm*", "grammar": { "*ḥereb*": "feminine singular noun construct - sword of", "*lāyhwh*": "preposition + divine name - to/for/belonging to YHWH", "*mālĕʾâ*": "qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - is filled/full of", "*dām*": "masculine singular noun - blood", "*huddašĕnâ*": "pual perfect, 3rd feminine singular - is fattened/made fat", "*mēḥēleb*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - from/with fat", "*middam*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - from blood of", "*kārîm*": "masculine plural noun - lambs/rams", "*wĕʿattûdîm*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun - and male goats", "*mēḥēleb*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - from fat of", "*kilyôt*": "feminine plural construct - kidneys of", "*ʾêlîm*": "masculine plural noun - rams", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*zebaḥ*": "masculine singular noun - sacrifice", "*lāyhwh*": "preposition + divine name - to/for YHWH", "*bĕbāṣrâ*": "preposition + proper noun - in Bozrah", "*wĕṭebaḥ*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and slaughter", "*gādôl*": "masculine singular adjective - great", "*bĕʾereṣ*": "preposition + feminine singular construct - in land of", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom" }, "variants": { "*ḥereb*": "sword/weapon", "*mālĕʾâ*": "is filled/is full/is satiated", "*dām*": "blood", "*huddašĕnâ*": "is fattened/is made fat/is covered", "*ḥēleb*": "fat/suet/choicest part", "*kārîm*": "lambs/rams/young sheep", "*ʿattûdîm*": "male goats/he-goats", "*kilyôt*": "kidneys/entrails/inner parts", "*ʾêlîm*": "rams/male sheep", "*zebaḥ*": "sacrifice/slaughter/offering", "*bāṣrâ*": "Bozrah (city in Edom)", "*ṭebaḥ*": "slaughter/butchering/killing", "*gādôl*": "great/large/mighty", "*ʾereṣ*": "land/earth/territory", "*ʾĕdôm*": "Edom" } } 7 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.7", "source": "וְיָרְד֤וּ רְאֵמִים֙ עִמָּ֔ם וּפָרִ֖ים עִם־אַבִּירִ֑ים וְרִוְּתָ֤ה אַרְצָם֙ מִדָּ֔ם וַעֲפָרָ֖ם מֵחֵ֥לֶב יְדֻשָּֽׁן׃", "text": "*wĕyārĕdû* *rĕʾēmîm* *ʿimmām* *ûpārîm* *ʿim*-*ʾabbîrîm* *wĕriwwĕtâ* *ʾarṣām* *middām* *waʿăpārām* *mēḥēleb* *yĕduššān*", "grammar": { "*wĕyārĕdû*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will come down", "*rĕʾēmîm*": "masculine plural noun - wild oxen", "*ʿimmām*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - with them", "*ûpārîm*": "conjunction + masculine plural noun - and bulls", "*ʿim*": "preposition - with", "*ʾabbîrîm*": "masculine plural noun - strong ones/bulls", "*wĕriwwĕtâ*": "conjunction + pual perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and will be soaked/drenched", "*ʾarṣām*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their land", "*middām*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - from/with blood", "*waʿăpārām*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine plural suffix - and their dust/soil", "*mēḥēleb*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - from/with fat", "*yĕduššān*": "pual imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will be made fat/enriched" }, "variants": { "*yārĕdû*": "will come down/will descend/will fall", "*rĕʾēmîm*": "wild oxen/aurochs/wild bulls", "*ʿimmām*": "with them/alongside them", "*pārîm*": "bulls/young bulls", "*ʾabbîrîm*": "strong ones/mighty ones/bulls/steers", "*riwwĕtâ*": "will be soaked/will be drenched/will be saturated", "*ʾarṣām*": "their land/their earth/their territory", "*ʿăpārām*": "their dust/their soil/their ground", "*yĕduššān*": "will be made fat/will be enriched/will be made rich" } } 8 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.8", "source": "כִּ֛י י֥וֹם נָקָ֖ם לַֽיהוָ֑ה שְׁנַ֥ת שִׁלּוּמִ֖ים לְרִ֥יב צִיּֽוֹן׃", "text": "*kî* *yôm* *nāqām* *lāyhwh* *šĕnat* *šillûmîm* *lĕrîb* *ṣiyyôn*", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*yôm*": "masculine singular construct - day of", "*nāqām*": "masculine singular noun - vengeance", "*lāyhwh*": "preposition + divine name - to/for YHWH", "*šĕnat*": "feminine singular construct - year of", "*šillûmîm*": "masculine plural noun - retribution/recompense", "*lĕrîb*": "preposition + masculine singular construct - for controversy/dispute of", "*ṣiyyôn*": "proper noun - Zion" }, "variants": { "*yôm*": "day/time", "*nāqām*": "vengeance/revenge/retribution", "*šĕnat*": "year/period", "*šillûmîm*": "retribution/recompense/repayment", "*rîb*": "controversy/dispute/case/lawsuit", "*ṣiyyôn*": "Zion (Jerusalem)" } } 9 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.9", "source": "וְנֶהֶפְכ֤וּ נְחָלֶ֙יהָ֙ לְזֶ֔פֶת וַעֲפָרָ֖הּ לְגָפְרִ֑ית וְהָיְתָ֣ה אַרְצָ֔הּ לְזֶ֖פֶת בֹּעֵרָֽה׃", "text": "*wĕnehepkû* *nĕḥālêhā* *lĕzepet* *waʿăpārāh* *lĕgāprît* *wĕhāyĕtâ* *ʾarṣāh* *lĕzepet* *bōʿērâ*", "grammar": { "*wĕnehepkû*": "conjunction + niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will be turned/changed", "*nĕḥālêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its streams", "*lĕzepet*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - to pitch/tar", "*waʿăpārāh*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and its dust/soil", "*lĕgāprît*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - to sulfur/brimstone", "*wĕhāyĕtâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and it will be/become", "*ʾarṣāh*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its land", "*lĕzepet*": "preposition + feminine singular noun - to pitch/tar", "*bōʿērâ*": "qal participle, feminine singular - burning" }, "variants": { "*nehepkû*": "will be turned/will be changed/will be transformed", "*nĕḥālêhā*": "its streams/its wadis/its valleys", "*zepet*": "pitch/tar/bitumen", "*ʿăpārāh*": "its dust/its soil/its dirt", "*gāprît*": "sulfur/brimstone", "*hāyĕtâ*": "will be/will become/will happen", "*ʾarṣāh*": "its land/its territory/its earth", "*bōʿērâ*": "burning/blazing/consuming" } } 10 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.10", "source": "לַ֤יְלָה וְיוֹמָם֙ לֹ֣א תִכְבֶּ֔ה לְעוֹלָ֖ם יַעֲלֶ֣ה עֲשָׁנָ֑הּ מִדּ֤וֹר לָדוֹר֙ תֶּחֱרָ֔ב לְנֵ֣צַח נְצָחִ֔ים אֵ֥ין עֹבֵ֖ר בָּֽהּ׃", "text": "*laylâ* *wĕyômām* *lōʾ* *tikbeh* *lĕʿôlām* *yaʿăleh* *ʿăšānāh* *middôr* *lādôr* *teḥĕrāb* *lĕnēṣaḥ* *nĕṣāḥîm* *ʾên* *ʿōbēr* *bāh*", "grammar": { "*laylâ*": "masculine singular noun - night", "*wĕyômām*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and day", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*tikbeh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - it will be extinguished/quenched", "*lĕʿôlām*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - forever/eternity", "*yaʿăleh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will go up/ascend", "*ʿăšānāh*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its smoke", "*middôr*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - from generation", "*lādôr*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - to generation", "*teḥĕrāb*": "qal imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - it will be desolate/waste", "*lĕnēṣaḥ*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - for perpetuity", "*nĕṣāḥîm*": "masculine plural noun - perpetuities/eternities", "*ʾên*": "negative particle - there is not", "*ʿōbēr*": "qal participle, masculine singular - one passing through", "*bāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in it" }, "variants": { "*laylâ*": "night/nighttime", "*yômām*": "day/daytime", "*tikbeh*": "will be extinguished/will be quenched/will go out", "*lĕʿôlām*": "forever/for eternity/for all time", "*yaʿăleh*": "will go up/will ascend/will rise", "*ʿăšānāh*": "its smoke/its vapor", "*middôr*": "from generation", "*lādôr*": "to generation/to age", "*teḥĕrāb*": "will be desolate/will be waste/will be in ruins", "*nēṣaḥ*": "perpetuity/eternity/forever", "*nĕṣāḥîm*": "perpetuities/eternities/forevers", "*ʿōbēr*": "one passing through/traveler/passer-by" } } 11 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.11", "source": "וִירֵשׁ֙וּהָ֙ קָאַ֣ת וְקִפּ֔וֹד וְיַנְשׁ֥וֹף וְעֹרֵ֖ב יִשְׁכְּנוּ־בָ֑הּ וְנָטָ֥ה עָלֶ֛יהָ קַֽו־תֹ֖הוּ וְאַבְנֵי־בֹֽהוּ׃", "text": "*wîrēšûhā* *qāʾat* *wĕqippôd* *wĕyanšôp* *wĕʿōrēb* *yiškĕnû*-*bāh* *wĕnāṭâ* *ʿālêhā* *qaw*-*tōhû* *wĕʾabnê*-*bōhû*", "grammar": { "*wîrēšûhā*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd common plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and they will possess it", "*qāʾat*": "feminine singular noun - pelican", "*wĕqippôd*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and hedgehog/porcupine", "*wĕyanšôp*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and owl", "*wĕʿōrēb*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and raven", "*yiškĕnû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will dwell", "*bāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in it", "*wĕnāṭâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - and he will stretch out", "*ʿālêhā*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - over it", "*qaw*": "masculine singular construct - line of", "*tōhû*": "masculine singular noun - chaos/emptiness", "*wĕʾabnê*": "conjunction + feminine plural construct - and stones of", "*bōhû*": "masculine singular noun - void/emptiness" }, "variants": { "*wîrēšûhā*": "will possess it/will inherit it/will take possession of it", "*qāʾat*": "pelican/desert owl/cormorant", "*qippôd*": "hedgehog/porcupine/bittern", "*yanšôp*": "owl/eagle owl/ibis", "*ʿōrēb*": "raven/crow", "*yiškĕnû*": "will dwell/will inhabit/will reside", "*nāṭâ*": "will stretch out/will extend/will measure", "*qaw*": "line/measuring line/cord", "*tōhû*": "chaos/emptiness/waste/formlessness", "*ʾabnê*": "stones/weights", "*bōhû*": "void/emptiness/desolation" } } 12 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.12", "source": "חֹרֶ֥יהָ וְאֵֽין־שָׁ֖ם מְלוּכָ֣ה יִקְרָ֑אוּ וְכָל־שָׂרֶ֖יהָ יִ֥הְיוּ אָֽפֶס׃", "text": "*ḥōrêhā* *wĕʾên*-*šām* *mĕlûkâ* *yiqrāʾû* *wĕkāl*-*śārêhā* *yihyû* *ʾāpes*", "grammar": { "*ḥōrêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its nobles", "*wĕʾên*": "conjunction + negative particle - and there is not", "*šām*": "adverb - there", "*mĕlûkâ*": "feminine singular noun - kingdom/kingship", "*yiqrāʾû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will call", "*wĕkāl*": "conjunction + masculine singular construct - and all of", "*śārêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its princes/officials", "*yihyû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will be", "*ʾāpes*": "masculine singular noun - nothing/end" }, "variants": { "*ḥōrêhā*": "its nobles/its freemen/its nobility", "*ʾên*": "there is not/there is no", "*šām*": "there", "*mĕlûkâ*": "kingdom/kingship/royalty", "*yiqrāʾû*": "they will call/they will proclaim/they will invite", "*śārêhā*": "its princes/its officials/its chiefs", "*yihyû*": "they will be/they will become", "*ʾāpes*": "nothing/nonexistence/end/cessation" } } 13 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.13", "source": "וְעָלְתָ֤ה אַרְמְנֹתֶ֙יהָ֙ סִירִ֔ים קִמּ֥וֹשׂ וָח֖וֹחַ בְּמִבְצָרֶ֑יהָ וְהָיְתָה֙ נְוֵ֣ה תַנִּ֔ים חָצִ֖יר לִבְנ֥וֹת יַעֲנָֽה׃", "text": "*wĕʿālĕtâ* *ʾarmĕnōtêhā* *sîrîm* *qimmôś* *wāḥôaḥ* *bĕmibṣārêhā* *wĕhāyĕtâ* *nĕwēh* *tannîm* *ḥāṣîr* *libnôt* *yaʿănâ*", "grammar": { "*wĕʿālĕtâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and it will grow/come up", "*ʾarmĕnōtêhā*": "masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - its citadels/palaces", "*sîrîm*": "masculine plural noun - thorns/briars", "*qimmôś*": "masculine singular noun - nettle/thorny weed", "*wāḥôaḥ*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and thistle/thorn", "*bĕmibṣārêhā*": "preposition + masculine plural noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in its fortresses", "*wĕhāyĕtâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and it will be/become", "*nĕwēh*": "masculine singular construct - habitation of", "*tannîm*": "masculine plural noun - jackals/dragons", "*ḥāṣîr*": "masculine singular noun - grass/enclosure", "*libnôt*": "preposition + feminine plural construct - for daughters of", "*yaʿănâ*": "feminine singular noun - ostrich" }, "variants": { "*ʿālĕtâ*": "will grow/will come up/will spring up", "*ʾarmĕnōtêhā*": "its citadels/its palaces/its fortified towers", "*sîrîm*": "thorns/briars/brambles", "*qimmôś*": "nettle/thorny weed/wild weeds", "*ḥôaḥ*": "thistle/thorn/bramble", "*mibṣārêhā*": "its fortresses/its strongholds", "*nĕwēh*": "habitation/dwelling place/pasture", "*tannîm*": "jackals/dragons/wolves", "*ḥāṣîr*": "grass/court/enclosure", "*banôt*": "daughters", "*yaʿănâ*": "ostrich/owl" } } 14 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.14", "source": "וּפָגְשׁ֤וּ צִיִּים֙ אֶת־אִיִּ֔ים וְשָׂעִ֖יר עַל־רֵעֵ֣הוּ יִקְרָ֑א אַךְ־שָׁם֙ הִרְגִּ֣יעָה לִּילִ֔ית וּמָצְאָ֥ה לָ֖הּ מָנֽוֹחַ׃", "text": "*ûpāgĕšû* *ṣiyyîm* *ʾet*-*ʾiyyîm* *wĕśāʿîr* *ʿal*-*rēʿēhû* *yiqrāʾ* *ʾak*-*šām* *hirgîʿâ* *lîlît* *ûmāṣĕʾâ* *lāh* *mānôaḥ*", "grammar": { "*ûpāgĕšû*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will meet", "*ṣiyyîm*": "masculine plural noun - desert creatures", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʾiyyîm*": "masculine plural noun - howling creatures", "*wĕśāʿîr*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and he-goat/satyr", "*ʿal*": "preposition - to/upon", "*rēʿēhû*": "masculine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his companion/neighbor", "*yiqrāʾ*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - he will call", "*ʾak*": "adverb - surely/only", "*šām*": "adverb - there", "*hirgîʿâ*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she will rest/settle", "*lîlît*": "feminine singular noun - Lilith/night creature", "*ûmāṣĕʾâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and she will find", "*lāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - for herself", "*mānôaḥ*": "masculine singular noun - resting place" }, "variants": { "*pāgĕšû*": "will meet/will encounter/will confront", "*ṣiyyîm*": "desert creatures/wild beasts/wild cats", "*ʾiyyîm*": "howling creatures/hyenas/jackals", "*śāʿîr*": "he-goat/satyr/hairy one/demon", "*rēʿēhû*": "his companion/his neighbor/his fellow", "*yiqrāʾ*": "will call/will cry out/will proclaim", "*ʾak*": "surely/only/indeed", "*hirgîʿâ*": "will rest/will settle/will find repose", "*lîlît*": "Lilith/night creature/night monster", "*māṣĕʾâ*": "will find/will discover", "*mānôaḥ*": "resting place/place of rest" } } 15 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.15", "source": "שָׁ֣מָּה קִנְּנָ֤ה קִפּוֹז֙ וַתְּמַלֵּ֔ט וּבָקְעָ֖ה וְדָגְרָ֣ה בְצִלָּ֑הּ אַךְ־שָׁ֛ם נִקְבְּצ֥וּ דַיּ֖וֹת אִשָּׁ֥ה רְעוּתָֽהּ׃", "text": "*šāmmâ* *qinnĕnâ* *qippôz* *watĕmallēṭ* *ûbāqĕʿâ* *wĕdāgĕrâ* *bĕṣillāh* *ʾak*-*šām* *niqbĕṣû* *dayyôt* *ʾiššâ* *rĕʿûtāh*", "grammar": { "*šāmmâ*": "adverb - there", "*qinnĕnâ*": "piel perfect, 3rd feminine singular - makes/built a nest", "*qippôz*": "feminine singular noun - arrow snake", "*watĕmallēṭ*": "conjunction + piel imperfect, 3rd feminine singular - and she will lay eggs", "*ûbāqĕʿâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and she will hatch", "*wĕdāgĕrâ*": "conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - and she will gather", "*bĕṣillāh*": "preposition + masculine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in her shadow", "*ʾak*": "adverb - surely/only", "*šām*": "adverb - there", "*niqbĕṣû*": "niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - they are gathered", "*dayyôt*": "feminine plural noun - kites/vultures", "*ʾiššâ*": "feminine singular noun - woman/each", "*rĕʿûtāh*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her companion" }, "variants": { "*šāmmâ*": "there", "*qinnĕnâ*": "makes a nest/builds a nest/nests", "*qippôz*": "arrow snake/owl/dartsnake", "*tĕmallēṭ*": "will lay eggs/will give birth/will deliver", "*bāqĕʿâ*": "will hatch/will break open", "*dāgĕrâ*": "will gather/will brood over/will incubate", "*ṣillāh*": "her shadow/her shade", "*niqbĕṣû*": "are gathered/are assembled/are collected", "*dayyôt*": "kites/vultures/birds of prey", "*ʾiššâ*": "woman/each one/each", "*rĕʿûtāh*": "her companion/her mate/her neighbor" } } 16 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.16", "source": "דִּרְשׁ֨וּ מֵֽעַל־סֵ֤פֶר יְהוָה֙ וּֽקְרָ֔אוּ אַחַ֤ת מֵהֵ֙נָּה֙ לֹ֣א נֶעְדָּ֔רָה אִשָּׁ֥ה רְעוּתָ֖הּ לֹ֣א פָקָ֑דוּ כִּֽי־פִי֙ ה֣וּא צִוָּ֔ה וְרוּח֖וֹ ה֥וּא קִבְּצָֽן׃", "text": "*diršû* *mēʿal*-*sēper* *yhwh* *ûqĕrāʾû* *ʾaḥat* *mēhēnnâ* *lōʾ* *neʿdārâ* *ʾiššâ* *rĕʿûtāh* *lōʾ* *pāqādû* *kî*-*pî* *hûʾ* *ṣiwwâ* *wĕrûḥô* *hûʾ* *qibbĕṣān*", "grammar": { "*diršû*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - seek", "*mēʿal*": "preposition + preposition - from upon", "*sēper*": "masculine singular construct - book of", "*yhwh*": "divine name - YHWH", "*ûqĕrāʾû*": "conjunction + qal imperative, masculine plural - and read", "*ʾaḥat*": "feminine singular numeral - one", "*mēhēnnâ*": "preposition + 3rd feminine plural pronoun - from these", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*neʿdārâ*": "niphal perfect, 3rd feminine singular - is missing", "*ʾiššâ*": "feminine singular noun - woman/each", "*rĕʿûtāh*": "feminine singular noun + 3rd feminine singular suffix - her companion", "*lōʾ*": "negative particle - not", "*pāqādû*": "qal perfect, 3rd common plural - they missed", "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*pî*": "masculine singular noun + 1st singular suffix - my mouth", "*hûʾ*": "3rd masculine singular pronoun - he/it", "*ṣiwwâ*": "piel perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he has commanded", "*wĕrûḥô*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his spirit/breath", "*hûʾ*": "3rd masculine singular pronoun - he/it", "*qibbĕṣān*": "piel perfect, 3rd masculine singular + 3rd feminine plural suffix - he has gathered them" }, "variants": { "*diršû*": "seek/search/inquire", "*sēper*": "book/scroll/document", "*qĕrāʾû*": "read/proclaim/call out", "*ʾaḥat*": "one/a single one", "*neʿdārâ*": "is missing/is lacking/is absent", "*ʾiššâ*": "woman/each one/each", "*rĕʿûtāh*": "her companion/her mate/her partner", "*pāqādû*": "they missed/they lacked/they were without", "*pî*": "my mouth/his mouth", "*ṣiwwâ*": "has commanded/has ordered", "*rûḥô*": "his spirit/his breath/his wind", "*qibbĕṣān*": "has gathered them/has collected them/has assembled them" } } 17 { "verseID": "Isaiah.34.17", "source": "וְהֽוּא־הִפִּ֤יל לָהֶן֙ גּוֹרָ֔ל וְיָד֛וֹ חִלְּקַ֥תָּה לָהֶ֖ם בַּקָּ֑ו עַד־עוֹלָם֙ יִֽירָשׁ֔וּהָ לְד֥וֹר וָד֖וֹר יִשְׁכְּנוּ־בָֽהּ׃ ס", "text": "*wĕhûʾ*-*hippîl* *lāhen* *gôrāl* *wĕyādô* *ḥillĕqattâ* *lāhem* *baqqāw* *ʿad*-*ʿôlām* *yîrāšûhā* *lĕdôr* *wādôr* *yiškĕnû*-*bāh*", "grammar": { "*wĕhûʾ*": "conjunction + 3rd masculine singular pronoun - and he", "*hippîl*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he has cast", "*lāhen*": "preposition + 3rd feminine plural suffix - for them", "*gôrāl*": "masculine singular noun - lot", "*wĕyādô*": "conjunction + feminine singular noun + 3rd masculine singular suffix - and his hand", "*ḥillĕqattâ*": "piel perfect, 3rd feminine singular + 3rd feminine singular suffix - has divided it", "*lāhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - for them", "*baqqāw*": "preposition + definite article + masculine singular noun - with the measuring line", "*ʿad*": "preposition - until", "*ʿôlām*": "masculine singular noun - eternity/forever", "*yîrāšûhā*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - they will possess it", "*lĕdôr*": "preposition + masculine singular noun - to generation", "*wādôr*": "conjunction + masculine singular noun - and generation", "*yiškĕnû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will dwell", "*bāh*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - in it" }, "variants": { "*hippîl*": "has cast/has thrown/has made fall", "*gôrāl*": "lot/lot (for dividing)/portion", "*yādô*": "his hand", "*ḥillĕqattâ*": "has divided it/has apportioned it/has allotted it", "*qāw*": "measuring line/cord/rule", "*ʿôlām*": "eternity/forever/perpetuity", "*yîrāšûhā*": "they will possess it/they will inherit it", "*dôr*": "generation/age/period", "*yiškĕnû*": "they will dwell/they will inhabit/they will reside" } }
• Isa 63:1-6 : 1 { "verseID": "Isaiah.63.1", "source": "מִי־זֶ֣ה ׀ בָּ֣א מֵאֱד֗וֹם חֲמ֤וּץ בְּגָדִים֙ מִבָּצְרָ֔ה זֶ֚ה הָד֣וּר בִּלְבוּשׁ֔וֹ צֹעֶ֖ה בְּרֹ֣ב כֹּח֑וֹ אֲנִ֛י מְדַבֵּ֥ר בִּצְדָקָ֖ה רַ֥ב לְהוֹשִֽׁיעַ׃", "text": "Who *zeh* *bāʾ* from *ʾĕdôm*, *ḥămûṣ* *bĕgādîm* from *boṣrāh*, *zeh* *hādûr* in *lĕbûšô*, *ṣōʿeh* in *rōb* *kōḥô*? I *mĕdabbēr* in *ṣĕdāqāh*, *rab* *lĕhôšîaʿ*.", "grammar": { "*mî*": "interrogative pronoun - who", "*zeh*": "demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular - this one", "*bāʾ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - coming/one who comes", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*ḥămûṣ*": "adjective, masculine singular - dyed red/crimsoned/stained", "*bĕgādîm*": "noun, masculine plural - garments/clothes", "*boṣrāh*": "proper noun - Bozrah", "*hādûr*": "adjective, masculine singular - adorned/majestic/splendid", "*lĕbûšô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his garment", "*ṣōʿeh*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - marching/striding/stepping", "*rōb*": "noun, masculine singular construct - greatness/abundance of", "*kōḥô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine singular suffix - his strength", "*ʾănî*": "1st person singular pronoun - I", "*mĕdabbēr*": "Piel participle, masculine singular - speaking/one who speaks", "*ṣĕdāqāh*": "noun, feminine singular - righteousness/justice", "*rab*": "adjective, masculine singular - mighty/great", "*lĕhôšîaʿ*": "Hiphil infinitive construct - to save/deliver" }, "variants": { "*bāʾ*": "coming/arriving/approaching", "*ḥămûṣ*": "dyed red/crimsoned/stained/bright red", "*hādûr*": "majestic/glorious/splendid/adorned", "*ṣōʿeh*": "marching/striding/stepping/bending forward", "*ṣĕdāqāh*": "righteousness/justice/rightness/vindication", "*rab*": "great/mighty/abundant/powerful" } } 2 { "verseID": "Isaiah.63.2", "source": "מַדּ֥וּעַ אָדֹ֖ם לִלְבוּשֶׁ֑ךָ וּבְגָדֶ֖יךָ כְּדֹרֵ֥ךְ בְּגַֽת׃", "text": "Why *ʾādōm* to *lĕbûšeḵā*, and *bĕgādeḵā* like *dōrēḵ* in *gat*?", "grammar": { "*maddûaʿ*": "interrogative adverb - why/for what reason", "*ʾādōm*": "adjective, masculine singular - red", "*lĕbûšeḵā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your garment", "*ûbĕgādeḵā*": "conjunction waw + noun, masculine plural with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - and your clothes", "*kĕdōrēḵ*": "preposition kaf + Qal participle, masculine singular construct - like one treading", "*bĕgat*": "preposition bet + noun, feminine singular - in a winepress" }, "variants": { "*ʾādōm*": "red/crimson/ruddy", "*dōrēḵ*": "treader/one who treads/crusher", "*gat*": "winepress/wine vat" } } 3 { "verseID": "Isaiah.63.3", "source": "פּוּרָ֣ה ׀ דָּרַ֣כְתִּי לְבַדִּ֗י וּמֵֽעַמִּים֙ אֵֽין־אִ֣ישׁ אִתִּ֔י וְאֶדְרְכֵ֣ם בְּאַפִּ֔י וְאֶרְמְסֵ֖ם בַּחֲמָתִ֑י וְיֵ֤ז נִצְחָם֙ עַל־בְּגָדַ֔י וְכָל־מַלְבּוּשַׁ֖י אֶגְאָֽלְתִּי׃", "text": "*pûrāh* *dāraḵtî* *lĕbaddî* and from *ʿammîm* *ʾên-ʾîš* with me, and I *ʾedrĕḵēm* in *ʾappî* and I *ʾermĕsēm* in *ḥămātî*; and *yēz* their *niṣḥām* upon *bĕgāday*, and all *malbûšay* I *ʾegʾāltî*.", "grammar": { "*pûrāh*": "noun, feminine singular - winepress", "*dāraḵtî*": "Qal perfect, 1st person singular - I trod/I have trodden", "*lĕbaddî*": "preposition lamed + noun with 1st person singular suffix - by myself/alone", "*ûmēʿammîm*": "conjunction waw + preposition min + noun, masculine plural - and from peoples", "*ʾên-ʾîš*": "particle of negation + noun, masculine singular - there is no man", "*ʾittî*": "preposition with 1st person singular suffix - with me", "*wĕʾedrĕḵēm*": "conjunction waw + Qal imperfect, 1st person singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and I trod them", "*bĕʾappî*": "preposition bet + noun, masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix - in my anger", "*wĕʾermĕsēm*": "conjunction waw + Qal imperfect, 1st person singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and I trampled them", "*baḥămātî*": "preposition bet + noun, feminine singular with 1st person singular suffix - in my fury", "*wĕyēz*": "conjunction waw + Qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - and was sprinkled", "*niṣḥām*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their lifeblood/juice", "*ʿal-bĕgāday*": "preposition + noun, masculine plural with 1st person singular suffix - on my garments", "*wĕḵāl-malbûšay*": "conjunction waw + noun, masculine singular construct + noun, masculine plural with 1st person singular suffix - and all my apparel", "*ʾegʾāltî*": "Qal perfect, 1st person singular - I stained/defiled" }, "variants": { "*pûrāh*": "winepress/wine vat", "*dāraḵtî*": "I trod/I have trodden/I trampled", "*ʾedrĕḵēm*": "I trod them/I trampled them", "*ʾappî*": "my anger/my nose/my wrath", "*ʾermĕsēm*": "I trampled them/I crushed them", "*ḥămātî*": "my fury/my wrath/my rage", "*yēz*": "was sprinkled/splattered", "*niṣḥām*": "their lifeblood/their juice/their victory/their gore", "*ʾegʾāltî*": "I stained/I defiled/I polluted" } } 4 { "verseID": "Isaiah.63.4", "source": "כִּ֛י י֥וֹם נָקָ֖ם בְּלִבִּ֑י וּשְׁנַ֥ת גְּאוּלַ֖י בָּֽאָה׃", "text": "For *yôm* *nāqām* in *libbî*, and *šĕnat* *gĕʾûlay* *bāʾāh*.", "grammar": { "*kî*": "conjunction - for/because", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*nāqām*": "noun, masculine singular - vengeance/revenge", "*bĕlibbî*": "preposition bet + noun, masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix - in my heart", "*ûšĕnat*": "conjunction waw + noun, feminine singular construct - and year of", "*gĕʾûlay*": "noun, masculine plural with 1st person singular suffix - my redeemed ones", "*bāʾāh*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - has come" }, "variants": { "*nāqām*": "vengeance/revenge/retribution", "*gĕʾûlay*": "my redeemed ones/my redemption/those I have redeemed" } } 5 { "verseID": "Isaiah.63.5", "source": "וְאַבִּיט֙ וְאֵ֣ין עֹזֵ֔ר וְאֶשְׁתּוֹמֵ֖ם וְאֵ֣ין סוֹמֵ֑ךְ וַתּ֤וֹשַֽׁע לִי֙ זְרֹעִ֔י וַחֲמָתִ֖י הִ֥יא סְמָכָֽתְנִי׃", "text": "And I *ʾabbîṭ* and there is no *ʿōzēr*, and I *ʾeštômēm* and there is no *sômēḵ*; and *tôšaʿ* for me *zĕrōʿî*, and *ḥămātî* *hîʾ* *sĕmāḵātĕnî*.", "grammar": { "*wĕʾabbîṭ*": "conjunction waw + Hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular - and I looked", "*wĕʾên*": "conjunction waw + particle of negation - and there is no", "*ʿōzēr*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - helper/one who helps", "*wĕʾeštômēm*": "conjunction waw + Hithpolel imperfect, 1st person singular - and I was appalled/astonished", "*sômēḵ*": "Qal participle, masculine singular - supporter/one who supports", "*wattôšaʿ*": "conjunction waw + Hiphil imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - and brought salvation", "*lî*": "preposition lamed with 1st person singular suffix - to me/for me", "*zĕrōʿî*": "noun, feminine singular with 1st person singular suffix - my arm", "*waḥămātî*": "conjunction waw + noun, feminine singular with 1st person singular suffix - and my fury", "*hîʾ*": "3rd person feminine singular pronoun - she/it", "*sĕmāḵātĕnî*": "Qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular with 1st person singular suffix - supported me" }, "variants": { "*ʾabbîṭ*": "I looked/I gazed/I observed", "*ʿōzēr*": "helper/one who helps/assistant", "*ʾeštômēm*": "I was appalled/I was astonished/I was horrified", "*sômēḵ*": "supporter/one who supports/upholder", "*tôšaʿ*": "brought salvation/delivered/saved", "*zĕrōʿî*": "my arm/my strength/my power", "*ḥămātî*": "my fury/my wrath/my rage", "*sĕmāḵātĕnî*": "supported me/upheld me/sustained me" } } 6 { "verseID": "Isaiah.63.6", "source": "וְאָב֤וּס עַמִּים֙ בְּאַפִּ֔י וַאֲשַׁכְּרֵ֖ם בַּחֲמָתִ֑י וְאוֹרִ֥יד לָאָ֖רֶץ נִצְחָֽם׃ ס", "text": "And I *ʾābûs* *ʿammîm* in *ʾappî*, and I *ʾăšakkĕrēm* in *ḥămātî*, and I *ʾôrîd* to the *ʾāreṣ* their *niṣḥām*.", "grammar": { "*wĕʾābûs*": "conjunction waw + Qal imperfect, 1st person singular - and I trampled/trod down", "*ʿammîm*": "noun, masculine plural - peoples", "*bĕʾappî*": "preposition bet + noun, masculine singular with 1st person singular suffix - in my anger", "*waʾăšakkĕrēm*": "conjunction waw + Piel imperfect, 1st person singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - and I made them drunk", "*baḥămātî*": "preposition bet + noun, feminine singular with 1st person singular suffix - in my fury", "*wĕʾôrîd*": "conjunction waw + Hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular - and I brought down", "*lāʾāreṣ*": "preposition lamed + article + noun, feminine singular - to the earth/ground", "*niṣḥām*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd person masculine plural suffix - their lifeblood/juice" }, "variants": { "*ʾābûs*": "I trampled/I trod down/I crushed", "*ʿammîm*": "peoples/nations", "*ʾappî*": "my anger/my nose/my wrath", "*ʾăšakkĕrēm*": "I made them drunk/I intoxicated them", "*ḥămātî*": "my fury/my wrath/my rage", "*ʾôrîd*": "I brought down/I made descend/I poured down", "*niṣḥām*": "their lifeblood/their juice/their victory/their gore" } }
• Jer 49:7-9 : 7 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.7", "source": "לֶאֱד֗וֹם כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת הַאֵ֥ין ע֛וֹד חָכְמָ֖ה בְּתֵימָ֑ן אָבְדָ֤ה עֵצָה֙ מִבָּנִ֔ים נִסְרְחָ֖ה חָכְמָתָֽם׃", "text": "To-*ʾĕdôm*, thus *ʾāmar* *YHWH* *ṣəbāʾôt*, is there not *ʿôd* *ḥokmāh* in-*têmān*? *ʾābədāh* *ʿēṣāh* from-*bānîm*, *nisrəḥāh* *ḥokmātām*.", "grammar": { "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - said", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*ṣəbāʾôt*": "feminine plural noun - hosts/armies", "*ʿôd*": "adverb - still/yet/anymore", "*ḥokmāh*": "feminine singular noun - wisdom", "*têmān*": "proper noun - Teman (region in Edom)", "*ʾābədāh*": "qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - has perished/is gone", "*ʿēṣāh*": "feminine singular noun - counsel/advice", "*bānîm*": "masculine plural noun - sons/children", "*nisrəḥāh*": "niphal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - has become foul/spoiled", "*ḥokmātām*": "feminine singular noun + 3mp suffix - their wisdom" }, "variants": { "*têmān*": "Teman (region in Edom)/south", "*nisrəḥāh*": "become foul/spoiled/corrupted", "*ʿēṣāh*": "counsel/advice/plan" } } 8 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.8", "source": "נֻ֤סוּ הָפְנוּ֙ הֶעְמִ֣יקוּ לָשֶׁ֔בֶת יֹשְׁבֵ֖י דְּדָ֑ן כִּ֣י אֵ֥יד עֵשָׂ֛ו הֵבֵ֥אתִי עָלָ֖יו עֵ֥ת פְּקַדְתִּֽיו׃", "text": "*Nusû* *hop̱nû* *heʿmîqû* *lāšebet* *yōšbê* *dədān*, because *ʾêd* *ʿēśāw* *hēbētî* upon him *ʿēt* *pəqadtîw*.", "grammar": { "*nusû*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - flee", "*hop̱nû*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - turn around", "*heʿmîqû*": "hiphil imperative, masculine plural - go deep/dwell deeply", "*lāšebet*": "qal infinitive construct + prefix - to dwell", "*yōšbê*": "qal participle, masculine plural construct - inhabitants of", "*dədān*": "proper noun - Dedan (region/tribe)", "*ʾêd*": "masculine singular noun - calamity/disaster", "*ʿēśāw*": "proper noun - Esau (progenitor of Edom)", "*hēbētî*": "hiphil perfect, 1st person singular - I have brought", "*ʿēt*": "feminine singular noun - time", "*pəqadtîw*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular + 3ms suffix - I visit/punish him" }, "variants": { "*ʾêd*": "calamity/disaster/destruction", "*heʿmîqû*": "go deep/dwell deeply/make deep", "*pəqadtîw*": "I visit/punish/inspect him" } } 9 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.9", "source": "אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ לֹ֥א יַשְׁאִ֖רוּ עֽוֹלֵל֑וֹת אִם־גַּנָּבִ֥ים בַּלַּ֖יְלָה הִשְׁחִ֥יתוּ דַיָּֽם׃", "text": "If *bōṣərîm* *bāʾû* to you, not *yašʾîrû* *ʿôlēlôt*; if *gannābîm* in-*laylāh* *hišḥîtû* *dayyām*.", "grammar": { "*bōṣərîm*": "qal participle, masculine plural - grape gatherers", "*bāʾû*": "qal perfect, 3rd person common plural - they come", "*yašʾîrû*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they leave/leave over", "*ʿôlēlôt*": "feminine plural noun - gleanings", "*gannābîm*": "masculine plural noun - thieves", "*laylāh*": "masculine singular noun + definite article - the night", "*hišḥîtû*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd person common plural - they destroy", "*dayyām*": "masculine singular noun + 3mp suffix - their sufficiency" }, "variants": { "*bōṣərîm*": "grape gatherers/vintagers", "*ʿôlēlôt*": "gleanings/leftover grapes", "*dayyām*": "their sufficiency/enough for themselves" } } 10 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.10", "source": "כִּֽי־אֲנִ֞י חָשַׂ֣פְתִּי אֶת־עֵשָׂ֗ו גִּלֵּ֙יתִי֙ אֶת־מִסְתָּרָ֔יו וְנֶחְבָּ֖ה לֹ֣א יוּכָ֑ל שֻׁדַּ֥ד זַרְע֛וֹ וְאֶחָ֥יו וּשְׁכֵנָ֖יו וְאֵינֶֽנּוּ׃", "text": "For *ʾănî* *ḥaśaptî* *ʾet*-*ʿēśāw*, *gillêtî* *ʾet*-*mistārāyw*, *wə*-*neḥbāh* not *yûkāl*; *šuddad* *zarʿô* *wə*-*ʾeḥāyw* *û*-*šəkēnāyw* *wə*-*ʾênenû*.", "grammar": { "*ʾănî*": "1st person singular pronoun - I", "*ḥaśaptî*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular - I have laid bare", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*ʿēśāw*": "proper noun - Esau (Edom)", "*gillêtî*": "piel perfect, 1st person singular - I have uncovered", "*mistārāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3ms suffix - his hiding places", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*neḥbāh*": "niphal infinitive absolute - to hide himself", "*yûkāl*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he is able", "*šuddad*": "pual perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - is devastated", "*zarʿô*": "masculine singular noun + 3ms suffix - his seed/offspring", "*ʾeḥāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3ms suffix - his brothers", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*šəkēnāyw*": "masculine plural noun + 3ms suffix - his neighbors", "*ʾênenû*": "negative particle + 3ms suffix - he is not" }, "variants": { "*ḥaśaptî*": "laid bare/stripped/exposed", "*mistārāyw*": "his hiding places/secret places", "*zarʿô*": "his seed/offspring/descendants" } } 11 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.11", "source": "עָזְבָ֥ה יְתֹמֶ֖יךָ אֲנִ֣י אֲחַיֶּ֑ה וְאַלְמְנֹתֶ֖יךָ עָלַ֥י תִּבְטָֽחוּ׃", "text": "*ʿozbāh* *yətōmêkā* *ʾănî* *ʾăḥayyeh*, *wə*-*ʾalmənōtêkā* upon me *tibṭāḥû*.", "grammar": { "*ʿozbāh*": "qal imperative, masculine singular - leave", "*yətōmêkā*": "masculine plural noun + 2ms suffix - your orphans", "*ʾănî*": "1st person singular pronoun - I", "*ʾăḥayyeh*": "piel imperfect, 1st person singular - I will preserve alive", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*ʾalmənōtêkā*": "feminine plural noun + 2ms suffix - your widows", "*tibṭāḥû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - they will trust" }, "variants": { "*ʾăḥayyeh*": "preserve alive/sustain/keep living", "*tibṭāḥû*": "trust/rely/have confidence" } } 12 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.12", "source": "כִּי־כֹ֣ה ׀ אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֗ה הִ֠נֵּה אֲשֶׁר־אֵ֨ין מִשְׁפָּטָ֜ם לִשְׁתּ֤וֹת הַכּוֹס֙ שָׁת֣וֹ יִשְׁתּ֔וּ וְאַתָּ֣ה ה֔וּא נָקֹ֖ה תִּנָּקֶ֑ה לֹ֣א תִנָּקֶ֔ה כִּ֥י שָׁתֹ֖ה תִּשְׁתֶּֽה׃", "text": "For-thus *ʾāmar* *YHWH*, *hinnēh* whom-not *mišpāṭām* to-drink *ha*-*kôs* *šātô* *yištû*, *wə*-*ʾattāh* *hûʾ* *nāqōh* *tinnāqeh*? Not *tinnāqeh*, for *šātōh* *tišteh*.", "grammar": { "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - said", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*hinnēh*": "demonstrative particle - behold", "*mišpāṭām*": "masculine singular noun + 3mp suffix - their judgment", "*kôs*": "masculine singular noun + definite article - the cup", "*šātô*": "qal infinitive absolute - drink", "*yištû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural - they will drink", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*ʾattāh*": "2nd person masculine singular pronoun - you", "*hûʾ*": "3rd person masculine singular pronoun - he", "*nāqōh*": "qal infinitive absolute - being unpunished", "*tinnāqeh*": "niphal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you will be unpunished", "*tinnāqeh*": "niphal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular (negated) - you will not be unpunished", "*šātōh*": "qal infinitive absolute - drink", "*tišteh*": "qal imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you will drink" }, "variants": { "*kôs*": "cup (metaphorically: divine judgment)", "*nāqōh tinnāqeh*": "emphatic expression: 'go completely unpunished'", "*šātōh tišteh*": "emphatic expression: 'certainly drink'" } } 13 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.13", "source": "כִּ֣י בִ֤י נִשְׁבַּ֙עְתִּי֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה כִּֽי־לְשַׁמָּ֧ה לְחֶרְפָּ֛ה לְחֹ֥רֶב וְלִקְלָלָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֣ה בָצְרָ֑ה וְכָל־עָרֶ֥יהָ תִהְיֶ֖ינָה לְחָרְב֥וֹת עוֹלָֽם׃", "text": "For by *bî* *nišbaʿtî* *nəʾum*-*YHWH*, that for-*šammāh* for-*ḥerpāh* for-*ḥōreb* and-for-*qəlālāh* *tihyeh* *boṣrāh*, *wə*-all-*ʿārêhā* *tihyênāh* for-*ḥorbôt* *ʿôlām*.", "grammar": { "*bî*": "preposition + 1cs suffix - by myself", "*nišbaʿtî*": "niphal perfect, 1st person singular - I have sworn", "*nəʾum*": "construct state - declaration of", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*šammāh*": "feminine singular noun - horror/astonishment", "*ḥerpāh*": "feminine singular noun - reproach/disgrace", "*ḥōreb*": "masculine singular noun - waste/desolation", "*qəlālāh*": "feminine singular noun - curse", "*tihyeh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine singular - she will become", "*boṣrāh*": "proper noun - Bozrah (Edomite city)", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*ʿārêhā*": "feminine plural noun + 3fs suffix - her cities", "*tihyênāh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person feminine plural - they will become", "*ḥorbôt*": "feminine plural noun - ruins/waste places", "*ʿôlām*": "masculine singular noun - everlasting/perpetual" }, "variants": { "*šammāh*": "horror/astonishment/desolation", "*ḥerpāh*": "reproach/disgrace/taunt", "*ḥōreb*": "waste/desolation/drought" } } 14 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.14", "source": "שְׁמוּעָ֤ה שָׁמַ֙עְתִּי֙ מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה וְצִ֖יר בַּגּוֹיִ֣ם שָׁל֑וּחַ הִֽתְקַבְּצוּ֙ וּבֹ֣אוּ עָלֶ֔יהָ וְק֖וּמוּ לַמִּלְחָמָֽה׃", "text": "*Šəmûʿāh* *šāmaʿtî* from *YHWH*, *wə*-*ṣîr* in-*gôyim* *šālûaḥ*: *hitqabbəṣû* *û*-*bōʾû* against her, *wə*-*qûmû* for-*milḥāmāh*.", "grammar": { "*šəmûʿāh*": "feminine singular noun - report/message", "*šāmaʿtî*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular - I have heard", "*YHWH*": "divine name", "*wə*": "conjunction - and", "*ṣîr*": "masculine singular noun - messenger/envoy", "*gôyim*": "masculine plural noun + definite article - the nations", "*šālûaḥ*": "qal passive participle, masculine singular - sent", "*hitqabbəṣû*": "hithpael imperative, masculine plural - gather yourselves", "*û*": "conjunction - and", "*bōʾû*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - come", "*qûmû*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - arise", "*milḥāmāh*": "feminine singular noun + prefix - for battle" }, "variants": { "*ṣîr*": "messenger/envoy/ambassador", "*hitqabbəṣû*": "gather yourselves/assemble", "*šəmûʿāh*": "report/message/rumor" } } 15 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.15", "source": "כִּֽי־הִנֵּ֥ה קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֖וּי בָּאָדָֽם׃", "text": "For-*hinnēh* *qāṭōn* *nətattîkā* among-*gôyim*, *bāzûy* among-*ʾādām*.", "grammar": { "*hinnēh*": "demonstrative particle - behold", "*qāṭōn*": "adjective, masculine singular - small", "*nətattîkā*": "qal perfect, 1st person singular + 2ms suffix - I have made you", "*gôyim*": "masculine plural noun + definite article - the nations", "*bāzûy*": "qal passive participle, masculine singular - despised", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun + definite article - mankind" }, "variants": { "*qāṭōn*": "small/insignificant/least", "*bāzûy*": "despised/contemptible/held in contempt" } } 16 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.16", "source": "תִּֽפְלַצְתְּךָ֞ הִשִּׁ֤יא אֹתָךְ֙ זְד֣וֹן לִבֶּ֔ךָ שֹֽׁכְנִי֙ בְּחַגְוֵ֣י הַסֶּ֔לַע תֹּפְשִׂ֖י מְר֣וֹם גִּבְעָ֑ה כִּֽי־תַגְבִּ֤יהַ כַּנֶּ֙שֶׁר֙ קִנֶּ֔ךָ מִשָּׁ֥ם אֽוֹרִידְךָ֖ נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה", "text": "*Tiplatsəttka* *hissi* you *zadon* *libbeka*, *shokni* in *haggwei ha-sela*, *topsi* *marom* *giba*; for *tagbia* like the *nesher* your *qinneka*, from there *oridka* *neum*-*YHWH*", "grammar": { "*Tiplatsəttka*": "noun, feminine + 2nd person masculine singular possessive suffix - your terror/horror", "*hissi*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - has deceived/misled", "*zadon*": "noun, masculine singular construct - arrogance/pride of", "*libbeka*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular possessive suffix - your heart", "*shokni*": "participle, masculine plural construct - dwellers of/those dwelling in", "*haggwei*": "noun, masculine plural construct - clefts/refuges of", "*ha-sela*": "definite article + noun, masculine singular - the rock/cliff", "*topsi*": "participle, masculine plural construct - seizers/holders of", "*marom*": "noun, masculine singular construct - height/elevation of", "*giba*": "noun, feminine singular - hill", "*tagbia*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd person masculine singular - you make high", "*nesher*": "noun, masculine singular - eagle/vulture", "*qinneka*": "noun, masculine singular + 2nd person masculine singular possessive suffix - your nest", "*oridka*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular + 2nd person masculine singular object suffix - I will bring you down", "*neum*": "construct state - declaration/utterance of", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD" }, "variants": { "*Tiplatsəttka*": "your terror/horror/dread", "*hissi*": "has deceived/misled/betrayed", "*zadon*": "pride/arrogance/insolence", "*shokni*": "dwellers/inhabitants/those residing", "*haggwei*": "clefts/crevices/hiding places", "*topsi*": "graspers/holders/occupiers", "*marom*": "height/high place/elevation", "*nesher*": "eagle/vulture/great bird of prey", "*neum*": "utterance/declaration/oracle" } } 17 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.17", "source": "וְהָיְתָ֥ה אֱד֖וֹם לְשַׁמָּ֑ה כֹּ֚ל עֹבֵ֣ר עָלֶ֔יהָ יִשֹּׁ֥ם וְיִשְׁרֹ֖ק עַל־כָּל־מַכּוֹתֶֽהָ", "text": "And *hayeta* *Edom* for *shamma*; all *ober* upon her *yisshom* and *yishroq* at all her *makkoteha*", "grammar": { "*hayeta*": "qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - she will become/be", "*Edom*": "proper noun - Edom", "*shamma*": "noun, feminine singular - horror/desolation", "*ober*": "participle, masculine singular - one passing by", "*yisshom*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will be appalled", "*yishroq*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will hiss/whistle", "*makkoteha*": "noun, feminine plural + 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix - her wounds/plagues" }, "variants": { "*shamma*": "horror/desolation/waste", "*ober*": "passer-by/traveler", "*yisshom*": "will be appalled/astonished/horrified", "*yishroq*": "will hiss/whistle/make deriding sounds", "*makkoteha*": "her wounds/plagues/disasters" } } 18 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.18", "source": "כְּֽמַהְפֵּכַ֞ת סְדֹ֧ם וַעֲמֹרָ֛ה וּשְׁכֵנֶ֖יהָ אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה לֹֽא־יֵשֵׁ֥ב שָׁם֙ אִ֔ישׁ וְלֹֽא־יָג֥וּר בָּ֖הּ בֶּן־אָדָֽם", "text": "Like *mahpekhat* *Sedom* and *Amora* and their *shekheneha* *amar* *YHWH*; not *yeshev* there *ish*, and not *yagur* in her *ben-adam*", "grammar": { "*mahpekhat*": "noun, feminine singular construct - overthrow of", "*Sedom*": "proper noun - Sodom", "*Amora*": "proper noun - Gomorrah", "*shekheneha*": "noun, masculine plural + 3rd person feminine plural possessive suffix - their neighbors", "*amar*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he says/said", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*yeshev*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will dwell/sit/remain", "*ish*": "noun, masculine singular - man/person", "*yagur*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will sojourn/reside temporarily", "*ben-adam*": "noun, masculine singular construct + noun, masculine singular - son of man/human being" }, "variants": { "*mahpekhat*": "overthrow/destruction/overturning", "*shekheneha*": "their neighbors/adjacent towns", "*yeshev*": "will dwell/live/sit/remain", "*yagur*": "will sojourn/reside temporarily/stay", "*ben-adam*": "human/person/mortal" } } 19 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.19", "source": "הִ֠נֵּה כְּאַרְיֵ֞ה יַעֲלֶ֨ה מִגְּא֣וֹן הַיַּרְדֵּן֮ אֶל־נְוֵ֣ה אֵיתָן֒ כִּֽי־אַרְגִּ֤יעָה אֲרִיצֶ֨נּוּ֙ מֵֽעָלֶ֔יהָ וּמִ֥י בָח֖וּר אֵלֶ֣יהָ אֶפְקֹ֑ד כִּ֣י מִ֤י כָמ֙וֹנִי֙ וּמִ֣י יֹעִידֶ֔נִּי וּמִי־זֶ֣ה רֹעֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר יַעֲמֹ֖ד לְפָנָֽי", "text": "*Hinneh* like *aryeh* *ya'aleh* from *geon* *ha-Yarden* to *newe* *etan*, for *argia* *aritsenu* from upon her; and who *bachur* to her *efqod*; for who like me, and who *yo'ideni*, and who this *ro'eh* who *ya'amod* before me", "grammar": { "*Hinneh*": "interjection - behold/look", "*aryeh*": "noun, masculine singular - lion", "*ya'aleh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will come up/ascend", "*geon*": "noun, masculine singular construct - majesty/swelling/pride of", "*ha-Yarden*": "definite article + proper noun - the Jordan", "*newe*": "noun, masculine singular construct - habitation/pasture of", "*etan*": "adjective, masculine singular - enduring/permanent/strong", "*argia*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular - I will cause to rest/make quiet", "*aritsenu*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st person singular + 3rd person masculine singular object suffix - I will cause him to run", "*bachur*": "adjective, masculine singular - chosen/choice/select", "*efqod*": "qal imperfect, 1st person singular - I will appoint/visit", "*yo'ideni*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular + 1st person singular object suffix - he will summon me/testify against me", "*ro'eh*": "participle, masculine singular - shepherd/pastor", "*ya'amod*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will stand" }, "variants": { "*Hinneh*": "behold/look/see", "*aryeh*": "lion/powerful one", "*geon*": "pride/swelling/majesty/thickets", "*newe*": "habitation/pasture/dwelling place", "*etan*": "enduring/strong/perennial", "*argia*": "I will cause to rest/make quiet/suddenly cause", "*aritsenu*": "I will cause him to run/chase him away", "*bachur*": "chosen/select/young man", "*efqod*": "I will appoint/visit/muster/punish", "*yo'ideni*": "will testify against me/summon me/confront me", "*ro'eh*": "shepherd/pastor/keeper" } } 20 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.20", "source": "לָכֵ֞ן שִׁמְע֣וּ עֲצַת־יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָעַץ֙ אֶל־אֱד֔וֹם וּמַ֨חְשְׁבוֹתָ֔יו אֲשֶׁ֥ר חָשַׁ֖ב אֶל־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י תֵימָ֑ן אִם־לֹ֤א יִסְחָבוּם֙ צְעִירֵ֣י הַצֹּ֔אן אִם־לֹ֥א יַשִּׁ֛ים עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם נְוֵהֶֽם", "text": "Therefore *shimu* *atsat*-*YHWH* which *ya'ats* against *Edom* and his *makhshevotav* which *khashav* against *yoshvei* *Teman*; if not *yiskhavum* *tseirei* *ha-tson*, if not *yashim* upon them their *neweyem*", "grammar": { "*shimu*": "qal imperative, masculine plural - hear/listen", "*atsat*": "noun, feminine singular construct - counsel/plan of", "*YHWH*": "divine name - Yahweh/LORD", "*ya'ats*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he has planned/counseled", "*Edom*": "proper noun - Edom", "*makhshevotav*": "noun, feminine plural + 3rd person masculine singular possessive suffix - his thoughts/plans", "*khashav*": "qal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he has planned/thought/devised", "*yoshvei*": "participle, masculine plural construct - inhabitants of", "*Teman*": "proper noun - Teman", "*yiskhavum*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine plural + 3rd person masculine plural object suffix - they will drag them away", "*tseirei*": "adjective, masculine plural construct - little ones of", "*ha-tson*": "definite article + noun, common singular - the flock", "*yashim*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will make desolate", "*neweyem*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural possessive suffix - their habitation" }, "variants": { "*shimu*": "hear/listen/obey", "*atsat*": "counsel/plan/purpose", "*ya'ats*": "has planned/counseled/determined", "*makhshevotav*": "his thoughts/plans/intentions", "*khashav*": "has planned/devised/intended", "*yoshvei*": "inhabitants/dwellers/residents", "*yiskhavum*": "will drag them away/pull them", "*tseirei*": "little ones/young/least", "*yashim*": "will make desolate/lay waste", "*neweyem*": "their habitation/dwelling place/pasture" } } 21 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.21", "source": "מִקּ֣וֹל נִפְלָ֔ם רָעֲשָׁ֖ה הָאָ֑רֶץ צְעָקָ֕ה בְּיַם־ס֖וּף נִשְׁמַ֥ע קוֹלָֽהּ", "text": "From *qol* their *niflam* *ra'asha* *ha-arets*; *tse'aqa* in *yam*-*suf* *nishma* *qolah*", "grammar": { "*qol*": "noun, masculine singular construct - sound/voice of", "*niflam*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person masculine plural possessive suffix - their fall", "*ra'asha*": "qal perfect, 3rd person feminine singular - she trembled/quaked", "*ha-arets*": "definite article + noun, feminine singular - the earth/land", "*tse'aqa*": "noun, feminine singular - outcry/cry", "*yam*": "noun, masculine singular construct - sea of", "*suf*": "noun, masculine singular - reed/Red Sea", "*nishma*": "niphal perfect, 3rd person masculine singular - it was heard", "*qolah*": "noun, masculine singular + 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix - her voice" }, "variants": { "*qol*": "sound/voice/noise", "*niflam*": "their fall/downfall", "*ra'asha*": "trembled/quaked/shook", "*ha-arets*": "the earth/land/ground", "*tse'aqa*": "outcry/cry/shriek", "*yam-suf*": "Red Sea/Sea of Reeds", "*nishma*": "was heard/was audible" } } 22 { "verseID": "Jeremiah.49.22", "source": "הִנֵּ֤ה כַנֶּ֙שֶׁר֙ יַעֲלֶ֣ה וְיִדְאֶ֔ה וְיִפְרֹ֥שׂ כְּנָפָ֖יו עַל־בָּצְרָ֑ה וְֽ֠הָיָה לֵ֞ב גִּבּוֹרֵ֤י אֱדוֹם֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא כְּלֵ֖ב אִשָּׁ֥ה מְצֵרָֽה", "text": "*Hinneh* like the *nesher* *ya'aleh* and *yideh*, and *yifros* his *kenafav* over *Botsra*; and *haya* *lev* *gibborei* *Edom* in the day *hahu* like *lev* *isha* *metsera*", "grammar": { "*Hinneh*": "interjection - behold/look", "*nesher*": "noun, masculine singular - eagle/vulture", "*ya'aleh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will ascend/come up", "*yideh*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will swoop down/fly", "*yifros*": "qal imperfect, 3rd person masculine singular - he will spread out", "*kenafav*": "noun, feminine dual + 3rd person masculine singular possessive suffix - his wings", "*Botsra*": "proper noun - Bozrah", "*haya*": "qal perfect consecutive, 3rd person masculine singular - and it will be", "*lev*": "noun, masculine singular construct - heart of", "*gibborei*": "noun, masculine plural construct - mighty men of", "*Edom*": "proper noun - Edom", "*hahu*": "demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular - that", "*isha*": "noun, feminine singular - woman", "*metsera*": "participle, feminine singular, pual - in travail/in labor" }, "variants": { "*Hinneh*": "behold/look/see", "*nesher*": "eagle/vulture/great bird of prey", "*ya'aleh*": "will ascend/come up/mount up", "*yideh*": "will swoop down/fly/soar", "*yifros*": "will spread out/extend", "*kenafav*": "his wings/pinions", "*haya*": "will become/will be", "*lev*": "heart/mind/inner being", "*gibborei*": "mighty men/warriors/heroes", "*metsera*": "in travail/giving birth/in labor pains" } }
• Ezek 25:12-14 : 12 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.25.12", "source": "כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה יַ֣עַן עֲשׂ֥וֹת אֱד֛וֹם בִּנְקֹ֥ם נָקָ֖ם לְבֵ֣ית יְהוּדָ֑ה וַיֶּאְשְׁמ֥וּ אָשׁ֖וֹם וְנִקְּמ֥וּ בָהֶֽם׃", "text": "*kōh* *ʾāmar* *ʾădōnāy* *YHWH* *yaʿan* *ʿăśôt* *ʾĕdôm* *binqōm* *nāqām* *ləbêt* *yəhûdâ* *wayyeʾšəmû* *ʾāšôm* *wəniqqəmû* *bāhem*", "grammar": { "*kōh*": "adverb - thus", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - says", "*ʾădōnāy* *YHWH*": "divine title + name - Lord YHWH/Sovereign LORD", "*yaʿan*": "conjunction - because", "*ʿăśôt*": "qal infinitive construct - acting of", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*binqōm*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - in taking", "*nāqām*": "noun masculine singular - vengeance", "*ləbêt*": "preposition + noun masculine singular construct - against the house of", "*yəhûdâ*": "proper noun - Judah", "*wayyeʾšəmû*": "waw consecutive + qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - and they became guilty", "*ʾāšôm*": "qal infinitive absolute - greatly guilty", "*wəniqqəmû*": "waw conjunction + niphal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they took revenge", "*bāhem*": "preposition + 3rd masculine plural suffix - on them" }, "variants": { "*binqōm* *nāqām*": "in taking vengeance/by exacting revenge/through retribution", "*wayyeʾšəmû* *ʾāšôm*": "and they became greatly guilty/and they incurred serious guilt/they bore heavy culpability", "*wəniqqəmû* *bāhem*": "and they took revenge on them/and they avenged themselves on them" } } 13 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.25.13", "source": "לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה וְנָטִ֤תִי יָדִי֙ עַל־אֱד֔וֹם וְהִכְרַתִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נָּה אָדָ֣ם וּבְהֵמָ֑ה וּנְתַתִּ֤יהָ חָרְבָּה֙ מִתֵּימָ֔ן וּדְדָ֖נֶה בַּחֶ֥רֶב יִפֹּֽלוּ׃", "text": "*lākēn* *kōh* *ʾāmar* *ʾădōnāy* *YHWH* *wənāṭîtî* *yādî* *ʿal*-*ʾĕdôm* *wəhikrattî* *mimmennâ* *ʾādām* *ûbəhēmâ* *ûnətattîhā* *ḥārbâ* *mittêmān* *ûdədāneh* *baḥereb* *yippōlû*", "grammar": { "*lākēn*": "conjunction - therefore", "*kōh*": "adverb - thus", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect, 3rd masculine singular - says", "*ʾădōnāy* *YHWH*": "divine title + name - Lord YHWH/Sovereign LORD", "*wənāṭîtî*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect, 1st common singular - and I will stretch out", "*yādî*": "noun feminine singular construct + 1st common singular suffix - my hand", "*ʿal*-*ʾĕdôm*": "preposition + proper noun - against Edom", "*wəhikrattî*": "waw conjunction + hiphil perfect, 1st common singular - and I will cut off", "*mimmennâ*": "preposition + 3rd feminine singular suffix - from it", "*ʾādām*": "noun masculine singular - man", "*ûbəhēmâ*": "waw conjunction + noun feminine singular - and beast", "*ûnətattîhā*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect, 1st common singular + 3rd feminine singular suffix - and I will make it", "*ḥārbâ*": "noun feminine singular - a ruin/waste", "*mittêmān*": "preposition + proper noun - from Teman", "*ûdədāneh*": "waw conjunction + proper noun - and Dedan", "*baḥereb*": "preposition + definite article + noun feminine singular - by the sword", "*yippōlû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will fall" }, "variants": { "*wənāṭîtî* *yādî*": "I will stretch out my hand/I will extend my power", "*hikrattî* *mimmennâ* *ʾādām* *ûbəhēmâ*": "I will cut off from it man and beast/I will eliminate both humans and animals", "*ḥārbâ*": "desolation/ruins/wasteland", "*mittêmān* *ûdədāneh*": "from Teman to Dedan/across the whole territory" } } 14 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.25.14", "source": "וְנָתַתִּ֨י אֶת־נִקְמָתִ֜י בֶּאֱד֗וֹם בְּיַד֙ עַמִּ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְעָשׂ֣וּ בֶאֱד֔וֹם כְּאַפִּ֖י וְכַחֲמָתִ֑י וְיָֽדְעוּ֙ אֶת־נִקְמָתִ֔י נְאֻ֖ם אֲדֹנָ֥י יְהוִֽה׃", "text": "*wənātattî* *ʾet*-*niqmātî* *beʾĕdôm* *bəyad* *ʿammî* *yiśrāʾēl* *wəʿāśû* *beʾĕdôm* *kəʾappî* *wəkaḥămātî* *wəyādəʿû* *ʾet*-*niqmātî* *nəʾum* *ʾădōnāy* *YHWH*", "grammar": { "*wənātattî*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect, 1st common singular - and I will put", "*ʾet*-*niqmātî*": "direct object marker + noun feminine singular construct + 1st common singular suffix - my vengeance", "*beʾĕdôm*": "preposition + proper noun - on Edom", "*bəyad*": "preposition + noun feminine singular construct - by the hand of", "*ʿammî*": "noun masculine singular construct + 1st common singular suffix - my people", "*yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*wəʿāśû*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will do", "*beʾĕdôm*": "preposition + proper noun - to Edom", "*kəʾappî*": "preposition + noun masculine singular construct + 1st common singular suffix - according to my anger", "*wəkaḥămātî*": "waw conjunction + preposition + noun feminine singular construct + 1st common singular suffix - and according to my wrath", "*wəyādəʿû*": "waw conjunction + qal perfect, 3rd common plural - and they will know", "*ʾet*-*niqmātî*": "direct object marker + noun feminine singular construct + 1st common singular suffix - my vengeance", "*nəʾum*": "noun masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*ʾădōnāy* *YHWH*": "divine title + name - Lord YHWH/Sovereign LORD" }, "variants": { "*wənātattî* *ʾet*-*niqmātî*": "I will put my vengeance/I will execute my retribution", "*kəʾappî* *wəkaḥămātî*": "according to my anger and my wrath/with my fierce rage", "*nəʾum*": "declaration of/utterance of/oracle of" } }
• Ezek 35:1-9 : 1 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.1", "source": "וַיְהִ֥י דְבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֵלַ֥י לֵאמֹֽר׃", "text": "And *wayəhî* *dəḇar*-*YHWH* unto me *lēʾmōr*.", "grammar": { "*wayəhî*": "waw-consecutive + qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular - and it came/was", "*dəḇar*": "construct masculine singular - word of", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*lēʾmōr*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - to say/saying" }, "variants": { "*wayəhî*": "and it came to pass/and it happened/and it was", "*dəḇar*": "word/speech/matter/thing", "*lēʾmōr*": "saying/to say" } } 2 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.2", "source": "בֶּן־אָדָ֕ם שִׂ֥ים פָּנֶ֖יךָ עַל־הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֑יר וְהִנָּבֵ֖א עָלָֽיו׃", "text": "*ben*-*ʾādām* *śîm* *pānêḵā* against-*har* *Śēʿîr* and *hinnāḇēʾ* against it.", "grammar": { "*ben*": "construct masculine singular - son of", "*ʾādām*": "masculine singular noun - man/mankind/Adam", "*śîm*": "qal imperative masculine singular - set/place", "*pānêḵā*": "noun common plural construct + 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your face", "*har*": "noun masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*Śēʿîr*": "proper noun - Seir", "*hinnāḇēʾ*": "niphal imperative masculine singular - prophesy", "against": "preposition *ʿal* - on/against/concerning" }, "variants": { "*ben-ʾādām*": "son of man/human being/mortal", "*śîm*": "set/place/direct/turn", "*pānêḵā*": "your face/your presence", "*hinnāḇēʾ*": "prophesy/speak as a prophet" } } 3 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.3", "source": "וְאָמַ֣רְתָּ לּ֗וֹ כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה הִנְנִ֥י אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַר־שֵׂעִ֑יר וְנָטִ֤יתִי יָדִי֙ עָלֶ֔יךָ וּנְתַתִּ֖יךָ שְׁמָמָ֥ה וּמְשַׁמָּֽה׃", "text": "And *ʾāmartā* to him, thus *ʾāmar* *ʾĂdōnāy* *YHWH*: *hinənî* against you, *har*-*Śēʿîr*, and *nāṭîtî* my *yādî* against you, and *nətattîḵā* *šəmāmâ* and *məšammâ*.", "grammar": { "*ʾāmartā*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you shall say", "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he said/has said", "*ʾĂdōnāy*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person singular suffix - my Lord", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*hinənî*": "interjection + 1st person singular suffix - behold me/here I am", "*har*": "noun masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*Śēʿîr*": "proper noun - Seir", "*nāṭîtî*": "qal perfect 1st common singular - I will stretch out", "*yādî*": "noun feminine singular construct + 1st person singular suffix - my hand", "*nətattîḵā*": "qal perfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will make you", "*šəmāmâ*": "noun feminine singular - desolation", "*məšammâ*": "noun feminine singular - devastation" }, "variants": { "*ʾāmar*": "said/speaks/declares", "*hinənî*": "behold me/here I am/I am against you", "*nāṭîtî*": "I will stretch out/extend", "*šəmāmâ*": "desolation/waste/ruin", "*məšammâ*": "devastation/astonishment/horror" } } 4 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.4", "source": "עָרֶ֙יךָ֙ חָרְבָּ֣ה אָשִׂ֔ים וְאַתָּ֖ה שְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֑ה וְיָדַעְתָּ֖ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה׃", "text": "Your *ʿārêḵā* *ḥorbbâ* I will *ʾāśîm*, and you *šəmāmâ* *tihyê*; and *yādaʿtā* that I am *YHWH*.", "grammar": { "*ʿārêḵā*": "noun feminine plural construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your cities", "*ḥorbbâ*": "noun feminine singular - waste/ruin", "*ʾāśîm*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular - I will make/set", "*šəmāmâ*": "noun feminine singular - desolation", "*tihyê*": "qal imperfect 2nd masculine singular - you will be", "*yādaʿtā*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you will know" }, "variants": { "*ʿārêḵā*": "your cities/towns", "*ḥorbbâ*": "waste/ruin/desolation", "*ʾāśîm*": "I will make/place/set", "*šəmāmâ*": "desolation/waste/ruin", "*yādaʿtā*": "you will know/understand/recognize" } } 5 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.5", "source": "יַ֗עַן הֱי֤וֹת לְךָ֙ אֵיבַ֣ת עוֹלָ֔ם וַתַּגֵּ֥ר אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַל־יְדֵי־חָ֑רֶב בְּעֵ֣ת אֵידָ֔ם בְּעֵ֖ת עֲוֺ֥ן קֵֽץ׃", "text": "*Yaʿan* *hĕyôt* to you *ʾêḇat* *ʿôlām*, and *wattaḡḡēr* *ʾet*-*bənê*-*Yiśrāʾēl* upon-*yədê*-*ḥāreḇ* at *ʿēt* *ʾêdām*, at *ʿēt* *ʿăwōn* *qēṣ*.", "grammar": { "*Yaʿan*": "conjunction - because", "*hĕyôt*": "qal infinitive construct - being/having", "*ʾêḇat*": "noun feminine singular construct - enmity of", "*ʿôlām*": "noun masculine singular - eternity/long duration", "*wattaḡḡēr*": "waw-consecutive + hiphil imperfect 2nd masculine singular - and you delivered/poured out", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*bənê*": "noun masculine plural construct - sons of", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*yədê*": "noun feminine dual construct - hands of/power of", "*ḥāreḇ*": "noun feminine singular - sword", "*ʿēt*": "noun common singular construct - time of", "*ʾêdām*": "noun masculine singular + 3rd masculine plural suffix - their calamity", "*ʿăwōn*": "noun masculine singular construct - iniquity of", "*qēṣ*": "noun masculine singular - end" }, "variants": { "*Yaʿan*": "because/since", "*hĕyôt*": "being/having/there being", "*ʾêḇat*": "enmity/hostility", "*ʿôlām*": "everlasting/ancient/perpetual", "*wattaḡḡēr*": "you poured out/delivered over/scattered", "*yədê*": "hands of/power of/by means of", "*ʿēt*": "time/season", "*ʾêdām*": "their calamity/distress/disaster", "*ʿăwōn*": "iniquity/guilt/punishment", "*qēṣ*": "end/final punishment" } } 6 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.6", "source": "לָכֵ֣ן חַי־אָ֗נִי נְאֻם֙ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֔ה כִּֽי־לְדָ֥ם אֶעֶשְׂךָ֖ וְדָ֣ם יִרְדֲּפֶ֑ךָ אִם־לֹ֥א דָ֛ם שָׂנֵ֖אתָ וְדָ֥ם יִרְדֲּפֶֽךָ׃", "text": "Therefore *ḥay*-*ʾānî*, *nəʾum* *ʾĂdōnāy* *YHWH*, that to *dām* I will *ʾeʿeśḵā* and *dām* will *yirdopeḵā*; if-not *dām* you *śānēʾtā* and *dām* will *yirdopeḵā*.", "grammar": { "*ḥay*": "adjective masculine singular - living/alive", "*ʾānî*": "pronoun 1st person common singular - I", "*nəʾum*": "noun masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*ʾĂdōnāy*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person singular suffix - my Lord", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*dām*": "noun masculine singular - blood", "*ʾeʿeśḵā*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will make you", "*yirdopeḵā*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - it will pursue you", "*śānēʾtā*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you hated" }, "variants": { "*ḥay-ʾānî*": "as I live/by my life", "*nəʾum*": "declaration/utterance/oracle", "*dām*": "blood/bloodshed/bloodguilt", "*ʾeʿeśḵā*": "I will make you/prepare you", "*yirdopeḵā*": "it will pursue you/chase you/persecute you", "*śānēʾtā*": "you hated/detested" } } 7 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.7", "source": "וְנָֽתַתִּי֙ אֶת־הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר לְשִֽׁמְמָ֖ה וּשְׁמָמָ֑ה וְהִכְרַתִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עֹבֵ֥ר וָשָֽׁב׃", "text": "And *nātattî* *ʾet*-*har* *Śēʿîr* to *šimməmâ* and *šəmāmâ*; and *hikrattî* from it *ʿōḇēr* and *šāḇ*.", "grammar": { "*nātattî*": "qal perfect 1st common singular - I will make/give", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*har*": "noun masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*Śēʿîr*": "proper noun - Seir", "*šimməmâ*": "noun feminine singular - desolation/waste", "*šəmāmâ*": "noun feminine singular - devastation/waste", "*hikrattî*": "hiphil perfect 1st common singular - I will cut off", "*ʿōḇēr*": "qal participle masculine singular - one passing", "*šāḇ*": "qal participle masculine singular - one returning" }, "variants": { "*nātattî*": "I will make/give/set", "*šimməmâ*": "desolation/waste/ruin", "*šəmāmâ*": "devastation/waste/ruin", "*hikrattî*": "I will cut off/eliminate/destroy", "*ʿōḇēr*": "one passing through/traveler", "*šāḇ*": "one returning/one coming back" } } 8 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.8", "source": "וּמִלֵּאתִ֥י אֶת־הָרָ֖יו חֲלָלָ֑יו גִּבְעוֹתֶ֤יךָ וְגֵאוֹתֶ֙יךָ֙ וְכָל־אֲפִיקֶ֔יךָ חַלְלֵי־חֶ֖רֶב יִפְּל֥וּ בָהֶֽם׃", "text": "And *millēʾtî* *ʾet*-his *hārāyw* with his *ḥălālāyw*; your *ḡiḇʿôtêḵā* and your *ḡēʾôtêḵā* and all-your *ʾăpîqêḵā*, *ḥalălê*-*ḥereḇ* *yippəlû* in them.", "grammar": { "*millēʾtî*": "piel perfect 1st common singular - I will fill", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*hārāyw*": "noun masculine plural construct + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his mountains", "*ḥălālāyw*": "noun masculine plural construct + 3rd masculine singular suffix - his slain", "*ḡiḇʿôtêḵā*": "noun feminine plural construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your hills", "*ḡēʾôtêḵā*": "noun feminine plural construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your valleys", "*ʾăpîqêḵā*": "noun masculine plural construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your ravines/stream beds", "*ḥalălê*": "noun masculine plural construct - slain of", "*ḥereḇ*": "noun feminine singular - sword", "*yippəlû*": "qal imperfect 3rd masculine plural - they will fall" }, "variants": { "*millēʾtî*": "I will fill/make full", "*ḥălālāyw*": "his slain/killed/pierced ones", "*ḡiḇʿôtêḵā*": "your hills/heights", "*ḡēʾôtêḵā*": "your valleys/lowlands", "*ʾăpîqêḵā*": "your ravines/stream beds/wadis", "*ḥalălê*": "slain/pierced/wounded", "*yippəlû*": "they will fall/drop/be killed" } } 9 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.9", "source": "שִֽׁמְמ֤וֹת עוֹלָם֙ אֶתֶּנְךָ֔ וְעָרֶ֖יךָ לֹ֣א *תישבנה **תָשֹׁ֑בְנָה וִֽידַעְתֶּ֖ם כִּֽי־אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה׃", "text": "*Šimməmôt* *ʿôlām* *ʾettenḵā*, and your *ʿārêḵā* not *tāšōḇnâ*; and *wîdaʿtem* that-I am *YHWH*.", "grammar": { "*Šimməmôt*": "noun feminine plural construct - desolations of", "*ʿôlām*": "noun masculine singular - forever/perpetuity", "*ʾettenḵā*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will make you", "*ʿārêḵā*": "noun feminine plural construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your cities", "*tāšōḇnâ*": "qal imperfect 3rd feminine plural - they will be inhabited", "*wîdaʿtem*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine plural - you will know" }, "variants": { "*Šimməmôt*": "desolations/wastes/ruins", "*ʿôlām*": "everlasting/perpetual/ancient", "*ʾettenḵā*": "I will make you/give you/set you", "*tāšōḇnâ*": "they will be inhabited/they will be restored/they will return", "*wîdaʿtem*": "you will know/understand/recognize" } } 10 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.10", "source": "יַ֣עַן אֲ֠מָרְךָ אֶת־שְׁנֵ֨י הַגּוֹיִ֜ם וְאֶת־שְׁתֵּ֧י הָאֲרָצ֛וֹת לִ֥י תִהְיֶ֖ינָה וִֽירַשְׁנ֑וּהָ וַֽיהוָ֖ה שָׁ֥ם הָיָֽה׃", "text": "*Yaʿan* your *ʾāmārḵā* *ʾet*-*šənê* the *haggôyim* and *ʾet*-*šəttê* the *hāʾărāṣôt* to me *tihyênâ* and *wîrašnûhā*; and *YHWH* there *hāyâ*.", "grammar": { "*Yaʿan*": "conjunction - because", "*ʾāmārḵā*": "qal infinitive construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your saying", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*šənê*": "number dual construct - two of", "*haggôyim*": "article + noun masculine plural - the nations", "*šəttê*": "number feminine dual construct - two of", "*hāʾărāṣôt*": "article + noun feminine plural - the lands", "*tihyênâ*": "qal imperfect 3rd feminine plural - they will be", "*wîrašnûhā*": "qal perfect 1st common plural + 3rd feminine singular suffix - we will possess it", "*hāyâ*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he was" }, "variants": { "*Yaʿan*": "because/since", "*ʾāmārḵā*": "your saying/your thinking", "*haggôyim*": "the nations/peoples", "*hāʾărāṣôt*": "the lands/countries", "*tihyênâ*": "they will be/they shall become", "*wîrašnûhā*": "we will possess it/we will inherit it/we will take possession of it", "*hāyâ*": "he was/he existed/he was present" } } 11 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.11", "source": "לָכֵ֣ן חַי־אָ֗נִי נְאֻם֮ אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִה֒ וְעָשִׂ֗יתִי כְּאַפְּךָ֙ וּכְקִנְאָ֣תְךָ֔ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֔יתָה מִשִּׂנְאָתֶ֖יךָ בָּ֑ם וְנוֹדַ֥עְתִּי בָ֖ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶשְׁפְּטֶֽךָ׃", "text": "Therefore *ḥay*-*ʾānî*, *nəʾum* *ʾĂdōnāy* *YHWH*, and *ʿāśîtî* according to your *kəʾappəḵā* and according to your *ûḵəqinʾātəḵā*, which *ʿāśîtâ* from your *miśśinʾātêḵā* against them; and *nôdaʿtî* among them as *kaʾăšer* I *ʾešpəṭəḵā*.", "grammar": { "*ḥay*": "adjective masculine singular - living/alive", "*ʾānî*": "pronoun 1st person common singular - I", "*nəʾum*": "noun masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*ʾĂdōnāy*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person singular suffix - my Lord", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*ʿāśîtî*": "qal perfect 1st common singular - I will do/act", "*kəʾappəḵā*": "preposition + noun masculine singular construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - according to your anger", "*ûḵəqinʾātəḵā*": "conjunction + preposition + noun feminine singular construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - and according to your jealousy", "*ʿāśîtâ*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you did/acted", "*miśśinʾātêḵā*": "preposition + noun feminine singular construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - from your hatred", "*nôdaʿtî*": "niphal perfect 1st common singular - I will make myself known", "*kaʾăšer*": "conjunction - when/as", "*ʾešpəṭəḵā*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular + 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will judge you" }, "variants": { "*ḥay-ʾānî*": "as I live/by my life", "*nəʾum*": "declaration/utterance/oracle", "*ʿāśîtî*": "I will do/act/perform", "*kəʾappəḵā*": "according to your anger/wrath/rage", "*ûḵəqinʾātəḵā*": "and according to your jealousy/envy/zeal", "*ʿāśîtâ*": "you did/performed/made", "*miśśinʾātêḵā*": "from your hatred/enmity", "*nôdaʿtî*": "I will make myself known/I will be known/I will reveal myself", "*ʾešpəṭəḵā*": "I will judge you/I will execute judgment on you" } } 12 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.12", "source": "וְֽיָדַעְתָּ֮ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י יְהוָה֒ שָׁמַ֣עְתִּי ׀ אֶת־כָּל־נָאָֽצוֹתֶ֗יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָמַ֛רְתָּ עַל־הָרֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֣ר ׀ *שממה **שָׁמֵ֑מוּ לָ֥נוּ נִתְּנ֖וּ לְאָכְלָֽה׃", "text": "And *wəyādaʿtā* that-I am *YHWH*. I have *šāmaʿtî* *ʾet*-all-your *nāʾăṣôtêḵā* which *ʾāmartā* concerning-*hārê* *Yiśrāʾēl* *lēʾmōr* *šāmēmû* to us *nittənû* for *ʾoḵlâ*.", "grammar": { "*wəyādaʿtā*": "conjunction + qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - and you will know", "*šāmaʿtî*": "qal perfect 1st common singular - I have heard", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*nāʾăṣôtêḵā*": "noun feminine plural construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - your blasphemies", "*ʾāmartā*": "qal perfect 2nd masculine singular - you have said", "*hārê*": "noun masculine plural construct - mountains of", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*lēʾmōr*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - saying", "*šāmēmû*": "qal perfect 3rd common plural - they are desolate", "*nittənû*": "niphal perfect 3rd common plural - they are given", "*ʾoḵlâ*": "noun feminine singular - food/consumption" }, "variants": { "*wəyādaʿtā*": "and you will know/recognize/understand", "*šāmaʿtî*": "I have heard/listened to", "*nāʾăṣôtêḵā*": "your blasphemies/contemptuous words/insults", "*ʾāmartā*": "you have said/spoken", "*lēʾmōr*": "saying/thinking", "*šāmēmû*": "they are desolate/laid waste/deserted", "*nittənû*": "they are given/delivered/handed over", "*ʾoḵlâ*": "food/consumption/devouring" } } 13 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.13", "source": "וַתַּגְדִּ֤ילוּ עָלַי֙ בְּפִיכֶ֔ם וְהַעְתַּרְתֶּ֥ם עָלַ֖י דִּבְרֵיכֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י שָׁמָֽעְתִּי׃ ס", "text": "And *wattaḡdîlû* against me with your *bəpîḵem* and *wəhaʿtartem* against me your *diḇrêḵem*; I have *šāmāʿtî*.", "grammar": { "*wattaḡdîlû*": "conjunction + hiphil imperfect 2nd masculine plural - and you magnified/boasted", "*bəpîḵem*": "preposition + noun masculine singular construct + 2nd masculine plural suffix - with your mouth", "*wəhaʿtartem*": "conjunction + hiphil perfect 2nd masculine plural - and you multiplied", "*diḇrêḵem*": "noun masculine plural construct + 2nd masculine plural suffix - your words", "*šāmāʿtî*": "qal perfect 1st common singular - I have heard" }, "variants": { "*wattaḡdîlû*": "and you magnified/boasted/spoke arrogantly", "*bəpîḵem*": "with your mouth/speech", "*wəhaʿtartem*": "and you multiplied/increased/heaped up", "*diḇrêḵem*": "your words/speech/sayings", "*šāmāʿtî*": "I have heard/listened to" } } 14 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.14", "source": "כֹּ֥ה אָמַ֖ר אֲדֹנָ֣י יְהוִ֑ה כִּשְׂמֹ֙חַ֙ כָּל־הָאָ֔רֶץ שְׁמָמָ֖ה אֶעֱשֶׂה־לָּֽךְ׃", "text": "Thus *ʾāmar* *ʾĂdōnāy* *YHWH*: as *kiśmōaḥ* all-the *hāʾāreṣ*, *šəmāmâ* I will *ʾeʿĕśeh*-to you.", "grammar": { "*ʾāmar*": "qal perfect 3rd masculine singular - he says", "*ʾĂdōnāy*": "noun masculine plural construct with 1st person singular suffix - my Lord", "*YHWH*": "proper noun - divine name", "*kiśmōaḥ*": "preposition + qal infinitive construct - as rejoicing", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "article + noun feminine singular - the earth/land", "*šəmāmâ*": "noun feminine singular - desolation", "*ʾeʿĕśeh*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular - I will make" }, "variants": { "*ʾāmar*": "says/speaks/declares", "*kiśmōaḥ*": "as rejoicing/when rejoicing/according to the rejoicing", "*hāʾāreṣ*": "the earth/land/world", "*šəmāmâ*": "desolation/waste/ruin", "*ʾeʿĕśeh*": "I will make/do/cause" } } 15 { "verseID": "Ezekiel.35.15", "source": "כְּשִׂמְחָ֨תְךָ֜ לְנַחְלַ֧ת בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עַ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־שָׁמֵ֖מָה כֵּ֣ן אֶעֱשֶׂה־לָּ֑ךְ שְׁמָמָ֨ה תִֽהְיֶ֤ה הַר־שֵׂעִיר֙ וְכָל־אֱד֣וֹם כֻּלָּ֔הּ וְיָדְע֖וּ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה׃ פ", "text": "According to your *kəśimḥātəḵā* for *naḥălat* *bêt*-*Yiśrāʾēl* because *ʾăšer*-*šāmēmâ*, so I will *ʾeʿĕśeh*-to you; *šəmāmâ* *tihyeh* *har*-*Śēʿîr* and all-*ʾĔdôm* all of it, and *wəyādəʿû* that-I am *YHWH*.", "grammar": { "*kəśimḥātəḵā*": "preposition + noun feminine singular construct + 2nd masculine singular suffix - according to your rejoicing", "*naḥălat*": "noun feminine singular construct - inheritance of", "*bêt*": "noun masculine singular construct - house of", "*Yiśrāʾēl*": "proper noun - Israel", "*ʾăšer*": "relative particle - which/because", "*šāmēmâ*": "qal perfect 3rd feminine singular - it was desolate", "*ʾeʿĕśeh*": "qal imperfect 1st common singular - I will do", "*šəmāmâ*": "noun feminine singular - desolation", "*tihyeh*": "qal imperfect 3rd feminine singular - it will be", "*har*": "noun masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*Śēʿîr*": "proper noun - Seir", "*ʾĔdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*wəyādəʿû*": "conjunction + qal perfect 3rd common plural - and they will know" }, "variants": { "*kəśimḥātəḵā*": "according to your rejoicing/joy/gladness", "*naḥălat*": "inheritance/possession of", "*bêt*": "house/family/dynasty of", "*ʾăšer*": "which/because/when", "*šāmēmâ*": "it was desolate/laid waste/ruined", "*ʾeʿĕśeh*": "I will do/make/perform", "*šəmāmâ*": "desolation/waste/ruin", "*tihyeh*": "it will be/become", "*wəyādəʿû*": "and they will know/understand/recognize" } }
• Amos 1:11-12 : 11 { "verseID": "Amos.1.11", "source": "כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה עַל־שְׁלֹשָׁה֙ פִּשְׁעֵ֣י אֱד֔וֹם וְעַל־אַרְבָּעָ֖ה לֹ֣א אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ עַל־רָדְפ֨וֹ בַחֶ֤רֶב אָחִיו֙ וְשִׁחֵ֣ת רַחֲמָ֔יו וַיִּטְרֹ֤ף לָעַד֙ אַפּ֔וֹ וְעֶבְרָת֖וֹ שְׁמָ֥רָה נֶֽצַח׃", "text": "Thus *ʾāmar* *YHWH* for-*šəlōšāh* *pišʿê* *ʾĕdôm* and-for-*ʾarbāʿāh* not *ʾăšîbenû* for-*rādpô* with-*ḥereb* *ʾāḥîw* and-*šiḥēt* *raḥămāyw* and-*yiṭrōp* forever *ʾappô* and-*ʿebrātô* *šəmārāh* *neṣaḥ*", "grammar": { "*ʾāmar*": "perfect, 3rd masculine singular - said/has said", "*YHWH*": "proper name - LORD/Yahweh", "*šəlōšāh*": "cardinal number, masculine - three", "*pišʿê*": "construct state, masculine plural - transgressions of", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper name - Edom", "*ʾarbāʿāh*": "cardinal number, masculine - four", "*ʾăšîbenû*": "imperfect, 1st singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - I will restore/turn back it", "*rādpô*": "infinitive construct with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his pursuing", "*ḥereb*": "feminine singular noun - sword", "*ʾāḥîw*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his brother", "*šiḥēt*": "perfect, 3rd masculine singular - he destroyed", "*raḥămāyw*": "masculine plural noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his compassions", "*yiṭrōp*": "imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - he tears/rends", "*ʾappô*": "masculine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his anger", "*ʿebrātô*": "feminine singular noun with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his fury", "*šəmārāh*": "perfect, 3rd feminine singular - she kept", "*neṣaḥ*": "masculine singular noun - perpetuity/forever" }, "variants": { "*pišʿê*": "transgressions/rebellions/crimes", "*ʾăšîbenû*": "I will not revoke/turn back/restore the punishment", "*rādpô*": "his pursuing/chasing/persecuting", "*šiḥēt* *raḥămāyw*": "he destroyed his compassions/stifled his mercy/suppressed his pity", "*yiṭrōp*": "he tears/rends/ravages", "*ʾappô*": "his anger/wrath/nose", "*ʿebrātô*": "his fury/rage/wrath", "*šəmārāh* *neṣaḥ*": "kept forever/maintained perpetually/preserved eternally" } } 12 { "verseID": "Amos.1.12", "source": "וְשִׁלַּ֥חְתִּי אֵ֖שׁ בְּתֵימָ֑ן וְאָכְלָ֖ה אַרְמְנ֥וֹת בָּצְרָֽה׃", "text": "And-*šillaḥtî* *ʾēš* in-*têmān* and-*ʾāklāh* *ʾarmənôt* *bāṣrāh*", "grammar": { "*šillaḥtî*": "perfect, 1st singular with waw consecutive - and I will send", "*ʾēš*": "feminine singular noun - fire", "*têmān*": "proper name - Teman", "*ʾāklāh*": "perfect, 3rd feminine singular with waw consecutive - and it will consume", "*ʾarmənôt*": "masculine plural construct - palaces of", "*bāṣrāh*": "proper name - Bozrah" }, "variants": { "*ʾēš*": "fire/judgment", "*têmān*": "Teman (region in Edom)/the south", "*ʾāklāh*": "it will consume/devour", "*ʾarmənôt*": "palaces/fortresses/citadels" } }
• Obad 1:1-9 : 1 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.1", "source": "חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה לֶאֱד֗וֹם שְׁמוּעָ֨ה שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ מֵאֵ֤ת יְהוָה֙ וְצִיר֙ בַּגּוֹיִ֣ם שֻׁלָּ֔ח ק֛וּמוּ וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ לַמִּלְחָמָֽה", "text": "*ḥăzôn* *ʿōbadyāh* thus *ʾāmar* *ʾădōnāy* *YHWH* to-*ʾĕdôm* *šĕmûʿāh* *šāmaʿnû* from *YHWH* *wĕ*-*ṣîr* in-the-*gôyim* *šullaḥ* *qûmû* *wĕ*-*nāqûmāh* against-her to-the-*milḥāmāh*", "grammar": { "*ḥăzôn*": "construct state, masculine singular - vision/revelation of", "*ʿōbadyāh*": "proper name, masculine - Obadiah", "*ʾāmar*": "perfect, 3rd masculine singular - said/spoke", "*ʾădōnāy*": "noun, masculine plural construct with 1st person suffix - my Lord", "*YHWH*": "proper name - LORD/Yahweh", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*šĕmûʿāh*": "noun, feminine singular - report/news/message", "*šāmaʿnû*": "perfect, 1st person plural - we have heard", "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*ṣîr*": "noun, masculine singular - messenger/envoy", "*gôyim*": "noun, masculine plural - nations/gentiles", "*šullaḥ*": "pual perfect, 3rd masculine singular - was sent", "*qûmû*": "imperative, masculine plural - arise/stand up", "*nāqûmāh*": "cohortative, 1st person plural - let us arise", "*milḥāmāh*": "noun, feminine singular - war/battle" }, "variants": { "*ḥăzôn*": "vision/revelation/prophecy", "*ʿōbadyāh*": "servant of Yahweh (meaning of name)", "*ʾădōnāy*": "Lord/master/sovereign", "*ʾĕdôm*": "Edom (nation descended from Esau)", "*šĕmûʿāh*": "report/news/rumor/message", "*ṣîr*": "messenger/envoy/ambassador", "*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*šullaḥ*": "was sent/dispatched", "*milḥāmāh*": "war/battle/conflict" } } 2 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.2", "source": "הִנֵּ֥ה קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד", "text": "*hinnēh* *qāṭōn* *nĕtattîkā* among-the-*gôyim* *bāzûy* *ʾattāh* *mĕʾōd*", "grammar": { "*hinnēh*": "demonstrative particle - behold/look", "*qāṭōn*": "adjective, masculine singular - small/insignificant", "*nĕtattîkā*": "perfect, 1st person singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - I have made you", "*gôyim*": "noun, masculine plural - nations/gentiles", "*bāzûy*": "passive participle, masculine singular - despised", "*ʾattāh*": "pronoun, 2nd person masculine singular - you", "*mĕʾōd*": "adverb - very/exceedingly" }, "variants": { "*hinnēh*": "behold/look/see", "*qāṭōn*": "small/little/insignificant/unimportant", "*nĕtattîkā*": "I have made you/appointed you/set you", "*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*bāzûy*": "despised/contemptible/held in contempt" } } 3 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.3", "source": "זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ שֹׁכְנִ֥י בְחַגְוֵי־סֶ֖לַע מְר֣וֹם שִׁבְתּ֑וֹ אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ", "text": "*zĕdôn* *libbĕkā* *hiššîʾekā* *šōkĕnî* in-*ḥagwê*-*selaʿ* *mĕrôm* *šibtô* *ʾōmēr* in-*libbô* who *yôrîdēnî* *ʾāreṣ*", "grammar": { "*zĕdôn*": "noun, masculine singular - pride/arrogance", "*libbĕkā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd person masculine singular suffix - your heart", "*hiššîʾekā*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd masculine singular with 2nd person masculine suffix - has deceived you", "*šōkĕnî*": "participle construct, masculine singular - one dwelling in", "*ḥagwê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - clefts/crevices of", "*selaʿ*": "noun, masculine singular - rock/cliff", "*mĕrôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - height of", "*šibtô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his dwelling", "*ʾōmēr*": "participle, masculine singular - saying", "*libbô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his heart", "*yôrîdēnî*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd masculine singular with 1st singular suffix - will bring me down", "*ʾāreṣ*": "noun, feminine singular - earth/ground/land" }, "variants": { "*zĕdôn*": "pride/arrogance/insolence/presumption", "*libbĕkā*": "your heart/mind/inner self", "*hiššîʾekā*": "has deceived you/misled you/deluded you", "*šōkĕnî*": "one dwelling in/inhabitant of", "*ḥagwê*": "clefts/crevices/fissures", "*selaʿ*": "rock/cliff/crag", "*mĕrôm*": "height/high place/elevation", "*šibtô*": "his dwelling/habitation/abode", "*ʾōmēr*": "saying/thinking/declaring", "*yôrîdēnî*": "will bring me down/cause me to descend", "*ʾāreṣ*": "earth/ground/land" } } 4 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.4", "source": "אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ מִשָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְךָ֖ נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה", "text": "if-*tagbîah* like-the-*nešer* *wĕ*-if-between *kôkābîm* *śîm* *qinnekā* from-there *ʾôrîdĕkā* *nĕʾum*-*YHWH*", "grammar": { "*tagbîah*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine singular - you make high/soar", "*nešer*": "noun, masculine singular - eagle/vulture", "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*kôkābîm*": "noun, masculine plural - stars", "*śîm*": "qal infinitive construct - set/place", "*qinnekā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your nest", "*ʾôrîdĕkā*": "hiphil imperfect, 1st singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - I will bring you down", "*nĕʾum*": "noun, masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*YHWH*": "proper name - LORD/Yahweh" }, "variants": { "*tagbîah*": "you make high/soar/elevate yourself", "*nešer*": "eagle/vulture/large bird of prey", "*kôkābîm*": "stars/celestial bodies", "*śîm*": "set/place/put", "*qinnekā*": "your nest/your dwelling", "*ʾôrîdĕkā*": "I will bring you down/cause you to descend", "*nĕʾum*": "declaration/oracle/utterance" } } 5 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.5", "source": "אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת", "text": "if-*gannābîm* *bāʾû*-to-you if-*šôdĕdê* *laylâ* how *nidmêtâ* *hălôʾ* *yignĕbû* *dayyām* if-*bōṣĕrîm* *bāʾû* to-you *hălôʾ* *yašʾîrû* *ʿōlēlôt*", "grammar": { "*gannābîm*": "noun, masculine plural - thieves", "*bāʾû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they came", "*šôdĕdê*": "participle, masculine plural construct - robbers/destroyers of", "*laylâ*": "noun, masculine singular - night", "*nidmêtâ*": "niphal perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you are cut off/destroyed/silenced", "*hălôʾ*": "interrogative particle - would not", "*yignĕbû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd plural - they steal", "*dayyām*": "noun with suffix - their sufficiency", "*bōṣĕrîm*": "participle, masculine plural - grape gatherers", "*yašʾîrû*": "hiphil imperfect, 3rd plural - they would leave", "*ʿōlēlôt*": "noun, feminine plural - gleanings" }, "variants": { "*gannābîm*": "thieves/robbers", "*šôdĕdê*": "robbers/destroyers/plunderers", "*laylâ*": "night/nighttime", "*nidmêtâ*": "you are cut off/destroyed/silenced/ruined", "*dayyām*": "their sufficiency/enough for their need", "*bōṣĕrîm*": "grape gatherers/harvesters", "*ʿōlēlôt*": "gleanings/leftover grapes" } } 6 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.6", "source": "אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽיו", "text": "how *neḥpĕśû* *ʿēśāw* *nibʿû* *maṣpunāyw*", "grammar": { "*neḥpĕśû*": "niphal perfect, 3rd plural - they are searched out", "*ʿēśāw*": "proper noun - Esau", "*nibʿû*": "niphal perfect, 3rd plural - they are sought out", "*maṣpunāyw*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his hidden treasures" }, "variants": { "*neḥpĕśû*": "they are searched out/examined/investigated", "*ʿēśāw*": "Esau (representing Edom)", "*nibʿû*": "they are sought out/searched for", "*maṣpunāyw*": "his hidden treasures/secret places/hidden things" } } 7 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.7", "source": "עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ הִשִּׁיא֛וּךָ יָכְל֥וּ לְךָ֖ אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑ךָ לַחְמְךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔יךָ אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ", "text": "to-the-*gĕbûl* *šillĕḥûkā* all *ʾanšê* *bĕrîtekā* *hiššîʾûkā* *yāklû* to-you *ʾanšê* *šĕlōmekā* *laḥmĕkā* *yāśîmû* *māzôr* *taḥtekā* no *tĕbûnâ* in-him", "grammar": { "*gĕbûl*": "noun, masculine singular - border/boundary", "*šillĕḥûkā*": "piel perfect, 3rd plural with 2nd masculine singular suffix - they sent you away", "*ʾanšê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - men of", "*bĕrîtekā*": "noun, feminine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your covenant", "*hiššîʾûkā*": "hiphil perfect, 3rd plural with 2nd masculine singular suffix - they deceived you", "*yāklû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they prevailed", "*šĕlōmekā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your peace/friendship", "*laḥmĕkā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your bread", "*yāśîmû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd plural - they will set", "*māzôr*": "noun, masculine singular - wound/snare", "*taḥtekā*": "preposition with 2nd masculine singular suffix - beneath you", "*tĕbûnâ*": "noun, feminine singular - understanding" }, "variants": { "*gĕbûl*": "border/boundary/frontier/limit", "*šillĕḥûkā*": "they sent you away/expelled you/drove you out", "*ʾanšê*": "men of/people of", "*bĕrîtekā*": "your covenant/treaty/alliance", "*hiššîʾûkā*": "they deceived you/misled you/betrayed you", "*yāklû*": "they prevailed/overcame/were able", "*šĕlōmekā*": "your peace/your allies/those at peace with you", "*laḥmĕkā*": "your bread/your food", "*māzôr*": "wound/snare/trap", "*tĕbûnâ*": "understanding/insight/intelligence" } } 8 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.8", "source": "הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא נְאֻם יְהוָ֑ה וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו", "text": "*hălôʾ* in-the-*yôm* the-*hûʾ* *nĕʾum* *YHWH* *wĕ*-*haʾăbadtî* *ḥăkāmîm* from-*ʾĕdôm* *û*-*tĕbûnâ* from-*har* *ʿēśāw*", "grammar": { "*hălôʾ*": "interrogative particle - will not", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular - day", "*hûʾ*": "demonstrative pronoun - that", "*nĕʾum*": "noun, masculine singular construct - declaration of", "*YHWH*": "proper name - LORD/Yahweh", "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*haʾăbadtî*": "hiphil perfect, 1st singular - I will destroy", "*ḥăkāmîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - wise men", "*ʾĕdôm*": "proper noun - Edom", "*û*-": "conjunction - and", "*tĕbûnâ*": "noun, feminine singular - understanding", "*har*": "noun, masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*ʿēśāw*": "proper noun - Esau" }, "variants": { "*hălôʾ*": "will not/shall not", "*yôm*": "day/time/occasion", "*nĕʾum*": "declaration/oracle/utterance", "*haʾăbadtî*": "I will destroy/eliminate/remove", "*ḥăkāmîm*": "wise men/sages/counselors", "*tĕbûnâ*": "understanding/insight/intelligence", "*har*": "mountain/hill/highland region" } } 9 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.9", "source": "וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ תֵּימָ֑ן לְמַ֧עַן יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו מִקָּֽטֶל", "text": "*wĕ*-*ḥattû* *gibbôrekā* *têmān* so-that *yikkāret*-*ʾîš* from-*har* *ʿēśāw* from-*qāṭel*", "grammar": { "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*ḥattû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they will be dismayed", "*gibbôrekā*": "noun, masculine plural with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your mighty men", "*têmān*": "proper noun - Teman", "*yikkāret*": "niphal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will be cut off", "*ʾîš*": "noun, masculine singular - man", "*har*": "noun, masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*ʿēśāw*": "proper noun - Esau", "*qāṭel*": "noun, masculine singular - slaughter" }, "variants": { "*ḥattû*": "they will be dismayed/terrified/shattered", "*gibbôrekā*": "your mighty men/warriors/heroes", "*têmān*": "Teman (southern region of Edom)", "*yikkāret*": "will be cut off/destroyed/eliminated", "*ʾîš*": "man/person/anyone", "*qāṭel*": "slaughter/massacre/killing" } } 10 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.10", "source": "מֵחֲמַ֛ס אָחִ֥יךָ יַעֲקֹ֖ב תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ לְעוֹלָֽם", "text": "from-*ḥămas* *ʾāḥîkā* *yaʿăqōb* *tĕkassĕkā* *bûšâ* *wĕ*-*nikrattā* *lĕʿôlām*", "grammar": { "*ḥămas*": "noun, masculine singular construct - violence against", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your brother", "*yaʿăqōb*": "proper noun - Jacob", "*tĕkassĕkā*": "piel imperfect, 3rd feminine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - it will cover you", "*bûšâ*": "noun, feminine singular - shame", "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*nikrattā*": "niphal perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you will be cut off", "*lĕʿôlām*": "preposition with noun - forever" }, "variants": { "*ḥămas*": "violence/wrong/cruelty", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "your brother/kinsman", "*tĕkassĕkā*": "it will cover you/overwhelm you", "*bûšâ*": "shame/disgrace/humiliation", "*nikrattā*": "you will be cut off/destroyed/eliminated", "*lĕʿôlām*": "forever/eternally/perpetually" } } 11 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.11", "source": "בְּיוֹם֙ עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד בְּי֛וֹם שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑וֹ וְנָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ *שערו **שְׁעָרָ֗יו וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם", "text": "in-*yôm* *ʿămādĕkā* from-*neged* in-*yôm* *šĕbôt* *zārîm* *ḥêlô* *wĕ*-*nokrîm* *bāʾû* *šĕʿārāyw* *wĕ*-upon-*yĕrûšālaim* *yaddû* *gôrāl* also-you like-one of-them", "grammar": { "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*ʿămādĕkā*": "infinitive construct with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your standing", "*neged*": "preposition - opposite/aloof", "*šĕbôt*": "infinitive construct - capturing of", "*zārîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - strangers", "*ḥêlô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his wealth/army", "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*nokrîm*": "adjective, masculine plural - foreigners", "*bāʾû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they entered", "*šĕʿārāyw*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his gates", "*yĕrûšālaim*": "proper noun - Jerusalem", "*yaddû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they cast", "*gôrāl*": "noun, masculine singular - lot" }, "variants": { "*yôm*": "day/time/when", "*ʿămādĕkā*": "your standing/stopping/positioning yourself", "*neged*": "opposite/aloof/at a distance", "*šĕbôt*": "capturing/taking captive", "*zārîm*": "strangers/foreigners/aliens", "*ḥêlô*": "his wealth/army/forces/possessions", "*nokrîm*": "foreigners/aliens/strangers", "*šĕʿārāyw*": "his gates/entrances", "*yaddû*": "they cast/threw", "*gôrāl*": "lot/portion/destiny" } } 12 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.12", "source": "וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא בְיוֹם־אָחִ֙יךָ֙ בְּי֣וֹם נָכְר֔וֹ וְאַל־תִּשְׂמַ֥ח לִבְנֵֽי יְהוּדָ֖ה בְּי֣וֹם אָבְדָ֑ם וְאַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖יךָ בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה", "text": "*wĕ*-do-not-*tēreʾ* in-*yôm*-*ʾāḥîkā* in-*yôm* *nokrô* *wĕ*-do-not-*tiśmaḥ* for-*bĕnê* *yĕhûdâ* in-*yôm* *ʾobdām* *wĕ*-do-not-*tagdēl* *pîkā* in-*yôm* *ṣārâ*", "grammar": { "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*tēreʾ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - look/gaze", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your brother", "*nokrô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his disaster", "*tiśmaḥ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - rejoice", "*bĕnê*": "noun, masculine plural construct - sons/children of", "*yĕhûdâ*": "proper noun - Judah", "*ʾobdām*": "infinitive construct with 3rd plural suffix - their destruction", "*tagdēl*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - make great", "*pîkā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your mouth", "*ṣārâ*": "noun, feminine singular - distress/trouble" }, "variants": { "*tēreʾ*": "look/gaze/gloat", "*ʾāḥîkā*": "your brother/kinsman", "*nokrô*": "his disaster/calamity/misfortune", "*tiśmaḥ*": "rejoice/be glad/celebrate", "*bĕnê*": "sons/children/descendants", "*ʾobdām*": "their destruction/ruin/perishing", "*tagdēl*": "make great/boast/speak arrogantly", "*pîkā*": "your mouth/speech", "*ṣārâ*": "distress/trouble/adversity" } } 13 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.13", "source": "אַל־תָּב֤וֹא בְשַֽׁעַר־עַמִּי֙ בְּי֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא גַם־אַתָּ֛ה בְּרָעָת֖וֹ בְּי֣וֹם אֵיד֑וֹ וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ בְּי֥וֹם אֵידֽוֹ", "text": "do-not-*tābôʾ* in-*šaʿar*-*ʿammî* in-*yôm* *ʾêdām* do-not-*tēreʾ* also-you in-*rāʿātô* in-*yôm* *ʾêdô* *wĕ*-do-not-*tišlaḥnâ* in-*ḥêlô* in-*yôm* *ʾêdô*", "grammar": { "*tābôʾ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - enter", "*šaʿar*": "noun, masculine singular construct - gate of", "*ʿammî*": "noun, masculine singular with 1st singular suffix - my people", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*ʾêdām*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd plural suffix - their calamity", "*tēreʾ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - look/gaze", "*rāʿātô*": "noun, feminine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his disaster", "*ʾêdô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his calamity", "*tišlaḥnâ*": "qal imperfect, 2nd feminine plural jussive - stretch out", "*ḥêlô*": "noun, masculine singular with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his wealth/army" }, "variants": { "*tābôʾ*": "enter/come into", "*šaʿar*": "gate/entrance", "*ʿammî*": "my people/my nation", "*ʾêdām*": "their calamity/disaster/misfortune", "*tēreʾ*": "look/gaze/gloat", "*rāʿātô*": "his disaster/trouble/misfortune", "*ʾêdô*": "his calamity/disaster/misfortune", "*tišlaḥnâ*": "stretch out/extend/reach for", "*ḥêlô*": "his wealth/possessions/army" } } 14 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.14", "source": "וְאַֽל־תַּעֲמֹד֙ עַל־הַפֶּ֔רֶק לְהַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑יו וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו בְּי֥וֹם צָרָֽה", "text": "*wĕ*-do-not-*taʿămōd* upon-the-*pereq* to-*hakrît* *ʾet*-*pĕlîṭāyw* *wĕ*-do-not-*tasgēr* *śĕrîdāyw* in-*yôm* *ṣārâ*", "grammar": { "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*taʿămōd*": "qal imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - stand", "*pereq*": "noun, masculine singular - crossroads/intersection", "*hakrît*": "hiphil infinitive construct - to cut off", "*ʾet*": "direct object marker", "*pĕlîṭāyw*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his fugitives", "*tasgēr*": "hiphil imperfect, 2nd masculine singular jussive - deliver up", "*śĕrîdāyw*": "noun, masculine plural with 3rd masculine singular suffix - his survivors", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*ṣārâ*": "noun, feminine singular - distress/trouble" }, "variants": { "*taʿămōd*": "stand/station yourself", "*pereq*": "crossroads/intersection/fork", "*hakrît*": "to cut off/destroy/eliminate", "*pĕlîṭāyw*": "his fugitives/escapees/refugees", "*tasgēr*": "deliver up/hand over/surrender", "*śĕrîdāyw*": "his survivors/remnant/those who escaped", "*ṣārâ*": "distress/trouble/adversity" } } 15 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.15", "source": "כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֙יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ", "text": "for-*qārôb* *yôm*-*YHWH* upon-all-the-*gôyim* as-that *ʿāśîtā* *yēʿāśeh* to-you *gĕmulkā* *yāšûb* in-*rōʾšekā*", "grammar": { "*qārôb*": "adjective, masculine singular - near", "*yôm*": "noun, masculine singular construct - day of", "*YHWH*": "proper name - LORD/Yahweh", "*gôyim*": "noun, masculine plural - nations", "*ʿāśîtā*": "qal perfect, 2nd masculine singular - you did/made", "*yēʿāśeh*": "niphal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will be done", "*gĕmulkā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your recompense", "*yāšûb*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine singular - will return", "*rōʾšekā*": "noun, masculine singular with 2nd masculine singular suffix - your head" }, "variants": { "*qārôb*": "near/at hand/approaching", "*yôm*": "day/time/judgment", "*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*ʿāśîtā*": "you did/made/performed", "*yēʿāśeh*": "will be done/performed/accomplished", "*gĕmulkā*": "your recompense/reward/dealing", "*yāšûb*": "will return/come back", "*rōʾšekā*": "your head/yourself" } } 16 { "verseID": "Obadiah.1.16", "source": "כִּ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔י יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ וְהָי֖וּ כְּל֥וֹא הָֽיוּ", "text": "for as-that *šĕtîtem* upon-*har* *qodšî* *yištû* all-the-*gôyim* *tāmîd* *wĕ*-*šātû* *wĕ*-*lāʿû* *wĕ*-*hāyû* like-not they-were", "grammar": { "*šĕtîtem*": "qal perfect, 2nd masculine plural - you drank", "*har*": "noun, masculine singular construct - mountain of", "*qodšî*": "noun, masculine singular with 1st singular suffix - my holiness", "*yištû*": "qal imperfect, 3rd masculine plural - they will drink", "*gôyim*": "noun, masculine plural - nations", "*tāmîd*": "adverb - continually", "*wĕ*-": "conjunction - and", "*šātû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they will drink", "*lāʿû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they will swallow/gulp", "*hāyû*": "qal perfect, 3rd plural - they will be" }, "variants": { "*šĕtîtem*": "you drank/consumed", "*har*": "mountain/hill", "*qodšî*": "my holiness/my holy mountain", "*yištû*": "they will drink/consume", "*gôyim*": "nations/gentiles/peoples", "*tāmîd*": "continually/perpetually/regularly", "*šātû*": "they will drink/consume", "*lāʿû*": "they will swallow/gulp down/consume", "*hāyû*": "they will be/become/exist" } }